THE DESCRIPTION OF SENTENCES USED IN KENNETH
GRAHAME’S NOVEL “THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS”
A PAPER WRITTEN BY
RUMADA PANE REG.NO: 112202066
DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDY
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
Approved by Supervisor,
Drs. M. Syafi’I M.A NIP.195611131986011001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Study, University of Sumatera Utara
In partial fulfiment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) In English
Approved by
Head of Diploma III English Study Program
Dr.Matius C.A.Sembiring.M.A. NIP. 195211261981121 001
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfiment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Cultural Study, University of Sumatera Utara
The examination is held on June 2014
Faculty Of Culture Study, University of Sumatera Utara Dean,
Dr.Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013197607 1 001
Board of Examiners
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am, RUMADA PANE, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which i have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
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Name : RUMADA PANE
Title of Paper : THE DESCRIPTION OF SENTENCES USED IN KENNETH GRAHAME’S NOVEL “THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS”
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ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As a human being, I would like to thank to Almighty God who never stops loving me and always give His grace, health, strength, and wonderful mind to complete this paper as one of the requirements to get diploma III certificate from English Department Faculty Study, University of Sumatera Utara.
I would like to express my best gratitude and appreciation to the Dean faculty of cultural study Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. for all opportunities and facilities has given to me till the end of my study.
I also would like to thank to the head of Diploma III English Study Program, Dr Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A who always gives me so many words that become my direction in doing this paper.
Special thanks goes to my Supervisor, Drs. M. Syafi’i, M.A. and my co-Supervisor,
Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum who are always patient to help and support me and never give up to give me constructive critics in accomplishing this paper.
And the most gratitude is dedicated to my beloved parents B. Pane and S. Pasaribu(+)
I also thank to my friends in Solidas, Amelia Septya Rini, Riski Julian, Khairunisa Lubis, Dika Pratiwi, Febrilatusadyah, Tika Wardani, M. Riski siregar, Rocky Simanjuntak, Aviandani Aulia Nasution, I cannot mention all their names but I’d like to thank for the nice friendship and moment we share together. And especially to my classmates, Class B, thank for all of you guys.
I will never forget to say my best appreciation to my best friends in campus, who always care of me and give me support in living this life and also in doing this paper, they are: Eko Siswanto, Sofian L. sihombing and Wira Anastasya Purba. Thank you for the nicest friendship that we make together and for the unforgettable moment that we share together, you are always in my pages of my diary. And also to my junior Florentina Sijabat who always amuses me.
The last thank goes to my best friends, Marlina Suryani Pane, Melda Evryani Silaen
and Marusaha Manullang who always remind me to do my paper and thank you for the best friendship you always give.
However, I realize that this paper is still far from perfection. That’s why; I am waiting for any constructive critics and suggestions. Finally, I hope this paper can be useful for everyone.
Medan, ………2014
The Writer,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2 The Type of Sentence……….………19
3.2.1 Simple Sentence………..…………...20
3.2.1.1 Simple Sentence with One Subject and One Verb……….………20
3.2.1.2 Simple Sentence with Two verbs and One Subject………...26
3.2.1.3 Simple Sentence with Direct speech……….…………...31
3.2.2 Compound sentence……….…………...33
3.2.2.1 Compound Sentence joined by a coordinating Conjunction..…….…………...33
3.2.2.2 Compound Sentence joined by two or more coordinating conjunctions…...44
3.2.2.3 Compound Sentence joined by comma or other punctuation….………...45
3.2.3 Complex Sentence……….………...48
3.2.4 Compound Complex Sentence………..………57
3.3 Percentage of Sentence………..………...76
3.4 Character of the Novel………..………...76
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 Conclusions………..………77
4.2 Suggestions…………..………...………78
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Study
Language is the most important thing in all parts of the world in having interactions with others people. People can communicate with the others include spoken or written language by making statements, explaining report, and expressing ideas. Without the existence of the language, people will have never been able to have a relation with others.
Allsopp and Hunt (1967:174) say that language has been defined as the expression and communication of ideas and emotions by a set of sounds made by the speech organs and arranged in meaningful patterns. It is easily man’s most effective means of communicating with others. The sounds are combined to form words, which can be arranged as phrases, clauses and sentences.
Winston and Rinehart (1993:21) say that language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used to record it, just as a person is the same no matter how you take his picture; the most of the languages that are spoken today has been applied either in relatively recent times or not to all.
daily life to communicate each other. Language, itself, will always guide all people who speak that language in order to make statements, expressions, and even when describing something that they would like to know by making sentences to build the information.
The writer of this paper has chosen Kenneth Grahame’s novel the wind in the willows as the subject of this paper. The writer is interested in describing the sentences that are used by the author to compose the novel because the novel contains so many kinds of sentences according its classifications. What kinds of sentences are used by Kenneth in his novel will be the topic that writer is going to explain in this paper.
Generally, a sentence is a group of words, phrases, clauses that has a meaning. It has a subject and predicate. It means that a sentence is built up by those elements which are going to be the most important part of a sentence. Hans (1967:8) says that the basic model of the English sentence consists of only two major elements. A complete sentence normally has at least a subject and a predicate.
Purba (2010:6) says that a sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and that is not introduced by a connecting word such as although, because, when or where that makes it dependent upon another group or words to complete its meaning.
mark or exclamation point). It must contain a verb and a subject (stated or implied), and it must state a complete thought.
Sentence is a part of grammar because it contains a subject and predicate. As Purba (2010:6) says, “all complete sentences have two main parts, a subject and predicate. The subjects name the person, thing or concept that the sentence is about. The predicate makes a statement or asks question about the subject.”
The subject of a sentence is usually a noun or pronoun. Nouns name or classify things, places, activities, and concepts: studio, committee, Gary, Medan, athletics, courage, wealth. The predicate of a sentence always contains a verb, a word that makes some sort of assertion. And pronouns are words that can substitute for nouns. Thus, pronouns can be subjects or objects or verbs or prepositions.
A sentence cannot exist without a verb. Verbs indicate some kind of action, the occurrence of something, or the presence of some condition. Verb, noun, pronoun, predicate and subject can be learnt through learning grammar. We can learn them in eight parts of speech, they are: noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
When we speak to somebody, it means that we have made a sentence. Without realizing of what we’ve talked to make sentences in daily conversation, we have already made some example that we don’t realize what kind of sentence of that. For instance, when somebody says to his friend “go out”, it means that he has made a sentence that is simple sentence. The subject of that sentence is you, he whom somebody talks to. And the verb is Go out. The simple sentence is sentence which contains only one subject and one predicate.
We are born knowing how to make sentences. Linguist Noam Chomsky and biologist Lewis Thomas tell us human are genetically programmed to identify the grammatical patterns. Thomas says,”The capacity… to organize and deploy words into intelligible sentences is innate in the human mind.”
Allsop and Hunt (1967:15) say that sentence may be classified according to their grammatical structure, their function, and their rhetorical form. The classification according to grammatical may be divided into four kinds of sentences, they are: the simple sentence, which contains only one subject and one predicate, the compound sentence, which contains two or more principal clauses, the complex sentence, which consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clause, and the last one is the compound complex-sentence, which consists of two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.
1) The Mole had been working very hard all the morning, spring –cleaning home.
2) The Rat sculled smartly across and made fast.
3) The afternoon sunwas getting low as the rat sculled gently homewards in a dreamy mood.
4) The Rat hummed a tune and the Mole recollected that animal which etiquette forbade any sort of comment on the sudden disappearance of one’s friends at any moment, for any reason or no reason whatever.
The above sentences are some of the Kenneth’s novel sentence which representative the sentences according to grammatical structure. The bold words are the principal clauses that sign the sentences whether they are the simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence and compound complex sentence. The above sentences have one or more clause. The first example is the simple sentence, for it only has one clause that is the Mole had been working.
The second example is the compound sentence, for it contains two principal clause, they are: The Ratsculled smartly across and the Rat made fast. The both principal clause (independent clause) are joined by a coordinator
and.
Finally the last example is compound complex sentence, for it contains two principal clauses and one subordinate clause. The Rat hummed a tune, the Mole recollected that animal are the independent clauses which joined by a coordinator and. The dependent clause of the sentence (4) is which etiquette forbade any sort of comment on the sudden disappearance of one’s friends at any moment, for any reason or no reason whatever.
However, to describe a sentence by using that way, we get to understand more in clause. Clause which meant here is independent clause and dependent clause. We must be able to separate which one is the independent and which is not independent clause. Conjunction understanding is also needed, for conjunction usually is used to join independent clause and dependent clause. It can be seen in all sentences which have more than a clause.
1.2 Problem of Study
Based on the background, the problem of this study can be defined as below:
1) What kinds of sentences are used by Kenneth Grahame in the novel the wind in the willows?
1.3 Scope of Study
This study is focused on sentence description, especially kinds of sentence according to grammatical structure that is used by Kenneth Grahame in the novel the wind in the willows and also the percentage of kinds or forms of sentences that the writer has used in the novel.
1.4 Purpose of Study
There are two mainly purposes of the study, and they are:
1) To describe the kinds of sentences used by Kenneth Grahame through the novel
the wind in the willows.
2) To find out the dominant sentences are used by Kenneth Grahame in the novel the wind in the willows.
1.5 Method of the study
.
In order to find out the dominant type of sentence used in the novel the writer uses Bungin’s formula (2005:172):
N= FX /N x 100 %
Where: N = Percentage of type sentence
FX = Total number of the type of sentence
The sources of data
1.
the wind in the
willows novel
2.
literary books
3.
internet
Writer
Reading and find out the sentences in the novel
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In completing the writing of this paper, the writer has consulted with many certain books in the library research.
2.1.1. Grammar
Purba (2010:2-4) says that the term ofgrammar is used in two ways. In one sense, the grammar is a system by which a language works. In this sense, learning to speak a language is learning its grammar. In another sense, grammar is a description of language. In this sense, grammar is in the same class of physic. The physics describes how light, sound, electricity, and other kinds of energy and matter word grammar describe the way a language works. It describes the kind of words in a language (nouns, verbs, prepositions, sentences, and so on) and how users of the language put the single words together into the meaning groups.
Frank (1990:1) says, ”traditionally, word can be classified into eight parts of speech such as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, preposition, and interjection which will form a sentence.”
Hancock (2005:6) says, “ grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning making system of language, a system that governs the ways word comes together to form meaning; grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or perspectives that attempt to understand.”
word knows, a sentence can have an overpowering and enchanting quality. But as any writer who has struggled with those words realizes that there is little sleight of hand involved. The product may be magical, but the process is just plain hard work.
2.2 Sentence
A clause is the building blocks of sentences. A clause is a group of words that contain (at least) a subject and a predicate.
Examples:
1) Ecology is a science
2) because pollution causes cancer
A clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence; it is a full predication that contains a subject and a predicate with a finite verb. There are two kinds of clause. They are independent and dependent clause. Independent Clause is a full predication that may stand alone as a sentence and dependent clause is a clause that has a special introductory word that makes the predication “Depend” on an independent clause. These are independent and dependent clauses. The bold sentences are independent clauses whereas the unbolt sentences are dependent clauses.
1) He is a team player who never quits
2) When he finished the tax form, he began to groan.
3) The books which she borrowed are overdue.
Purba (2010:6) says that a sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate and that is not introduced by a connecting word such as although, because, when or where that makes it independent upon another group of words to complete its meaning.
Lauren and Duncan (1984:33-34) say that a sentence is a self-contained grammatical unit that ends with a “full-stop” punctuation mark (period, question mark, or exclamation point). It must contain a verb and a subject (stated or implied), and it must state a complete thought.
1.3 Kinds of sentences
There are basically four kinds of sentences based on the content in language. They are simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, compound complex sentence. The kind of sentence is determined by the total and role of clauses used to form it.
Allsop and Hunt (1967:15-36) classify sentence into three kinds of sentence. Sentences may be classified according to
1) Their grammatical structure, 2) Their function,
3) Their rhetorical form.
Classification according to grammatical structure:
1) The simple sentence, which contains only one clause.
2) The compound sentence, which contains two or more principal clauses (which are said to be in co-ordination).
3) The complex sentence, which consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
4) The compound-complex sentence, which consists of two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.
Example:
4) The streets that lay behind the high palings were also deserted in the drowsy heat, and the gentle tinkling of the vesper bell in the nearby seminary was the only sound to be heard
Classification of sentences according to function:
1) The declarative sentence, which makes a statement. 2) The interrogative sentence, which asks a question.
3) The imperative sentence, which makes a request, gives an order, or expresses a desire or entreaty.
4) The exclamatory sentence, which gives emphasis to a statement by expressing it in the form of an exclamation.
Classification of sentences according to rhetorical form (according to the order of the phrases and clauses in the sentence):
1) The periodic sentence is one in which the principal clause comes at the end of the sentence or is completed only at the end of the sentence, the reader being held in suspense until the period which marks the completion of the thought.
2) The loose sentence (the most commonly used kind of sentence) is one in which the principal clause is followed by one or more phrases or subordinate clauses.
3) The loose-periodic sentence is a periodic sentence expect for the fact that it ends with a short subordinate clause.
Alice and Ann (1999:155) say that sentence is divided into four kinds of sentences in English:
1. Simple sentence
Simple sentence is a sentence that only has one independent clause Example:
1) I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend. 2) I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend 3)My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.
Second sentence has two verbs, enjoy and look forward to. This is called a compound verb. Because there is only one clause, this is simple sentence. The third sentence has a compound subject as well as a compound verb, but it stills a simple sentence because it has only one clause.
2. Compound sentence
Compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are three ways to join clauses:
1) With a coordinator (I enjoy tennis, but I hate golf)
2) With a conjunctive adverb (I enjoy tennis; however, I hate golf) 3) With semicolon (I enjoy tennis; I hate golf)
1. Compound Sentences with coordinators
A compound sentence can be formed as follows:
Notice that there is a comma after the first independent clause. The following sentences illustrate the meanings of the seven “FAN BOYS” coordinators.
For Women live longer than men, for they take better care of their health. (The second clause gives the reason for the first clause.)
And Women follow more healthful diets, and they go to doors more often. (The two clauses express equal, similar ideas.)
Nor Women don’t smoke as much as men do, nor do they drink as much as alcohol. (Nor means “do not”. It joins two negative independent clauses. Notice that question order is used after nor.)
but Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as regular as women do. (The two clauses express equal, contrasting ideas.)
Or Both men and women should limit the amount of fat in their diets, or
they risk getting heart disease. (The two clauses express alternative possibilities.)
Yet Women used to be known as the “weaker sex,” yet in some ways, they are stronger than men. (The second clause is a surprising or unexpected contrast to the first clause.)
2. Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs
A compound sentence also can be formed as follows:
Notice the punctuation: a semicolon follows the first independent clause. And a comma follows the conjunctive adverb. Also, just like the FAN BOYS coordinators. The following chart shows the coordinator and conjunctive adverbs that express similar meanings.
Community colleges offer preparation for many occupations; moreover, they prepare students to transfer to a four year college or university.
But ,yet However nevertheless nonetheless
Many community colleges do not have dormitories; however, they provide housing referral services.
Or Otherwise Students must take exams; otherwise, they will receive a grade of incomplete.
So Accordingly consequently hence
therefore thus
Native and nonnative English speakers have different needs; therefore, most schools provide spate English classes for each group.
3. Compound sentences with semicolons
A compound sentence also can be formed with a semicolon alone: Independent clause; independent clause
My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine.
Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from communism; others soon followed.
This kind of compound sentence is possible only when the two independent clauses are closely related in meaning. If they aren’t closely related, they should be written as two simple sentences, each ending with period.
4. Complex sentence
Complex sentence has one independent and one (or more) dependent clauses. The punctuation depends on the kind of dependent clause(s).
Example:
2) One of my favorite films is like water of chocolate, which is in Spanish. 3) Men who are not married called bachelor.
4) Last year we vacationed on the red sea, which features excellent scuba diving. 5) Scientists believe that excess chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere are responsible for creating it.
5. A compound-complex sentence
Compound complex sentence has two independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clauses.
Examples
1) Because grammar is easy, I learned it quickly, but it took me several years to master writing.
3.
THE DESCRIPTION AND FINDING
IN
THE WIND IN THE WILLOWS
3.1. Data Description
Data in this paper are declarative sentences found in the novel the wind in the willows. Then, data are described based on the problems. After describing and finding data, there are four types of sentences found. Those sentences are particularly used by the author of the novel, Kenneth Grahame, to compose his novel. Finally, the number of sentences based on each type can be seen in the table below:
Table 4.1 Types of sentence
No Types of sentence Total
1. Simple Sentence 140 2. Compound Sentence 102 3. Complex Sentence 77 4. Compound-Complex Sentence 78
Total 397
3.2 The Types of Sentences 3.2.1 Simple Sentence.
In this novel, the writer finds three types of simple sentence. They are: 1) Simple sentence which consists of a subject and a verb.
3) Simple sentence which has direct speech.
3.2.1.1 Simple sentence with one subject and one verb.
The simple sentence bellow belongs to simple sentence with one subject and one verb which found in the novel.
Table 4.2
Simple sentences
No. Simple Sentence Page
1. The Mole had been working very hard all the morning. 11 2. The Rat looked around him. 27 3. Spring was moving in the air above and in the earth below and
around him.
11
4. This better than white washing. 12 5. Boating is played out. 27 6. We shall hear about it quite soon enough. 27 7. Never in his life had he seen a river. 13 8. The Mole was bewitched, entranced, fascinated. 13
9. It was too late. 15
10. The boat struck the bank full tilt. 15 11. The dreamer, the joyous oarsman lay on his back at the bottom of the
boat, his heels in the air.
12. This is splendid. 28
13. It doesn’t matter 15
14. I want you badly, both of you. 28 15. The times we’ve had together. 16 16. Here the Rat nudged the Mole. 17 17. All the world seems out on the river today. 19 18. There was a moment’s painful silence. 28 19. Neither was the Otter. 20 20. The Mole looked down. 20 21. There was a streak of bubbles on the surface of the river. 20 22. The voice was still in his ear. 20 23. Then Toad burst out laughing. 28 24. The Rat shook his head with a smile. 21 25. Greatly alarmed, he made a grab at the side of the boat, and the next
moment-sploosh!
22
32. I’ve discovered the real thing. 29 33. It was indeed very compact and comfortable. 29
34. I beg your pardon. 30
35. Toad was watching both of them closely. 31 36. I don’t really care. 31 37. It was a golden afternoon. 31 38. This is real life for gentlemen. 32 39. It won’t take very long. 32 40. The Rat danced up and down in the road. 34 41. I’ll have the law on you. 34 42. It was indeed a sorry sight. 35 43. At intervals he was still heard to murmur ‘Poop-Poop!’ 35 44. The Rat shook him by the shoulder. 35 45. He is now possessed. 36 46. The Rat turned from him in despair. 37 47. He’s quite hopeless. 37
48. I give it up. 37
53. Then the pattering began. 43 54. But the Mole was not there. 45 55. He listened for a time. 45 56. The home seemed very quite. 45 57. The Mole’s cap was missing from its accustomed peg. 45 58. There they were, sure enough. 45 59. The Mole fell backwards on the snow from sheer surprise and delight. 51 60. We’ll stand no nonsense whatever. 57 61. Presently they all sat down to luncheon together. 62 62. The Badger simply beamed on him. 62 63. They were a powerful people, and rich, and a great builders. 64
64. It’s their way. 64
65. And now there is Badger here again. 64 66. And so it will ever be. 64 67. The signals were coming through. 74 68. The Badger strode up the steps. 85 69. There was a long, long paused. 87
70. At last he spoke. 87
74. They arranged watches accordingly. 89 75. He had to wait some minutes for an answer. 89 76. Indeed, I almost hope not. 90 77. The clerk scratched his nose with his pen. 95
78. No answer came. 101
79. He was tired of Toad, his sulks and his airs and his meanness. 110 80. Toad was delighted with the suggestion. 114 81. The world and the thought alone were worth fifty blankets. 143 82. She relinquished the tiller for a moment. 148 83. Toad was never completely taken back. 150 84. These are some of the milder verses. 154 85. Toad was almost himself again by now. 156 86. She won’t do any harm. 156 87. Toad went a little faster; then faster still, and faster. 156 88. He could hear them close behind him now. 159
89. At last he spoke. 171
90. The affair was soon over. 182 91. I sacrifice this fair morning on the altar of duty and friendship. 186 92. All was a shake and a shiver-glints and gleams and sparkles, rustle
and swirl, chatter and bubble.
13
drink, and (naturally) washing.
94. A swirl of water and a cloop and the mayfly was invisible no more. 20 95. The Mole could feel him laughing, right down his arm and through
his, and so into his-the Mole’s neck.
22
96. Since early morning he had been swimming in the river, in company with his friends, the ducks.
25
97. It was water Rat 14
98. The Mole was quite for a minute or two. 21
99. His fads never do. 32
100. The barge-woman was still laughing. 148
There are 100 simple sentences which contain a subject and a verb. However, there are five sentences are chosen as sample since they have different elements that building up those sentences.
1) The Mole- had been working- very hard- all the morning. 2) The Rat- looked- around him.
3) It- was- water Rat. 4) It- doesn’t- matter.
5) The Rat shook his head with a smile.
noun phrase, as a subject of that sentence, then followed by ‘had been working’ , verb phrase as predicate, ‘very hard’ as an adverb of manner, and ‘all the morning’ as an adverb of time.
The simple sentence (2) is a little too different with sentence (1) for it has a noun phrase as a subject (the Rat), and verb phrase as a predicate (looked), and the last is a noun phrase (around him) as an object. The simple sentence (3) has it as its subject and an auxiliary verb, was, as its predicate, and water Rat as an object of that sentence. The next simple sentence has a subject and predicate with no object or adverb. Its subject is it and predicate is doesn’t matter. This simple sentence is also called a simple sentence with intransitive verb, for it doesn’t require an object to complete its meaning to be sentence.
Finally the last simple sentence (5) has a subject (the Rat), predicate (shook), object (his head) and an adverb (with a smile). This simple sentence also called a simple sentence with transitive verb group, for it must have an object to complete its meaning. It’s kind of weird if an object doesn’t exist.
3.2.1.2 The Simple Sentence which consists of two verbs and a subject
The simple sentences below belong to simple sentence which consists of two verbs and a subject. The verbs or even the subjects may be a phrase or a noun.
Table 4.3: simple sentence contains two verbs (compound verb) and a subject.
No Simple Sentence Page
23. The Mole began to feel very friendly towards him. 56 24. There was nothing else to be done. 61 25. It takes all sorts to make world. 64 26. They found themselves standing on the very edge of the Wild Wood. 66 27. Then a change began slowly to declare itself. 101 28. He looked and understood the silence. 108 29. Then Toad sat and pondered long and deeply. 151 30. Toad was not inclined to give in all at once. 166
There are 30 simple sentences with a subject and two verbs (compound verbs) that have been found by the writer from the novel. However, there are some five sentences are chosen as samples to be described, since they have elements that build them up to be a simple sentence.
1) The two animals stood and regarded each other cautiously. 2) The Rat sculled smartly across and made fast.
3) I was just going to send a boat down the river for you. 4) He could not help adding.
5) The two animals looked at each other and laughed.
noun phrase as a subject, and two verbs phrase, sculled smartly and made fast. Simple sentence (3) is a sentence that contains a subject, two verbs, one is a verb phrase and another on is infinitive phrase, they are; was just going and to send, followed by a compound object, a boat down the river for you. Next simple sentence consists of a pronoun as a subject, two verbs but has different kind of verbs. One is a verb phrase (could not help); another one is gerund as a verb (adding).
The simple sentence (5) has two predicates in the sentence. However, it doesn’t mean that it has two clauses or contains two independent clauses but it has one clause even thought it has two predicates. This simple sentence called simple sentence which contains two predicates. It’s started from subject noun phrase, the two animals, and followed by the two verbs namely, looked at and laughed.
1) The Mole looked down.
2) The Rat turned from him in despair.
3) Toad went up to town by an early train this morning. 4) Then the pattering began.
5) At last he spoke.
The simple sentence (2) shows us that the simple sentence has four elements that build it. The first one is a subject the Mole. It’s a noun phrase. Then it’s followed by a predicate, turned from him. It also has an adverb that is in despair. The next simple sentence has six parts that build it. Begin from Toad as a subject, went up as a predicate, also often called phrasal verb. The word, to town, is an adverb of place. And by an early train is an object. And it’s ended with an adverb of time.
The simple sentence (4) is simple sentence which has three elements that build it to be a simple sentence. It’s begun from an adverb (then). Followed by a subject (the pattering), it’s a noun phrase. The last simple sentence is the simple sentence which has subject, predicate and an adverb. But this sentence is begun from an adverb that is (at last), then it’s followed by subject (he), and ended by a predicate, (spoke).
3.2.1.3. The Simple Sentence which consists of direct speech.
The simple sentence below belongs to simple sentence which contains direct speech.
Table 4.4
Simple Sentence which consists of direct speech.
No Simple sentence Page
1. ‘Hold up!’ said an elderly rabbit at the gap. 12 2. ‘Lean on that!’ he said. 14 3. ‘Now then, step lively!’ and the Mole to his surprise and rapture
found himself actually seated in the stern of a real boat.
14
4. ‘The river,’ corrected the Rat. 16 5. ‘By it and with it and on it and in it,’ said the Rat. 16 6. ‘Greedy beggars!’ he observed, making for the provender. 19 7. ‘Such a rumpus everywhere!’ continued the Otter. 19 8. ‘Such a good fellow, too,’ remarked the Otter reflectively. 20 9. ‘Well, Well,’ said the Rat. 21 10. ‘Alright Ratty,’ he said. 28
1) ‘Hold up!’ said an elderly rabbit at the gap.
2) ‘Such a good fellow, too,’ remarked the Otter reflectively. 3) ‘Alright Ratty,’ he said.
4) ‘The river,’ corrected the Rat.
5) ‘Such a rumpus everywhere!’ continued the Otter.
The examples above show us that simple sentence which has direct speech can be described in some verbs. The simple sentence (1) has a verb (said) that describes the direct speech. It is usually used to describe sentence in direct speech context. It’s hard to describe the element of such simple sentence because it seems doesn’t have any subject. However, it can be described if we transform the sentence into indirect speech, as below:
1) Direct speech: ‘Hold up!’ said an elderly rabbit at the gap. 2) Indirect speech: An elderly rabbit says hold up at the gap.
From the explanation above, the subject can be seen perfectly clear, that is an elderly rabbit. It is a noun phrase. The predicate is say, the object is hold up. It also has an adverb of place that is at the gap. So, the subject in direct speech can be seen if the sentence is transformed into indirect speech.
The simple sentence (2) also has a verb but it’s not like the first sentence. The second has remarked as a predicate. The simple sentence also has a subject the Otter
The next simple sentence with direct speech also has a subject and a predicate. Its subject is he, and the predicate is same with the first simple sentence that is said,
and what the subject was said become the object of the simple sentence, alright Ratty. The simple sentence (4) has a noun phrase as its subject, the Rat. The verb that describes the direct speech in this sentence is corrected. The last simple sentence has a noun phrase as its subject, the Rat. And the predicate is corrected.
3.2.2. Compound Sentence
There are three types of compound sentences found in the novel. They are; 1) Compound sentence joined by a coordinating conjunction. There are many
coordinators used in joining two clauses that build those compound sentences, such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so also called the FANBOYS. “And” is the most frequent coordinator found in this novel.
2) Compound sentence joined by two or more coordinating conjunctions. Sometimes a coordinator put in the beginning and some also put in the middle.
3) Compound sentence joined by Comma or other Punctuations
Table 4.5
3.2.2.1 The Compound sentence joined by a coordinating conjunction.
These compound sentences below belong to compound sentence joined by a coordinating conjunction.
No Compound sentence Page
hung nose bags, nets of unions, bundles of hay, and baskets from the bottom of the cart.
2. It’s all the same, whatever he takes up; he gets tired of it, and starts on something.
20
3. He swung off the path and plunged into untrodden places of wood. 43 4. Late in the evening, tired and happy and miles from home, they drew
up on a remote common far from habitations, turned the horse loose to graze, and ate their simple supper sitting on the grass by the side of the cart.
32
5. It’s my world and I don’t want any other. 16 6. You are new to it and of course you don’t know. 17 7. The Rat hummed a tune, and the Mole recollected that animal-
etiquette forbade any sort of comment on the sudden disappearance of one’s friends at any moment, for any reason or no reason whatever.
20
8. He missed the surface altogether, his legs flew up above his head, and he found himself lying on the top of the prostrate Rat.
22
9. It was Rat and he was evidently laughing. 22 10. Indeed, I have been a complete ass, and I know it. 22 11. I really think you had better come and stop with me for a little time. 22 12. It’s very plain and rough, you know not like Toad’s house at all but
you haven’t seen that; I can make you comfortable.
13. He had just composed it himself, so he was very taken up with it. 25 17. Hither and thither through the meadows he rambled busily, along the
hedge rows, across the copses, finding everywhere birds building, leaves thrusting- everything happy, and progressive, and occupied.
12
18. The Mole waggled his toes from happiness, spread his chest with a sigh of full contentment, and leaned back blissfully into the soft cushions.
15
19. Then he untied the painter and took the sculls again. 15 20. The Water Rat, like the good little fellow he was, sculled steadily on
and forbore to disturb him.
16
21. The Mole flung his sculls back with a flourish, and made a great dig water.
22
22. The Mole was tremendously interested and excited, and followed him eagerly up the steps and into the interior of the caravan.
29
23. I’m not coming, and that’s flat. 30 24. At last they turned into their little bunks in the cart; and Toad, kicking
out his legs, sleepily said, ‘well, good fellows!
25. After so much open air and excitement, the Toad slept very soundly, and no amount of shaking could rouse him out of bed next morning.
32
26. The hard work had all been done, and the two animals were resting. 33 27. Toad sat straight down in the middle of the dusty road, his legs
stretched out before him, and stared fixedly in the direction of the disappearing motor car.
34
28. He breathed short, his face wore a placid, satisfied expression, and at intervals he faintly murmured ‘Poop-Poop!’
34
29. He has got a new craze, and it always takes him that way, in its first stage.
35
30. The axles were in hopeless state, and the missing wheel was shattered into pieces.
36
31. It’ll take time, but it’s not quite a hopeless smash. 36 32. In the winter time Rat slept a great deal, retiring early, and rising late. 40 33. The dusk advanced on him steadily, rapidly, gathering in behind and
before; and the light seemed to be draining away like the food water.
43
34. The galoshes were new, just bought for the winter, and the pimples on their soles were fresh and sharp.
45
35. The rat crept into the hollow, and there he found the Mole. 46 36. There was the noise of a bolt shot back, and the door opened a few
inches.
37. The two animals tumbled over each other in their eagerness to get inside, and heard the door shut behind them with great joy and relief.
54
38. One of these Badger flung open, and at once they found themselves in all the glow and warmth of a large firelit kitchen.
54
39. The kindly Badger thrust them at the fire, and bade them remove their wet coats and boots.
55
40. I’m frightfully hungry, and I’ve got any amount to say to Ratty here. 62 41. They built to last, for they thought their city would last forever. 64 42. People come-they stay for a while, they flourish, they build- and they
go.
64
43. No talk left in you, and your feet dragging like lead. 72 44. The snow has held off so far, and the best part of our journey is over. 72 45. The Mole went to attend the summons, and the Rat heard him utter a
cry of surprise.
83
46. Now, you are a good fellow in many respects, and I don’t want to be too hard on you.
86
47. You’ve often asked us three to come and stay with you, Toad in this handsome house of yours; well, now we’re going to
88
48. They descended the stair, Toad shouting abuse at them through the keyhole, and the three friends then met in conference on the situation.
88
much longer.
50. They got the boat out, and the Rat took the sculls, paddling with caution.
100
51. The Water Rat was restless, and he did exactly know why. 124 52. This was real thing at last, and no mistake; and it would have to be
trouble for somebody or something.
150
53. There was a great deal more of the same sort, but too dreadfully conceited to be written down.
154
54. The ferret said never a word, but he brought his gun up to his shoulder. 166 55. The Toad fidgeted a good deal, but the Rat held him firmly. 170 56. He frankly preferred the padlock, and took a deal of catching. 31 57. The Rat brought the boat alongside the bank, made her fast, helped the
still awkward Mole safely ashore, and swung out the luncheon-basket. 18
58. The Rat came to help him, but their united efforts were not sufficient to right the cart.
35
59. The end was indeed nearer than even the Rat suspected. 32 There are 59 compound sentences which consist of a coordinator to join the clauses of those sentences. However, there are five sentences compound sentences chosen as samples since they have different structure and conjunctions in building up those compound sentences.
2) It was Rat, and he was evidently laughing
3) They built to last, for they thought their city would last forever. 4) He had just composed it himself, so he was very taken up with it.
5) The Rat came to help him, but their united efforts were not sufficient to right the cart.
Those compound sentences are compound sentences joined by a coordinator. The first sentence has two independent clauses, they are: it’s my world, I don’t want any other. The two independent clauses are joined by a coordinator (and). The second compound sentence also has two independent clauses. They both have their each element that builds them up. It’s just like the first compound sentence, the second sentence also is joined by a coordinator (and).
The compound sentence 3 also has two independent clauses. Each of them has element that makes them become a sentence. The two independent clauses are joined by a coordinator for. Sometimes the coordinator for is put in the beginning of the compound sentence but sometimes it’s also put in the middle.
Table 4.6
3.2.2.2 The compound sentences joined by two or more coordinating conjunctions.
The sentences below belong to compound sentence joined by two or more coordinators.
No Compound sentence Page
1. It was small wonder, he suddenly flung down his brush on the floor, said ‘Bother!’ and ‘oh blow!’ and also hang spring-cleaning and bolted out of the house without even waiting to put on his coat.
11
2. So he scraped and scratched and scrabbled and scrooged, and then he scrooged again, and scrabbled and scratched and scraped, working busily with his little paws and muttering to himself, till at last top, pop! His snout came into the sunlight, and he found himself rolling in the warm grass of a great meadow.
12
3. But it could hardly be a star in such an unlikely situation; and it was too glittering and small for a glow-worm.
13
4. Then, he looked, it winked at him, and so declared itself to be an eye; and a small face began gradually to grow up round it, like a frame round a picture.
13
5. At last the horse was caught and harnessed, and they set off, all talking at once, each animal either trudging by the side of the cart
or sitting on the shaft, as the humor took him.
6. You must think me very rude; but all this is so new to me, so this is a river.
16
7. Mole was indeed very glad to obey, for he had started his spring-cleaning at a very early hour that morning, as people do.
18
8. A broad glistening muzzle showed itself above the edge of the bank, and the otter hauled himself out and shook the water from his coat.
19
9. Nothing would please him but to punt all day and every day, and a nice mess he made of it.
20
10. Last year it was house boating and we all had to go and stay with him in his houseboat, and pretend we liked it.
20
11. The Rat stood up and hailed him, but Toad for it was he-shook his head and settled sternly to his work.
20
12. But the Mole was very full of lunch, and self satisfaction, and pride, and already quite at home in a boat, so he thought and was getting a bit restless besides; and presently said, ‘Ratty! Please, I want to row, now!’
21
13. And I’ll teach you to row, and to swim, and you’ll soon be as handy on the water as any of us.
22
company, ‘and turned his back and disappeared from view.
15. They implored him to go away and attend to his own affairs and leave them to mind theirs.
25
16. And I’m going to stick to my old river, and live in a hole, and boat, as I’ve always done.
30
17. He hated disappointing people, and he was fond of the Mole, and would do almost anything to oblige him.
30
18. He gave them sixpence apiece and a pat on the head, and they went off with much respectful swinging of caps and touching of forelocks.
62
19. We are an enduring lot, and we may move out for a time, but we wait, and are patient, and back we come.
64
20. So he had his overcoat on, and his pistols thrust into his belt again. 65 21. And he was much taken up with the weather, for he too could smell
something.
71
22. It was close and airless, and the earthy smell was strong, and it seemed a long time to Rat ere the passage ended and he could stand erect and stretch and shake himself.
74
23. It was a bright morning in the early part of summer; the river had resumed its wonted banks and accustomed pace, and a hot sun seemed to be pulling everything green and bushy and spiky up out
of the earth towards him.
24. Then the Rat sat on him, and the Mole got his motor-clothes off him bit by bit, and they stood him up on his legs again.
86
25. They will be out till luncheon time, so you and I will spend a pleasant morning together, and I’ll do my best to amuse you.
90
26. The gypsy looked the horse over, and then he looked Toad over with equal care, and looked at the horse again.
151
27. So they waited in silence, and presently there came another and a lighter knock.
169
28. So at last they were in the secret passage, and the cutting-out expedition had really begun.
179
29. The passage now began to slope upwards; they groped onward a little further, and then the noise broke out again, quite distinct this time, and it’s very close above them.
180
There are 29 compound sentences found in the novel. However, there are only five chosen as samples since they have different conjunctions that join them together become compound sentences.
1) But it could hardly be a star in such an unlikely situation; and it was too glittering and small for a glow-worm.
3) Mole was indeed very glad to obey, for he had started his spring-cleaning at a very early hour that morning, as people do
4) Last year it was house boating, and we all had to go and stay with him in his houseboat, and pretend we liked it.
5) The passage now began to slope upwards; they groped onward a little further, and
then the noise broke out again, quite distinct this time, and it’s very close above them.
Those compound sentences are the compound sentence joined by two or more coordinators. The compound sentence 1 has two independent clauses. They are: it could hardly be a star in such an unlikely situation and it was too glittering and small for a glow-worm. The two independent clauses are begun by a coordinator (but), and a coordinator (and) to join them together. The second compound sentence has three independent clauses. They are joined by two coordinating conjunctions. The first independent clause is joined by the coordinating conjunction (but) to the second independent clause, and the second independent clause is joined by coordinator (so) to the third independent clauses.
Finally, the last compound sentences that consist of four independent clauses which make it become a compound sentence. The first independent clause is joined by a semicolon to the second independent clause. The second independent clause is joined by coordinator (and) to the third independent and also to the fourth independent clause.
Table 4.7
3.2.2.3. Compound sentences joined by Comma or other Punctuation.
The sentences below belong to compound sentence joined by comma or other punctuation.
No Compound sentence Page
1. Nothing seems really to matter, that’s the charm of it. 15 2. The Rat got hold of a sculls, shoved it under the Mole’s arm; then he
did the same by the other side of him, swimming behind, propelled the helpless animal to shore, hauled him out, set him down on the bank, a squashy, pulpy lump of misery.
22
3. The Rat went on composedly, picking himself up with a pleasant laugh.
15
4. The Rat was sitting on the river bank, singing a little song. 25 5. He shook the paws of both of them warmly, never waiting for an
introduction to the Mole.
28
7. They found him in a short of trance, a happy is smile on his face, his eyes still fixed on the dusty wake of their destroyer.
35
8. The Rat left the house, carefully examined the muddy surface of the ground outside, hoping to find the Mole’s tracks.
45
9. The call was clear, the summons was plain. 70 10. We shall have to take it in turns to be with him, till the poison has
worked itself out of his system.
89
11. The sun was shining brightly, his wet clothes were quite dry again, he had money in his pocket once more, he was nearing home and friends and safety, most and best of all, he had a substantial meal, hot and nourishing.
153
12. The terrible motor car drew slowly nearer and nearer, till at last he heard it stop just short of him.
155
13. He run up against things, he fell over things and into things, he darted under things and dodged round things.
44
14. The willow-wren was twittering his thin little song, hidden himself in the dark selvedge of the river bank.
97
However, there are only four sentences chosen as samples since they have different clauses that make them become a compound sentence and also they have different punctuation that joined each clause.
1) Nothing seems really to matter, that’s the charm of it.
2) The Rat got hold of a sculls, shoved it under the Mole’s arm; then he did the same by the other side of him, swimming behind, propelled the helpless animal to shore, hauled him out, set him down on the bank, a squashy, pulpy lump of misery.
3) It’s only my way, you know.
4) They found him in a short of trance, a happy smile is on his face, his eyes still fixed on the dusty wake of their destroyer.
The compound sentence (1) can be seen that it has two clauses. The two clauses are the noun clause. The connector that joins the both clauses is a comma. The next compound sentence has seven clauses. Every sentence sometimes joined by a comma and sometimes joined by semicolon. The first independent clause and the second independent clause are joined by a comma. Then the second independent clause to the third is joined by a semicolon. And finally the third independent clause to the last independent clause is joined by a comma.
independent clauses. Every independent clause has their elements. Subject, predicate, object and complement of those clauses. The subject has variations, the subject of the first clause is a noun (pronoun), the second clause is a noun phrase and also the third clause has a noun phrase as a subject. Those three clauses are joined together by comma.
3.2.3. Complex Sentence
There are 76 complex sentences found in the novel. However, they also can be divided into two types of complex sentence. They are:
1) Complex sentence with a subordinating conjunction, such as who, that, to, if, as, although, without, when, which, but, as soon as, and as if.
2) Complex sentence with no subordinating conjunction. It can be classified into complex sentence because one clause is dependent clause and another one is independent clause.
Table 4.8
3.2.3.1 Complex sentence with subordinating conjunction
The sentences below belong to complex sentence with subordinating conjunction.
No Complex Sentence Page
1. As he gazed, something bright and small seemed to twinkle down in the heart of it, vanished then twinkle once more like a tiny star.
13
as I can afford it.
3. He could not bear to disappoint his two friends, who were already deep in schemes and anticipations.
31
4. When the Rat had rubbed him down a bit, and wrung some of the wet out of him, he said, ‘now then, old fellow’
22
5. When they got home, the Rat made a bright fire in the parlour. 22 6. After all, the best part of a holiday is perhaps not so much to be
resting yourself, as to see all the other fellows busy working.
11
7. You are getting on very well, though you splash a good bit still. 28 8. In consequence, when the time came for starting next morning, Toad
was by no means so rapturous about the simplicity of the primitive life.
33
9. It was a cold still afternoon with a hard steely sky over-head, when he slipped out of the warm parlour into the open air.
42
10. When he turned and confronted it, the thing had vanished. 43 11. He himself was feeling quite wakeful and even lively, though he
didn’t know why.
58
12. They were all in a great state of alarm along river bank when I arrived this morning.
60
15. It’s only what I always take on these little excursions. 16 16. The other animals are always telling me that I’m a mean beast and cut
it very fine.
16
17. Whether in winter or summer, spring or autumn, it’s always got its fun and its excitements.
16
18. The bank is so crowded nowadays that many people are moving away altogether.
17
19. Oh no, it’s not what it used to be, at all. 17 20. The Mole knew well that it is unique against animal etiquette to dwell
on possible trouble ahead.
17
21. Leaving the main stream, they now passed into what seemed at first sight like a little hand-locked lake.
18
22. It was so very beautiful that the Mole could only hold up both fore-paws and gasp, ‘Oh my! Oh my! Oh my!
18
23. He had been through a very great deal since that distant time which now seemed so many days ago.
homewards in a dreamy mood, murmuring poetry things over to himself, and not paying much attention to the Mole
28. I don’t know that I think so very much of that little song. 25 29. The Rat saw what was passing in his mind and wavered. 30 30. When all was ready, the Rat said, ’Now, pitch in, old fellow!’ 18 31. Only this time the two guests took care that Toad should do his fair
share of work.
33
32. The Mole was busy trying to quiet the horse, which he succeeded in doing after a time
35
33. He was glad that he liked the country undecorated, hard and stripped of its finery.
42
34. His galoshes, which always lay by the umbrella-stand, were also gone. 45 35. There’s a sort of dell down there in front of us, where the ground
seems all hilly and humpy and hummocky.
48
36. Some ten minutes’ hard work and the point of the Rat’s cudgel struck something that sounded hollow.
51
37. They waited patiently for what seemed a very long time, stamping in the snow to keep their feet warm.
53
38. He conducted the two animals to along room that seemed half bedchamber and half loft.
58
Wild Wood last night by one of them.
40. When you really have to go, you shall leave by one of my short cuts. 65 41. This was a wonderful thing, indeed, that Badger should pay a formal
call on them, or indeed on anybody.
83
42. When we’ve converted you to a proper point of view we may quit, but not before.
88
43. The Rat never answered, if indeed he heard. 101 44. Her father replied that she could do what she liked with him. 110 45. He saw what he wanted ahead of him. 149 46. What he had felt earlier in the day had been a mere trifling qualm. 150 47. Toad knew well that he had not been really hungry before. 150 48. He thought that he had never eaten so good a breakfast in all his life. 152 49. The Toad saw at once how wrongly and foolishly he had acted. 167 50. He had all the appearance of one who for some knights had been kept
away from home and all its little comforts and conveniences.
168
51. It was badger, who, having finished his pie, had turned round in his chair and was looking at them severely.
170
52. The noise, as they emerged from the passage, was simply deafening. 180 53. Packing the basket was not quite such pleasant work as unpacking the
basket.
21
exception.
55. The Mole would not have known that it was the same wood. 48
There are 55 complex sentences found in the novel. Those sentences are complex sentences with subordinating conjunction. However, there are five only sentences are chosen as samples since they have different subordinating conjunction that builds them to be complex sentence.
1) He held up his fore-paw 2)
as the Mole stepped gingerly down. The bank is so crowded nowadays
3)
that many people are moving away altogether. He did not speak
4)
as if he was frightfully eager for the treat. The Rat saw
5) When you really have to go,
what was passing in his mind and wavered.
Those compound sentences are compound sentence joined by a subordinating conjunction. All the sentences that have been underlined are the independent clause. And the bold words are the subordinating conjunctions that join between independent clause and dependent clause. The first complex sentence has one dependent clause that precedes the independent clause and they are joined by a subordinator (as).
you shall leave by one of my short cuts.
sentence that has been underlined. The dependent clause precedes the independent clause, and they both are joined by subordinating conjunction as if.
The complex sentence 4 also has a dependent clause that precedes the independent clause. The independent clause is the sentence that is underlined. The independent clause and dependent clause are joined by a subordinating conjunction
what, the bold word.
The last complex sentence is different with the four complex sentences. The complex sentence 1-4 has one dependent clause that precedes the independent clause. The fifth complex sentence has a dependent clause that’s preceded by the independent clause. However, it doesn’t matter whether the dependent clause may precede the independent and also may be preceded by the independent clause. The dependent and independent clause of the fifth complex sentence are joined by a subordinating conjunction when.
Table4.9
3.2.3.2 Complex sentence with no subordinating conjunction.
The sentences below belong to complex sentence with no subordinating conjunction.
No Complex sentence Page
1. The Mole never heard a word he was saying. 16 2. ‘This was an impromptu affair,’ explained the Rat. ‘By the way-my
friend, Mr. Mole.’
3. An errant mayfly swerved unsteadily athwart the current in the intoxicated fashion affected by young bloods mayflies seeing life.
20
4. The turf whereon he had sprawled was clearly vacant. 20 5. ‘He’s indeed the best of animals,’ replied Rat. 27 6. ‘I understand,’ said he. 27 7. You are the very animals I wanted. 28 8. ‘It’s about your rowing, I suppose,’ said The Rat, with an innocent
air.
28
9. Sheer waste of time, that’s what it is. 29 10 ‘There you are!’ cried the Toad. 29 11. There’s a life for you, embodied in that little cart. 29 12. ‘I don’t care,’ said the Rat doggedly. 30 13. ‘Of course I am,’ said the Mole loyally. 30 14. This is fine!’ he said to himself. 12 15. ‘This is a wonderful day!’ he said. 14 16. ‘I beg your pardon,’ said the mole, pulling himself together with an
effort.
16
17. ‘There’s cold chicken inside it,’ replied the rat. 15 18. He’ll continue like that for days now, like an animal walking in a
happy dream, quite useless for all practical purposes.
35
delicate was the sound of it.
20. ‘It’ll be all right, my fine fellow,’ said the Otter. 65 21. I feared it would come to this all along. 88 22. ‘This is something like’ said the excited Toad. 153
The table 4.9 shows that there are 22 complex sentences with no subordinating conjunction that joined them together found in the novel. However, there are four sentences are chosen as sample to be described since they have different structure.
1) You are the very animals
2) ‘There you are!’
Those complex sentences are the complex sentence without subordinating conjunction. The sentences that have been underlined are the independent clause for each complex sentence. The complex sentence (1) has one dependent clause that precedes the independent clause. As that has been underlined above, the independent clause comes before the dependent clause.
.
you are and cried the Toad. However, it can be seen when we transform the direct speech into indirect speech. “The Toad cried
1) Compound complex sentence with two conjunctions (subordinators or coordinators).
For examples: for, and, that, but, so, as, if, what, when, etc.
that there you are”. It obviously proves that the dependent clause is the Toad cried.
The third complex sentence also has a dependent clause that precedes the independent clause. It’s just like the first complex sentence; the independent clause comes before the dependent. The complex sentence 4 has an independent clause that’s preceded by the dependent clause. It is a direct speech. It’s the same with the second complex sentence. To get easy in knowing the independent clause, the direct speech can be transform into indirect speech, as has been shown in the second complex sentence.
3.2.4. The Compound-Complex Sentence.
There are 76 compound-complex sentences found in the novel which contains three or more clauses (at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause). There are two types of compound complex sentences found in the novel. They are:
2) Compound complex sentence with two or more conjunctions (subordinators or coordinators).
Table 4.10
3.2.4.1 Compound complex sentence with one or two conjunctions (subordinating or coordinating conjunctions)
The sentences below belong to compound –complex sentence with one or two conjunctions.
No Compound complex Sentence Page 1. If we have to come, we come in couples, at least; then we’re
generally all right.
46
2. The sunshine struck hot in his fur, soft breezes caressed his heated brow, and after the seclusion of the cellarage he had lived in so long the carol of happy birds fell on his dulled hearing almost like a shout.
12
3. He thought his happiness was complete when, as he meandered aimlessly, suddenly he stood by the edge of a full-fed river.
13
4. Something up above was calling him imperiously, and he made for the steep little tunnel which answered in his case to the graveled carriage-drive owned by animals whose residences are nearer to the sun and air.
12
5. Jumping off all his four legs at once, in the joy of living, and delight of spring without its cleaning, he pursued his way across the meadow till he reached the hedge on the further side.
