THE ACQUISITION OF ADDRESSING TERMS IN MAINTAINING
ACEHNESE LANGUAGE IN MEDAN
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
YULITA HALIM
Registration Number : 8136112089
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
i
ABSTRACT
Halim, Yulita. Registration Number: 8136112089. The Acquisition of Addressing Terms in Maintaining Acehnese Language in Medan. A thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistics Study Program. The State University of Medan.2015.
ii
ABSTRAK
Halim, Yulita. NIM: 8136112089. Pemerolehan Kata Sapaan dalam Mempertahankan Bahasa Aceh di Medan. Tesis. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pasca Sarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin,
A deeply gratitude would be expressed to the Almighty god Allah SWT
for the mercy in giving the full patient, strength, that has enable her to finish
writing this thesis and also her appreciation and love to her father, H. Agus salim,
Mother, Hj. Ulya Za, her father inlaw,H.Nasrudin, her mother inlaw Hj,Yusmanir,
her husband, Rinaldi, her daughters, Putri Salsabila Rinaldi and Fatia Aura, and
also for her son, M.Raihan, who always give her courage and endless pray to keep
spirit and never give up to reach her dream.
In the process of writing this thesis, the writer would like to confess a debt
of deep gratitude to many people who have given care, attention and bright ideas.
In this connection, she would like to express her very special gratitude to
Prof.Dr.Busmin Gurning,M.Pd being her first adviser and Dr.Rahmad
Husein,M.Ed, being her second adviser, who have inspired her with their love of
language, their methodological, their helpful suggestion, and motivation.
She would like to express the deepest thanks to the reviewers and
examiners, Prof.Dr.Lince Sihombing,M.Pd and Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting,M.Pd and
Dr.Sri Minda Murni,M.S for their valuable inputs for completion of this thesis.
Her great gratitude is also due Dr.Rahmad Husein,M.Ed and Dr.Sri Minda
Murni,M.S, as head and secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program
for their suggestions and administrative assistance. She also thanks from the
bottom of her heart to all lecturers who have given her the valuable knowledge,
iv
study at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program of Postgraduate School.
State University of Medan.
She also would like to thanks to her sisters Lisa Elvida Halim,SE, Imelda
Halim,SE.M.Si, dr.Eva Rahmi Halim,M.Kedneu and also her brother Saiful
Halim,S.T,M.T , Gamal Halim,S.T who support her and endless pray. May Allah
SWT bless you all. Amin.
The last but not least, the researcher would like to thank to all the members
of Aceh Sepakat Percut Sei Tuan who have become her respondents which is not
mentioned in here one by one.
Medan, Desember 17th 2015 The writer
Yulita Halim
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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS, DISCUSSION 4.1 Data Analysis ... 43
4.1.1 The Factor of the Acehnese people in maintain the addressing terms in Acehnese language in Medan ... 45
4.1.1.1 Attitude ... 45
4.1.1.2 Parents Role ... 49
4.1.1.3 Environment ... 52
4.1.1.4 Demography ... 54
4.1.2 Strategy of Addressing Terms of Acehnese Language Mainte nance ... 58
4.1.2.1 Using Addressing terms in Local Language in Social Meeting ... 58
4.1.2.2 Language Acquisition Planning with Establish Traditional Organization ... . 61
4.1.2.4 Family Language Policy ... . .63
4.1.3 The Reason of Acehnese People to maintain of Addressing Terms ... .. 64
4.2 Finding ... 67
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions ... 73
5.2 Suggestions ... 74
REFERENCES ... . 75
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Table 4 The Percentage of the Maintenance of Addressing Terms in Parents and Children... ... ...43
Table 5 Positive and negative attitude toward addressing terms in Acehnese
language...45
Table 6 The effect of Acehnese people to maintain the addressing terms of
Acehnese language in Medan ...45
Table 7 Parents role in maintaining and shifting the addressing terms ...49
Table 8 Second generation and third generation in maintaining the addressing terms in completely and partly in Aceh language ...49
Table 9 The effect of environment in maintaining and shifting of addressing
terms...51
Table 10 Second generation and third generation in maintaining the addressing terms
influenced by environment ...52
Table 11 Demographyfactors...54
Table 12 Strategy of language maintenance by using addressing terms in vernacular language in social meeting...57
Table 13 Second generation and third generation in maintenace the addressing terms in social meeting ...58
Table 14 Strategy language maintenance by establishing traditional organization...60
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Table16 Strategy of language maintenance by making family language policy...62
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A Informasi tentang informan ……….…...79
Appendix B Questionnaire ………..80
Appendix C Parents education background………..………...83
Appendix D Factors the maintenance of addressing terms ... …84
xi List of Chart
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the study
Globalization and high community mobilization affect social life, almost
all aspect of Acehnese influenced by globalization which is hard to control. It is
not only lead the Acehnese community to a better life, such as the development of
information and technology which enable to ease relation in society, but also
supports negative effects on Acehnese, especially for Acehnese who live in
Medan.
The influence of globalization affects action, awareness, and attitudes
some of Acehnese community to the use of their vernacular. This can be seen in
the phenomena of less frequent of using Acehnese vernacular, where they tend to
speak Indonesian rather than their own vernacular in daily interaction in working
place,family, and public places. For instance, when the leader of community
announces something, or even in an important community meeting they use
Indonesian language.
Acehnese when they speak to the same ethnic they will use Acehnese
language. But recently, most of Acehnese when they speak to the same ethnic
they use bahasa Indonesia. This is caused by the immigration of Acehnese to the
Medan which spoke bahasa Indonesia. As a result, many of them are not able to
speak or understand of Acehnese language, they are not able to use addressing
terms of Acehnese language. This indication is very risky for the existences of
2
the addressing terms system in Acehnese language. Guardado (2002 in Jung
Becker, 2013:9) argued that language, identity, and culture are fundamentally
linked and that first language loss can have a great impact on an individual’s
identity formation. If one loses the heritage language, his heritage culture and
ethnic identity may fade away (Ro & Cheatham, 2009 in Jung Becker, 2013:9).
It will be happened in a small community which researched. In where,
based on the observation of the researcher, many of Acehnese people in Medan,
especially the third generation (children who were born in Medan) was a level
danger because they had been influenced by the environment which is stayed by
many ethnic group. This condition make the shifting of addressing terms in
Acehnese Language.
The sentences below are examples of addressing terms in Acehnese
language:
1. “Bapak, Nyak, dan buat dek gam dan inong, di harapkan
kehadirannya pada hari minggu untuk menghadiri acara Isra’ Mi’raj’
(Father , mother ,brother and sister, expected attendance on
Sundays for celebrate Isra’ mi’raj)
2. “di kampong saya menggunakan kata yahcut untuk memanggil
adik ayah” ( In my village I call yahcut for little brother of father)
3. “ ikut sepupu yang lain, kalo manggil kakak dengan sebutan cupo” (follow my cousin, if call sister with cupo)
Based on the preliminary data above, Acehnese people in Medan had
3
The Acehnese people in Medan still maintaining the addressing terms in
Acehnese language in social meeting. Example no.2 and no.3 showed the
Acehnese people in Medan still maintaining addressing terms influencing by
environment.
Language is an ethnic identity of one tribe. Furthermore Holmes (2001:61)
states the same statement “ when the language seen as an important symbol of
ethnich identity, it is generally maintained longer”, it can be understood the
language user who were pretend his/her language as the important symbol of
ethnic identity it will be the important reason to use and maintain the language in
every domain. Ethnicity is concerned with origins and cultural behaviour.
Ethnicity pertains to “peopleness”, that is actions, views or attributions pertaining
to and belonging to a people. A group’s actions and views are manifested through
a number of symbols. These include food, clothes, religion, customs, culture and
language (Mukherjee and David 2011:45). The key point is for the language to be
maintained, it needs to be passed on to, and acquired by, each successive
generation. Because language is tied not only to communication with family but
to cultural identity as well, it is often parents who decide to teach their mother
tongue to their children (Fishman in Sahba Rohani and Christine Choi’s
journal:2000). Over time, many minority languages has the experience to be shift.
Moreover, maintaining the individual’s sense of cultural heritage is a
strong argument for language maintenance. Language maintenance is generally
applied to individuals or a community of speakers continuing to use their
language in a situation of language contact, ie. where there is competition from
4
situations (Pauwels,2005). So, maintaining the language is important. It is
supported by Holmes (2002), he said that language as a symbol of ethnic identity
which must be maintained.
Scoton (2006) language will acquire and retain to use when language have
a high prestige in large community. It means that the prestige of language is one
of the important thing in maintaining the language in multicultural society that has
other dominant language use.
Addressing terms has significant social functions: the recognition of the
social identity, the social position, the role of addressee. It can be establish,
maintain and reinforce all kinds of interpersonal relation. Meanwhile
inappropriate use of addressing terms will result failure in establishing social
relationship. Arif and Slamet in their’s journal (Terms of Address Used by
Students of English Courses in Kampong Inggris Pare – Kediri :2014 ) found that
the common address terms used by the students of English courses in Kampong
Inggris Pare – Kediri, which influenced by social factors and they have low
attitude. In this study, not only social factors but parents role also give influence
in maintaining the addressing terms and Acehnese people in Medan have high
positive attitude to maintaining their addressing terms. Siti Mukminatun and
freinds in their journal “The Javanese Cultural Shift Seen Through The Use of
Addressing Terms And Kindship System In The District of Yogyakarta Palace”,
they found that The styles of nominal address used it he district of Yogyakarta
Palace differentiated by high style, middle style, and low style. High style refers
to address terms related to family domain, neighborhood domain, occupation
5
is matched with kinship relation and social stratification. Family domain focuses
on social status, social stratification, age, and sex. Then, kinship domain emphasis
on someone’s title and position in the kinship system. In this study, addressing
terms of Acehnese people do not distinguish by high style, middle style, and low
style but distinguish by attitude, parents’ role environment and demography.
According to Fasold (1984 : 23), address forms are the speakers use to
designate the person they are talking to them. Having strong and fast social
change, addressing terms the maintenance of Acehnese language in Medan is
relevant to use survive. Zulfadli (2010) supports that Acehnese vernacular
maintenance is positive initiative to keep using Acehness vernacular is the identity
for Acehnese people .
Based on the above condition, the researcher would like to discover the
addressing terms in Acehnese language maintenance occurring in Medan and how
to maintain it. Thus, the second generation namely parents, who moved from their
hometown to Medan, and the children as the third generation, who were born in
Medan, had to work each other and the existing Acehnese community in Medan
6
1.2The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems are formulated as the
following :
1) What factors affect the Acehnese people to maintain the addressing terms
of Acehnese language in Medan?
2) How do they maintain the addressing terms of Acehnese language?
3) Why do they maintain the addressing terms of Acehnese language?
1.3 The Objectives of the study
Based on the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are
to :
1) find the factors affecting the Acehnese people in Medan to maintain the
addressing terms.
2) describe how the Acehnese people in Medan maintain the addressing
terms of Acehnese language.
3) elaborate the reasons why the Acehnese people in Medan maintain the
addressing terms in Acehnese language.
1.4The Scope of study
A study on language maintenance is closely related to language planning
program. The maintenance of a language is meant to avoid its disappearance. It is
a fact that the younger generation should be aware of their vernacular that has
7
people. One of the communities is Acehnese people who exist in Medan is Aceh
Sepakat .
Therefore, the scope of this thesis is Maintaining of Addressing terms in
Aceh Sepakat (second generation and the third generation) will be taken as the
subjects. It is of prime important to protect its existences of the second generation
( namely parents), who move from their hometown to Medan, and the children as
the third generation (children), who were born in Medan.
1.5The Significance of the study
Findings of the study are expected to be relevant and useful theoretically
and practically.
Theoretically, the findings will be an evidence of the present situation of
the indigenous Acehnese language in Medan especially in the community of Aceh
Sepakat. The findings will be as a comparative study of many endangered
languages for those who are interested in an intensive study of language
maintenance, and the finding hoped to be useful for the next researchers who will
do an in depth research dealing about language maintenance or any research about
Acehnese language. Furthermore, the findings would be useful for language
planners improve their knowledge about the vernacular and how to maintain it as
to protect from the extinct.
Practically, since this research focuses on Acehnese language which is
directly connected to Acehnese culture and existence, it is also hoped to be useful
8
order to kept the existence of their ethnic group. The result of the study will be
considered to contribute information about language maintenance and the
acquisition of addressing terms for lectures, researchers and government. Firstly,
for the students they can enrich their knowledge about the maintenance of
addressing terms. Secondly. The lecturers, students and Acehnese can use it to
support the maintenance of addressing terms. The last for government, in this
study help them make a well planned of language planning especially to keep
maintaning the addressing terms of Acehnese language, so the addressing terms
73
influence the maintenance of addressing terms of Acehnese people in Medan, the
ways of maintaining the addrressing terms of Acehnese language in Medan and
the reasons of why Acehnese people in Medan maintain the use of addressing
terms in their family:
1. Attitude factor, parents role factor, environment factor and demography
factor are the factors which influencing the maintenance of addressing
terms of Acehnese people in Medan, eventhough not all children maintain
the addressing terms completely to his(her) parents.
2. The ways of maintaining the addrressing terms of Acehnese language in
Medan there are by using addressing terms in vernacular language in
social meeting, Language acquisition planning with establish traditional
organization, and Family language policy, are found in this study.
3. There are three reasons, namely: family tradition, ethnic identity and
Acehnese norm practice. Tradition in using addressing terms in one family
made the addressing terms maintain longer, the children show that
tradition as their reasons of the maintenance of addressing terms.
Eventhough children are born in Medan, but when tradition is passing on
74
children keep maintaining the addressing terms in order to show their
identity as Acehnese generation. The last, the people maintain the
addressing terms in order to show his(her) polite way to their parents.
5.2 Suggestions
Dealing with finding, suggestions are stated as following:
1. Parents to encourage the positive attitude to their children in maintaining
the addrressing terms in local languages, in order to preserve addressing
terms and kept using by the next generation.
2. Other researchers to more do reaserch about addressing terms in Aceh
language because Aceh language has various types, if this research variety
a lot of people will know that Aceh language has various types.
3. Aceh Sepakat organization, to be more concerned to the maintenance of
Addressing terms in Acehnese language because this organization can be
utilized as much as possible so that the language and addressing terms in the
Acehnese language is maintained and evolve so that the position and function as
well as the role of the regional languages even more steady.
4. The Local Government of Aceh Province to more concerned to the
maintenance of Aceh language by involving Aceh language as local
content at school not only in primary or junior high school but also can be
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