Interaksi Nabi Muḥammad dengan Yahudi dan Kristen

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Rifqi Muhammad Fatkhi

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Pendahuluan

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kelompok Ahmadiyah di Cikeusik Banten dan masjid 4ZƯABI EJ

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keragaman, humanis, memuliakan manusia, dan menjunjung tinggi

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antaranya adalah Louis Massignon (1962), Marshall G.S. Hodgson (1968),2 )"3 (JCC 3 )FOSJ $PSCJO 8JMGSFE

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Muslim dari negerinya.8

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suatu pengertian akurat mengenai Islam seperti: pada tahun 1708

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dan memandang jihad dari pandangan Muslim. George Sale

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menggunakan studi mereka untuk menantang prasangka di masa

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kepada orang lain), karena tidak ada penghalang di antaranya dan Allah.11

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pendosa. ƝBEƯUTMBJOEBSJ"OBTJCO.ƣMJLNFOZFCVULBONFTLJQVO

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.VDŽBNNBE14

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dari Islam karena harapan yang mendorong mereka tidak mereka dapatkan.15

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.FMJIBU QFSLBUBBO EBO QFSCVBUBO ;BZE JCO 4BAOBI ZBOH LBTBS LFQBEB /BCJ A6NBS QVO OBJL QJUBN OBNVO /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE NFODFHBIOZBEFOHBOIBMVTEBOQFOVILBTJITBZBOHCBILBONFNJOUB A6NBSVOUVLNFMVOBTJIVUBOHLFQBEB;BZEJCO4BAOBI5JEBLIBOZB JUV/BCJCBILBONFNFSJOUBILBOA6NBSVOUVLNFNCFSJUBNCBIBO 4FUFMBI A6NBS NFNCBZBSOZB ;BZE JCO 4BAOBI QVO NBTVL *TMBN LBSFOB UFMBI NFMJIBU TFMVSVI UBOEBUBOEB LFOBCJBO UFSVUBNB TJLBQ CJKBL TFPSBOH OBCJ ZBOH CBSV TBKB JB CVLUJLBO BEB QBEB EJSJ /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE;BZEJCO4BAOBICBILBOTBBUJUVKVHBNFOZFEFLBILBO

setengah dari harta yang ia miliki untuk kepentingan umat Islam.17

*OGPSNBTJ JOJ NFNCVLUJLBO CBIXB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE CBILBO UJEBL NFMBLVLBO QFSCVBUBO ZBOH TFNFTUJOZB CJTB EBO CPMFI TBKB EJMBLVLBO PMFI TFTFPSBOH ZBOH CFSBEB EJ QJIBL NBZPSJUBT BQBMBHJ EBMBNQPTJTJCFOBS/BCJ.VDŽBNNBEMFCJINFNJMJIUJOEBLBOQFSTVBTJG

dan menyentuh sisi LFNBOVTJBBOQBEBIBMTBBUJUVTFUJEBLOZB/BCJ

NFOFSJNB MJNB CFOUVL QFSCVBUBO UJEBL NFOZFOBOHLBO EBSJ ;BZE JCO4BAOBIEJEBUBOHJEFOHBOXBKBIEBOTVBSBZBOHLFSBTEJQBOHHJM

dengan namanya saja (ZŔ .VŵBNNBE), tanpa kunyah atau laqab,

EJUBHJI TFCFMVN XBLUV KBUVI UFNQP EJDFOHLFSBN CBKVOZB EJIJOB LFMVBSHBOZB*UVTFNVBEJUFSJNB/BCJEJIBEBQBOQBSBTBIBCBUOZB

.FOKBNJO,FCFCBTBO#FSBHBNB

/BCJ.VDŽBNNBEEJVUVTCVLBOIBOZBVOUVLTFLFMPNQPLPSBOH UFSUFOUV NFMBJOLBO TFCBHBJ SBINBU CBHJ TFMVSVI VNBU NBOVTJB CBILBO BMBN TFNFTUB 0MFI LBSFOBOZB BKBSBO ZBOH EJCBXB PMFI /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE BEBMBI IBMIBM ZBOH NFOKVOKVOH UJOHHJ OJMBJ

nilai LFNBOVTJBBOTFLBMJHVTNFOKBHBIBSLBUEBONBSUBCBUNBOVTJB

4BMBI TBUV OJMBJOJMBJkemanusiaan lain yang dijaga adalah jaminan

LFCFCBTBOCFSBHBNB

ƝBEƯUTZBOHCFSTVNCFSEBSJTBIBCBUA"CE"MMƣIJCOA"CCƣT ) KVHBBMƚBDŽBXƯ )EBOBM#BZIBRƯ )EBSJ4BAƯEJCO+VCBZS ) CBIXB BEB TFPSBOH QFSFNQVBO ZBOH UJEBL NFNJMJLJ BOBL LFNVEJBOJBCFSTVNQBIKJLBEJLFNVEJBOIBSJJBEJLBSVOJBJTFPSBOH

anak, maka ia akan menjadikan anaknya menganut agama Yahudi,

TFUFMBICFCFSBQBXBLUVLFNVEJBOQBSBTBIBCBUCFSUBOZBLFQBEB/BCJ .VDŽBNNBECFSLFOBBOEFOHBOBOBLBOBLEBOTBVEBSBNFSFLBZBOH NBTJI CFSBHBNB :BIVEJ /BCJ QVO UFSEJBN LFNVEJBO UVSVOMBI

ayat MŔ JLSŔIB GŠ BMEŠO BM#BRBSBI MBMV /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE

NFOKBXBC i#JBSLBO LFMVBSHB LBMJBO NFNJMJI KJLB NFSFLB NFNJMJI LBMJBO NBLB NFSFLB UFSNBTVL LBMJBO *TMBN +JLB NFSFLB NFNJMJI UFUBQNBLBNFSFLBCBHJBOEBSJNFSFLB :BIVEJ.18

*CO +BSƯS BMƚBCBSƯ ) NFOZFCVULBO SJXBZBU MBJO EBSJ *TNƣAƯMJCOA"CEBM3BDŽNƣOJCO"CƯ,BSƯNBIBM4VEEƯ )ZBOH NFODFSJUBLBOCBIXBUFSTFCVUMBITFPSBOHQFOEVEVL.BEƯOBIIZBOH CFSOBNB "Cǃ BMƝVƿBZO ZBOH NFNJMJLJ EVB PSBOH BOBL 1BEB TBBU QFEBHBOHEBSJ4ZƣNEBUBOHLF.BEƯOBILFEVBBOBL"CǃBMƝVƿBZO EJBKBLVOUVLNFNFMVLBHBNB/BTSBOJPMFIQBSBQFEBHBOHUFSTFCVU ,FEVB NFSFLB QVO NFOHJLVUJ BKBLBO NFSFLB "Cǃ BMƝVƿBZO LFNVEJBONFOHBEVLFQBEB/BCJ.VDŽBNNBEBUBTLFKBEJBOUFSTFCVU EBONFNJOUB/BCJVOUVLNFOHBNCJMLFEVBBOBLOZBVOUVLLFNCBMJ LFQBEBOZB UJEBL NFNFMVL BHBNB /BTSBOJ /BCJ QVO LFNVEJBO NFOKBXBCiMŔJLSŔIBGŠBMEŠO.”19

UFSTFCVUUBOQBQBLTBBO20

%FNJLJBOQVMBIBMOZBZBOHUFSKBEJLFQBEB3BZDŽƣOBICJOU;BZE BM2VSBLJƯZBI ) TFPSBOH CVEBL QFSFNQVBO /BCJ 3BZDŽƣOBI EJUBXBSLBOPMFI/BCJVOUVLNFNFMVL*TMBNOBNVOJBNFOPMBLEBO

menyatakan ingin tetap dalam agama Yahudi yang selama ini ia anut.

/BCJQVOUJEBLNFNBLTBOZBEBONFOZFSBILBOOZBTFSUBNFODFSJUBLBO QFOPMBLBO 3BZDŽƣOBI VOUVL NBTVL *TMBN LFQBEB "TBE JCO 4BAZBI "TBE JCO 4BAZBI LFNVEJBO NFOFNVJ 3BZDŽƣOBI EBO NFNCFSJUBIV CBIXB/BCJNFNJMJIOZB"TBEJCO4BAZBIKVHBNFNJOUBOZBVOUVL NBTVL*TMBNEBO3BZDŽƣOBIQVOBLIJSOZBNFNVUVTLBOVOUVLNBTVL *TMBNTFUFMBINFOEFOHBSQFOKFMBTBO"TBEJCO4BAZBI21

4FKVNMBI QFSJTUJXB UFSTFCVU NFNCVLUJLBO CBIXB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBEBEBMBITFPSBOHQFNJNQJOBHBNBZBOHUJEBLNFNBLTBLBO

kehendaknya untuk mengajak orang lain memeluk agama yang

EJCBXBOZB #BILBO /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE NFNCFSJLBO LFCFCBTBO NFNFMVLBHBNBTFCBHBJNBOBQFSJTUJXBZBOHUFSKBEJQBSBQFSFNQVBO :BIVEJ#BOƯBM/BƨƯSEBOLFEVBQVUSB"CǃBMƝVƿBZO5JEBLIBOZB NFOKBNJO LFCFCBTBO NFNFMVL BHBNB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE QVO NFOKBNJO LFCFCBTBO CFSBHBNB BUBV NFMBLTBOBLBO JCBEBI NBTJOH NBTJOHQFNFMVLBHBNB+BNJOBOUFSTFCVUUFSUVBOHEBMBNQFSKBOKJBO TFMVSVI QFOEVEVL :BUISJC BM.BEƯOBI ZBOH LFNVEJBO EJLFOBM

dengan nama .BEŠOBII$IBSUFS atau 1JBHBN.BEƯOBI22

.FOHBLVJEBO.FOHIPSNBUJ&LTJTUFOTJ"HBNB-BJO

+BNJOBO LFCFCBTBO CFSBHBNB EBO NFOKBMBOLBO JCBEBI CBHJ QFNFMVLBHBNBTFMBJO*TMBNZBOHEJMBLVLBOPMFI/BCJ.VDŽBNNBE TFCBHBJNBOBUFMBIEJQBQBSLBOTFCFMVNOZBCPMFIKBEJLBSFOBEJEBTBSJ

pada pengakuan dan penghormatannya akan eksistensi agama selain

/BCJ QVO NFOZBUBLBO CBIXB UJEBL TFPSBOH QVO MFCJI VOHHVM EBSJ

:ǃOVTJCO.BUUƣ /BCJ:ǃOVT23

1FSOZBUBBO /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE TFCBHBJNBOB EJTFCVULBO

dalam ƝBEƯUT SJXBZBU BM#VLIƣSƯ EBO .VTMJN UFSTFCVU TFUJEBLOZB

NFOVOKVLLBO CFCFSBQB IBM 1FSUBNB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE NFOHBLVJ FLTJTUFOTJ PSBOH :BIVEJ ZBOH NFOZFCVULBO OBNB .ǃTƣ EBMBN LPOGSPOUBTJOZB EFOHBO TBIBCBU /BCJ ,FEVB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE BDBQ LBMJ NFMBSBOH TBIBCBUOZB VOUVL NFOHVOHHVMLBO EJSJOZB EJCBOEJOHLBOEFOHBOOBCJOBCJZBOHMBJO*SPOJTOZBTFKVNMBIEBAJ BUBVQFODFSBNBIEJCFCFSBQBUFNQBUTBBUNFNCFSJLBODFSBNBIQBEB BDBSB NBVMJE /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE TFSJOHLBMJ NFOHVOHHVMLBO /BCJ .VDŽBNNBEEJCBOEJOHLBOOBCJOBCJZBOHMBJO

Tidak hanya persoalan pengakuan dan penghormatan kepada

FLTJTUFOTJ BHBNB TFMBJO *TMBN /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE QVO NFOHBOHHBQ

pemeluk agama lain dapat masuk surga. Informasi sejarah yang

NFOVOKVLLBO IBM JOJ BEBMBI TFCBHBJNBOB ZBOH EJSJXBZBULBO PMFI BM#VLIƣSƯ.VTMJNEBOBMƝƣLJNBEBMBIQFSOZBUBBO/BCJUFOUBOH 8BSBRBIJCO/BXGBMTFPSBOHZBOHEJLFOBMEBOEJBLVJTFCBHBJQFNFMVL BHBNB /BTSBOJ CBILBO QFOEFUB SŔIJC /BCJ NFOFNVJOZB TFUFMBI NFOFSJNBXBIZVVOUVLQFSUBNBLBMJOZBEBO8BSBRBINFOKBOKJLBO QFSUPMPOHBOOZBKJLBJBNBTJIIJEVQQBEBTBBU/BCJNFOZBNQBJLBO XBIZV/BCJNFMBSBOHTJBQBQVOVOUVLNFOHIJOB8BSBRBILBSFOB NFOVSVU/BCJUFMBIEJTFEJBLBOTBUVBUBVEVBTVSHBCBHJOZB24

4FMBJO NFOKBNJO LFCFCBTBO NFNFMVL BHBNB NFOKBNJO LFCFCBTBONFMBLTBOBLBOBKBSBOBHBNBEBOUJEBLNFNCBUBTJLMBJN LFTFMBNBUBO TVSHB IBOZB NJMJL VNBU *TMBN /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE CBILBOQFSOBINFOHJ[JOLBOVNBUBHBNBMBJOVOUVLNFMBLTBOBLBO JCBEBINFSFLBEJEBMBNNBTKJE*CO*ƿDŽƣRBM#BZIBRƯEBO*CO,BUTƯS ) NFODFSJUBLBO CBIXB QFSOBI BEB LVOKVOHBO TFKVNMBI UPLPIBHBNB,SJTUFOEBSJ/BKSƣOLF.BEƯOBIIZBOHEJQJNQJOPMFI PSBOH EJ BOUBSB NFSFLB ZBJUV BMAżRJC A"CE BM.BTƯDŽ QFNJNQJO VUBNBBM"ZIBNPSBOHZBOHEJBOHHBQTFCBHBJiTBOHQFOPMPOHwEBO "CǃƝƣSJUTBIJCOA"MRBNBITFPSBOHVTLVQZBOHCFSBTBMEBSJUBOBI "SBC EBO NFOHFOBM /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE TFIJOHHB "Cǃ ƝƣSJUTBI MBI ZBOHNFOKBEJTBMBITBUVKVSVCJDBSBEBSJSPNCPOHBO/BKSƣOUFSTFCVU25

NFOKFMBOHNBTVLXBLUVTBMBU"TBS,FUJLBXBLUVBTBSUJCBEFOHBO NFOHFOBLBOQBLBJBOZBOHCBHVTEBOJOEBISPNCPOHBOUPLPIUPLPI ,SJTUFO/BKSƣOJUVQVONBTVLLFEBMBN.BTKJEEBONFMBLTBOBLBO JCBEBI LFCBLUJBO NFOHIBEBQ LF BSBI 5JNVS .FMJIBU JOJ /BCJ CFSLBUBLFQBEBQBSBTBIBCBUOZBi%BAŴIVNw CJBSLBONFSFLB26

1FSJTUJXBJOJUFSKBEJQBEBUBIVOLF)TBBU/BCJ.VDŽBNNBE CFSTBNBVNBU*TMBNCFSBEBQBEBQVODBLLFKBZBBO*TMBN/BCJCJTB TBKBNFODFHBIBUBVNFMBSBOHSPNCPOHBOUPLPIUPLPI,SJTUFO/BKSƣO UFSTFCVUVOUVLCFSJCBEBIEJEBMBN.BTKJELBSFOBQFSUBNBTBBUJUV XBLUVTBMBU"TBSUFMBIUJCBTFMBZBLOZB/BCJEBOQBSBTBIBCBUOZBMBI ZBOH CFSIBL NFOHHVOBLBO NBTKJE VOUVL CFSJCBEBI ,FEVB SPNCPOHBOUFSTFCVUBEBMBIOPOMuslim, dan masjid adalah tempat

JCBEBICBHJVNBU*TMBNCVLBOVOUVLTFMBJOOZB5BQJTFLBMJMBHJ/BCJ .VDŽBNNBEUJEBLNFMBLVLBOQFODFHBIBONBVQVOQFMBSBOHBOZBOH

mungkin dapat dilakukannya.

1FSJTUJXB1FNCBLBSBO.BTKJEBMIJJSŔS

4FCBHBJQFOVUVQEBSJUVMJTBOJOJTBZBBLBOTFEJLJUNFNBQBSLBO UFOUBOH QFSJTUJXB .BTKJE BMƁJSƣS *OGPSNBTJ UFOUBOH QFNCBLBSBO .BTKJEBMƁJSƣSJOJQFOUJOHLBSFOBCFMBLBOHBOJOJQFSJTUJXBUFSTFCVU NFOKBEJ MFHJUJNBTJ QFNCBLBSBO EBO QFSVTBLBO SVNBI JCBEBI CBJL

yang didirikan oleh sekelompok jamaah umat Islam yang minoritas seperti yang menimpa pada masjid jamaah Ahmadiyah di Cikeusik Banten dan masjid jamaah 4ZƯABIEJ.BEVSBBQBMBHJSVNBIJCBEBI pemeluk agama lain seperti gereja yang didirikan oleh umat Kristiani.

1FOBNBBO NBTKJE BMƁJSƣS ZBOH CFSBSUJ CBIBZB CFSBTBM EBSJ XBIZV ZBOH EJUFSJNB PMFI /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE TFQVMBOH EBSJ5ƣCǃL ZBJUV TVSBU BM5BXCBI BZBU .BTKJE JOJ EJCBOHVO PMFI PSBOHNVOBëL.BEƯOBIZBJUV,IJE[ƣNJCO,IƣMJE5TBAMBCBIJCO ƝƣǁJC.VABUUJCJCO2VTZBZS"CǃƝBCƯCBIJCOBM"[ABSA"CCƣEJCO ƝVOBZG+ƣSJZBIJCOAżNJS.VKBNNJAJCO+ƣSJZBI;BZEJCO+ƣSJZBI /BCUBMJCOBMƝƣSJUT#BDŽ[BKCBOƯƁVCBZABI#JKƣEJCOA6UTNƣOEBO 8BEƯABIJCO5TƣCJU27

QFSQFDBIBOEJLBMBOHBOVNBU*TMBNEBONFSFLBZBOHNFNCBOHVO NBTKJE JOJ NFOHIFOEBLJ /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE TBMBU EJ NBTKJE NFSFLB BHBSNFOEBQBUMFHJUJNBTJEBSJ/BCJUBQJ/BCJNFOPMBLOZBLBSFOBTBBU JUVBLBOCFSBOHLBULF5ƣCǃLEBONFOKBOKJLBOTFQVMBOHEBSJ5ƣCǃL 6OUVOHOZB EJ UFOHBI QFSKBMBOBO /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE QVMBOH EBSJ 5ƣCǃLNFOVKV.BEƯOBIUVSVOMBIBZBUZBOHNFOKFMBTLBO UFOUBOH QFNCBOHVOBO NBTKJE JOJ CBIBZB ZBOH UFSLBOEVOH EJ EBMBNOZBEBOVQBZB"CǃAżNJSZBOHIFOEBLCFSCVBUKBIBULFQBEB

/BCJ.VDŽBNNBE28

"Cǃ AżNJS BEBMBI TFPSBOH QFOHBOVU BHBNB ,SJTUFO EBSJ TVLV

Khazraj yang pernah menolak diajak memeluk agama Islam oleh

/BCJ.VDŽBNNBE4FTBBUTFUFMBIVNBU*TMBNNFNFOBOHLBOQFSBOH #BESNVODVMLFCFODJBO"CǃAżNJSLFQBEBVNBU*TMBN*BQVOQFSHJ

ke Makkah dan mengajak penduduk Makkah untuk memerangi

/BCJ .VDŽBNNBE TFIJOHHB UFSKBEJMBI QFSBOH 6DŽVE *B QVMB ZBOH NFOZJBQLBO TFKVNMBI MJBOH KFCBLBO EBO /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE KBUVI LFEBMBNTBMBITBUVOZBTFIJOHHB/BCJUFSMVLBEJXBKBIOZBEBOHJHJ CFMJBVQBUBI29

#FSEBTBSLBO XBIZV ZBOH /BCJ QFSPMFI EBSJ "MMBI UFOUBOH NBTKJE ƁJSƣS UFSTFCVU EBMBN TVSBU BM5BXCBI /BCJ LFNVEJBO NFNFSJOUBILBOEVBTBIBCBUOZBZBJUV.ƣMJLJCOBM%VLITZVNEBO .BAOJCOA"EƯVOUVLNFNCBLBSNBTKJEUFSTFCVU,FEVBNFSFLBQVO

TFHFSBNFNCBLBSEBONFSPCPILBOOZB30

4FUFMBI NFODFSNBUJ JOGPSNBTJ ZBOH CFSLFOBBO EFOHBO QFNCBLBSBO NBTKJE BMƁJSƣS TFCBHBJNBOB UFMBI EJQBQBSLBO NBLB KFMBTLPOUFLTZBOHNFOKBEJMBUBSCFMBLBOHQFNCBLBSBONBTKJEBMƁJSƣS BEBMBIQFSCVBUBOKBIBUZBOHTFOHBKBEJTVTVOPMFITFLFMPNQPLPSBOH NVOBëLVOUVLNFNFDBICFMBIVNBU*TMBN4FEBOHLBOQFNCBLBSBO SVNBIJCBEBIZBOHCFMBLBOHBOJOJNFOJNQBKBNBABI"INBEJZBIEBO 4ZƯABIEJ*OEPOFTJBLBSFOBQFOPMBLBOZBOHEJEBTBSJPMFICFSCFEBBO

pendapat semata.

4JNQVMBO

#FSEBTBSLBO QFNFSJBO EJ BUBT EBQBU EJTJNQVMLBO CFCFSBQB IBM TFCBHBJ CFSJLVU 1FSUBNB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE BEBMBI TFPSBOH

ZBOH EJBOVUOZB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE CBILBO TBOHBU NFOKVOKVOH UJOHHJOJMBJOJMBJLFNBOVTJBBOCBILBOQBEBTBBUNFOKBEJNBZPSJUBT EBOEBMBNQPTJTJZBOHCFOBS/BCJ.VDŽBNNBEUJEBLNFOHHVOBLBO LFVOHHVMBOOZB TFCBHBJ QJIBL NBZPSJUBT EBO ZBOH CFOBS VOUVL NFMBLVLBOIBMIBMZBOHNFSVHJLBOQJIBLMBJO

,FEVB /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE NFNCFSJLBO LFCFCBTBO NFNFMVL

agama, tidak memaksa seorang pun untuk masuk agama Islam,

NFOKBNJO LFCFCBTBO NFMBLVLBO JCBEBI NFNJMJLJ QBOEBOHBO ZBOH CFSCFEB CFSLFOBBO EFOHBO LMBJN LFTFMBNBUBO CBILBO /BCJ .VDŽBNNBE NFOHJ[JOLBO VNBU CFSBHBNB MBJO VOUVL CFSJCBEBI EJ EBMBNNBTKJE,FUJHBQFSJTUJXBQFNCBLBSBONBTKJEZBOHUFSKBEJQBEB NBTB/BCJ.VDŽBNNBEUJEBLCJTBEJKBEJLBOTFCBHBJBMBUMFHJUJNBTJ CBHJQFSVTBLBOBUBVQFNCBLBSBOSVNBIJCBEBIBHBNBNBOBQVO

#FSQJKBLQBEBLFUJHBIBMUFSTFCVUTFZPHZBOZBEFOHBONFOFMBEBOJ /BCJ.VDŽBNNBEVNBU*TMBNEJNBOBQVOLIVTVTOZBEJ*OEPOFTJB TFCBHBJ NBZPSJUBT EBQBU NFOBNQJMLBO XBKBI *TMBN ZBOH SBNBI

toleran, pluralis (menghargai keragaman), dan humanis dengan

NFOKVOKVOH UJOHHJ OJMBJOJMBJ LFNBOVTJBBO #VLBO TFCBMJLOZB NFODFEFSBJ BHBNB *TMBN EFOHBO CFSUJOEBL BOBSLJT UJEBL UPMFSBO NFOHBOHHBQ EJSJ QBMJOH CFOBS "QBMBHJ VNBU *TMBN EJ *OEPOFTJB IJEVQCFSTBNBVNBUCFSBHBNBMBJOOZBTFIJOHHBEFOHBONFOFMBEBOJ UJOEBLBOEBOVDBQBO/BCJ.VDŽBNNBEEBQBUUFSXVKVELFIJEVQBO

yang harmonis dan saling menghargai satu sama lain.

$BUBUBO"LIJS

1 4FMFOHLBQOZBCBDB3PCFSU4QFODFSDzF5SVUIBCPVU.VŵBNNBEUIF'PVOEFSPG UIF.PTU*OUPMFSBOU3FMJHJPOJOUIF8PSME 8BTIJOHUPO%$3FHOFSZ1VCMJTIJOH *OD

2 4FMFOHLBQOZBMJIBUi#PPL0OFɨF*TMBNJD*OGVTJPO(FOFTJTPGB/FX4PDJBM

0SEFSw dalam Marshall G. S. Hodgson, DzF7FOUVSF PG *TMBN $POTDJFODF BOE )JTUPSZ JO B 8PSME $JWJMJ[BUJPO $IJDBHP ɨF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $IJDBHP 1SFTT

3 )BNJMUPO "MFYBOEFS 3PTTLFFO (JCC .PIBNNFEBOJTN 0YGPSE 0YGPSE

6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT

4 8JMGSFE $BOUXFMM 4NJUI*TMBN JO .PEFSO )JTUPSZ 1SJODFUPO 1SJODFUPO

6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT

5 4FMFOHLBQOZB MJIBU "OOFNBSJF 4DIJNNFM*TMBN BO *OUSPEVDUJPO /FX:PSL

UIF7FOFSBUJPO PG UIF 1SPQIFU JO *TMBNJD 1JFUZ /PSUI $BSPMJOB 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /PSUI$BSPMJOB1SFTT

6 _{W. Montgomery Watt,} .VŵBNNBE1SPQIFUBOE4UBUFTNBO 0YGPSE0YGPSE

6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT

7 +PIO - &TQPTJUP*TMBN UIF 4USBJHIU 1BUI 0YGPSE 0YGPSE 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT 2010).

8 4FMFOHLBQOZBMJIBUCBHJBO.VŵBNNBEDzF&OFNZQBEBCVLV,BSFO"SNTUSPOH .VŵBNNBE B #JPHSBQIZ PG DzF 1SPQIFU /FX :PSL )BSQFS0OF

Lihat juga Karen Armstrong, .VŵBNNBE1SPQIFUGPS0VS5JNF /FX:PSL

HarperCollins, 2006).

9 3PCFSU4QFODFSDzF5SVUIBCPVU.VŵBNNBE_{, 13.}

10A"MƯ JCO BM+BAE BM+BXIBSƯ.VTOBE JCO BM+BAE _{(Beirut: Maktabat} BM'BMƣDŽ

1985), NVŵBRRJRA"CEBM.BIEƯJCOA"CEBM2ƣEJSJCOA"CEBM)ƣEƯ"Cǃ

#BLSA"CE"MMƣIJCO.VDŽBNNBEJCO*CSƣIƯNJCO"CƯ4ZBZCBI"M.VŰBOOBG

3JZƣƨMaktabat BM3VTZE /ƣƿJSǃO NVŵBRRJR ƝBNBE JCO A"CE

"MMƣIBM+VNVABIEBO.VDŽBNNBEJCO*CSƣIƯNBM-BDŽƯEƣO+V[ "DŽNBEJCO.VDŽBNNBEJCOƝBOCBM"M.VTOBE ,BJSP%ƣSBMƝBEƯUT

NVŵBRRJRƝBN[BI"DŽNBEBM;BZO97**"CǃA"CE"MMƣI.VDŽBNNBE JCO *TNƣAƯM BM#VLIƣSƯ"M+ŔNJA BMʼnBŵŠŵ BM.VTOBE NJO ŎBEŠUT 3BTŴM "MMŔI ŰBMMŔ"MMŔIABMBZIXBTBMMBNXB4VOBOJIXB"ZZŔNJI ,BJSP"M.BǁCBABIBM 4BMBGƯZBI )NVŵBRRJR: .VDŽBNNBE 'VƣE A"CE BM#ƣRƯ +V[

"CǃBMƝVTBZO.VTMJNJCOBMƝBKKƣK"M+ŔNJABMʼnBŵŠŵ 3JZƣƨ#BZUBM"GLƣS BM%BXMƯZBI "Cǃ A"CE BM3BDŽNƣO "DŽNBE JCO 4ZVABZC JCO A"MƯ BM/BTƣƯ4VOBOBM/BTŔŠ 3JZƣƨMaktabatBM.BAƣSJGMJBM/BTISXBBM5BX[ƯA

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