THE ADDRESSING TERMS SHIFT OF PADANGNESE
TEENAGERS IN MEDAN
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
NURMILLAH SARI
Registration Number : 8136112064
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
ABSTRACT
Sari, Nurmillah. Registration Number: 8136112064. The Addressing Terms Shift of Padangnese Teenagers in Medan. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. 2015.
This study deals with the addressing terms shift of Padangnese teenagers in Medan. The study employs qualitative research design with a case study. The objectives of the study are (1) to describe the addressing terms in ML are shifted by Padangnese teenagers in Medan, (2) to describe the factors that affect the shift of addressing terms, and (3) to reason for Padangnese teenagers to shift Minangkabau addressing terms into Indonesian addressing terms. The subjects were 20 respondents whose their parents from Minangkabau community in Medan. They were selected into different educational level, the range of age between 13-20 years old, and 10 males and 10 females. The instruments in this study were questionnaire and interview. The questionnaire was used to obtain the addressing terms and the factors that affect addressing terms shift by Padangnese teenagers in Medan and interview was used to discover the reason for Padangnese teenagers to shift Minangkabau addressing terms. The data were analyzed through interactive model by Miles and Huberman theory. The addressing terms in ML that are shifted by Padangnese teenager is found on the kinship terms in matrilineal system and marriage system. It is found that the addressing terms in matrilineal system that are shifted from Minangkabau into Indonesian addressing terms are gaek tuo, gaek mudo, amak/amai/mamak/biyai, mak uwo, etek, uwan/mamak, uni, adiak and uda. While there are also the addressing terms in marriage system are shifted into Indonesian addressing terms by Padangnese teenagers namely; gaek, apak, etek, pak uwo, pak etek, mak uwo, etek, uda and uni. There are seven factors that affect addressing terms shift namely bilingualism, migration, social factor, policy of the government, demographic factor, attitude and value factor, and educational level. There are four reasons for Padangnese teenagers shift Minangkabau addressing terms namely; status of Bahasa Indonesia, social success, prestige, and family tradition.
Keywords: Addressing terms, shift, Padangnese teenagers, Minangkabau language
ABSTRAK
Sari, Nurmillah. NIM: 8136112064. Pergeseran Kata Sapaan pada Remaja Padang di Medan. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang pergeseran kata sapaan pada remaja Padang di Medan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan studi kasus. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mendeskripsikan kata sapaan yang digeser oleh remaja Padang di Medan, (2) untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor penyebab pergeseran kata sapaan oleh remaja Padang di Medan, dan (3) untuk menerangkan alasan remaja Padang menggeser kata sapaan Padang. Subjek penelitian ini adalah dua puluh remaja yang orang tuanya dari komunitas Masyarakat Minang di Medan. Mereka dipilih berdasarkan kriteria; jenis kelamin, usia dan pendidikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen berupa kuesioner dan interview. Kuesioner digunakan untuk memperoleh data dari kata sapaan Padang dan faktor-faktor penyebab pergeseran kata sapaan dan interview digunakan untuk memperoleh alasan dari remaja Padang menggeser kata sapaan Padang di Medan. Data di analisis dengan menggunakan interaktif model oleh teori Miles dan Huberman. Kata sapaan dalam bahasa Minang yang telah digeser oleh remaja Padang telah ditemukan dalam kata sapaan kekerabatan berdasarkan keturunan matrilineal dan berdasarkan perkawinan. Kata sapaan dalam keturunan matrilineal yang telah bergeser dari kata sapaan Padang ke kata sapaan Indonesia yaitu kata sapaan gaek tuo, gaek mudo, amak/amai/mamak/biyai, mak uwo, etek, uwan/mamak, uni, adiak and uda. Selain itu, ada juga kata sapaan berdasarkan perkawinan yang telah digeser ke kata sapaan Indonesia oleh remaja Padang yakni kata sapaan gaek, apak, etek, pak uwo, pak etek, mak uwo, etek, uda and uni. Terdapat tujuh faktor yang mempengaruhi pergeseran kata sapaan yaitu dwibahasa, migrasi, faktor sosial, kebijakan pemerintahan, faktor demografi, faktor nilai dan sikap, dan tingkat pendidikan. Terdapat empat alasan remaja Padang menggeser kata sapaan Padang yaitu status bahasa Indonesia, kesuksesan dalam bersosialisasi, gengsi, dan tradisi keluarga.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, the writer would like to thank Almighty God; Allah SWT
for everything has given her to finish this thesis. Shalawat and Salam to prophet
Muhammad SAW who has brought human from the darkness to the brightness.
To Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D., her first adviser, for the valuable time
spent in giving the guidance, comments and criticism to manuscript of the thesis.
To Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, her second adviser, who patiently spent
valuable time for advising, guiding and giving great help in the clarification of
important ideas to complete this thesis.
Her great gratitude is extended to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr.
Sri Minda Murni, M.S, the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics
Study Program for their suggestion and administrative assistance during her study.
In addition, she acknowledges with special thanks to Prof. Dr. Sumarsih,
M.Pd, Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum as
her reviewers and examiners for their valuable inputs, constructive comments, and
suggestions to be included in this thesis improvement of this thesis.
Then, in this very special moment, she would like to express her deepest
thanks to her beloved parents, Serma (Purn) Hamzani and Syafrida for their love,
encouragement and support both financially and mentally that made her possible
to finish her study. Her thanks are also addressed to her brothers and sisters, Rani
Rahim, S.Pd, Ikhlas Hamzani, S.P., Akbar Serdano and Putri Syuhada for their
Last but not least, the writer also would like to thanks to all of her beloved
friends in LTBI in take XXIII. Thanks for their support, prayer, and motivation in
finishing her study.
Finally, the writer hopes the readers could contribute developmental criticism
and suggestion to improve this thesis.
Medan, May 2015
The writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.1.6 Domains of Language Use ... 2
Description about Minangkabau ... 27
5
2.1.7.1 Minangkabau Culture ... 2.1.7.2 Minangkabau Language ... 29
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ... 43
Data Analysis ... 43
4.1.1 Addressing Terms Shift ... 44
4.1.1.1 Kinship Terms in Matrilineal System ... 44
4.1.1.2 Kinship Terms in Marriage System ... 46
4.1.2 Factors that Affect Addressing Terms Shift ... 48
4.1.2.1 Bilingualism ... 4
4.1.3 Reason for Padangnese Teenagers to Shift Minangkabau Addressing Terms in Medan ... 60
4.1.3.3 Prestige ... 62
65
68 4.1.3.4 Family Tradition ... 63 4.2 Findings ... 64 4.3 Discussion ... 65
4.3.1 Addressing Terms Shift ... 4.3.2 Factors that Affect Addressing Terms Shift ... 66 4.3.3 Reason for Padangnese Teenagers Shift Minangkabau Addressing
Terms in Medan ... 67
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 68 A. Conclusions ... B. Suggestions ... 69
REFERENCES ... 70
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Kinship Terms in Matrilineal System ... 24
Table 2.2 Kinship Terms in Marriage System ... 25
Table 2.3 Domains of Language Use ... 26
Table 2.4 Stages of Adolescent Development ... 32
Table 4.1 Addressing Terms in Matrilineal System ... 44
Table 4.2 Kinship Terms Shift in Matrilineal System ... 45
Table 4.3 Addressing Terms in Marriage System ... 46
Table 4.4 Kinship Terms Shift in Marriage System ... 47
Table 4.5 The Addressing Terms that are Shifted by Padangnese Teenagers ... 48
Table 4.6 Migration of Padangnese people in Medan ... 50
Table 4.7 Social Factor that Cause Minangkabau Addressing Terms Shift in Medan ... 51
Table 4.8 The Influence of Policy of the Government in Minangkabau Addressing Terms Shift in Medan ... 52
Table 4.9 The Influence of Demographic Factor in Minangkabau Addressing Terms Shift in Medan ... 54
Table 4.10 The Influence of Attitude in Minangkabau Addressing Terms Shift in Medan ... 55
Table 4.11 The Influence of Value in Minangkabau Addressing Terms Shift in Medan ... 57
Table 4.12 Kinship Terms in Matrilineal System that are Shifted Based on Educational Level ... 58
Table 4.12 Kinship Terms in Marriage System that are Shifted Based on Educational Level ... 59
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Questionnaire ... 72
Appendix 2 Interview ... 77
Appendix 3 Sample Answers ... 78
Appendix 4 List of Subject ... 88
Appendix 5 Kinship Terms Shift in Matrilineal System ... 89
Appendix 6 Kinship Terms Shift in Marriage System ... 91
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
By using language, people can communicate between one another. It means that language is a means of communication to convey ideas, thought, opinions and feeling. It is also used to interact and to strengthen relationship in the society. People need to share many things in their life, such as idea, news, histories, suggestions, and advices. They do that because they need to go forward. That’s why they can build a better life in facing their future.
Indonesia as a multiethnic country is assumed that most of Indonesian people use at least two languages which are vernaculars and Indonesian language. Indonesian people should know the position of Indonesian language as the national language and vernaculars (mother tongue). The vernacular language is used to communicate within their tribes and Indonesian language is used interethnically.
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One of the vernacular languages is Minangkabau language (ML). It is one of the vernaculars comes from the Austronesia. This language has grown and developed in West Sumatera province. Minangkabau language is also widely used in vary area outside West Sumatera.
When a community does not maintain its language but they gradually adopt another one, this is known as a language shift. The shift of language is happened in multicultural society. There are several ethnics live in Medan such as Javanese, Bataknese, Padangnese, Mandailingnese, Acehnese, Chinese, Malaynese, Karonese, Tamil and others. ML is one of vernaculars in Indonesia which is used mainly in Medan.
Weinrich (1968) said that language shift as the change of habitual use of one’s minority language to more dominant language even under pressure of assimilation from the dominant group. It means that one community shifts their first language to the second language as dominant language. In addition, Holmes (1992: 64) stated that language shift generally refers to the process, by which one language displaces another in the linguistic repertoire of a community. It means that the speakers in one community truly didn’t use their first language in their daily life. It can be happened in the young generation of Minangkabau ethnic group. They are difficult to maintain their original ML and pass on their heritage to their children.
3
every generation. It is clear that language shift can be found by the less of users of the native language and it becomes less using in the next generation.
The phenomenon in shifting language is related to the migration of Padangnese people. The children who born in Padang can not speak ML like their parents. The researcher discovers that there is a problem that occurs in Minangkabau family in Medan. The children whose both parents came from West Sumatera tends to rarely use the language itself, whether at home or in their surrounding.
Typically language shift happens in the third generation (Scotton, 2006:68). It means that the third generations only communicate to other people by using dominant language. Every young generation which is born in this city (Medan) will acquire Bahasa Indonesia as their mother tongue. When their mother make a conversation to her child in the house, she always speaks by using Indonesian not Minangkabau language.
4
According to Holmes (1992:65), people shift or choose a certain language in communicating by considering social factors. Social factor is the place where people live. People usually use a particular language as dominant language in their surroundings. It can be seen in Padangnese families in Medan. They communicate in using Minangkabau language but they use Indonesian addressing terms. They influence others to call someone in Indonesian addressing terms. It proves that social factors influence language use in the surrounding.
Addressing terms is one of language devices have shifted in Medan. Addressing terms are used to show the relationship between the speaker and the hearer and also determine the success of communication. The use of the addressing terms depends on to whom the speakers say. They use to show social relationship, power and solidarity. The use of addressing terms in Minangkabau must conform with customs, behaviors and manners. With knowing the mother’s line, Padangnese people who met for the first time will know what the suitable addressing terms to call someone.
5
Padangnese people who live in the big city such as Jakarta, Bandung and Medan prefer using Indonesian addressing terms than Minangkabau addressing terms. Most of them use bahasa Indonesia (BI) in their daily life. The use of BI becomes increasing. The increasing of Indonesian speaker in Medan show that the use of Minangkabau addressing terms such as mamak, etek are rarely use nowadays. It is replaced by word om, tante, from Indonesian addressing terms.
Many of speakers of ML are no longer use ML addressing terms to call their relatives. The researcher has found the addressing terms shift of Padangnese teenagers in Medan as shown in the following.
A : Lai sehat, om?
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addressing terms into Indonesian addressing terms. He thinks that om, and tante is more prestige than mamak, and etek.
The phenomenon of the shift of addressing terms make the researcher interested to find out the addressing terms shift of Padangnese teenagers in Medan. They use bahasa Indonesiato someone who met for the first time while they use Minangkabau language to the same ethnic. It can be seen in young generation. They have shifted Minangkabau addressing terms into Indonesian addressing terms such as mamak, etek become om, tante.
The research about the shift of addressing terms in Minangkabau has been conducted by Rosanti (2011) with the title “Pergeseran Kata Sapaan dalam Bahasa Minangkabau Dialek Agam di Kota Medan”. She found that Minangkabau families of BMA in Pariaman prefer to shift Minangkabau into Indonesian addressing terms in their family core. For instance, when Padangnese people call father as apak but right now they changed into Indonesian addressing terms as
7
Therefore, the addressing terms shift in the third generation is needed to do, eventhough the research about language shift has ever conducted by the other researcher by Lubis (2014) about “The Shift of Addressing Terms of Mandailingnese Society in Panyambungan.” In her research, the use of Mandailing Language has been replaced into Indonesian language. It can be seen from the second generation. Many of her relatives, friends and member of the family of Mandailingnese families are no longer use Mandailing addressing terms to call their relatives. The dominant factor which affects the shift into Indonesian language in Panyambungan is social factors. The reasons of the shift of addressing terms are; status of Indonesian language, social success and family tradition.
In addition, the research about addressing terms has been conducted by Ulfa (2013) in her research with the title “The Maintenance of addressing terms of Acehnese Young generation in Intermarriage Family.” The subjects were 20 children of intermarriage family which consist of 10 children whose parents are Acehnese mother and Non Acehnese father. The result found that there are fourteen respondents (70%) maintaining addressing terms and there are six respondents (30%) shift addressing terms. There are four factors that influence young generation in maintaining the addressing terms, namely; parents’ role, attitude, demography and environment. Family tradition, ethnic identity and politeness are the reason of young generation maintenance the addressing terms.
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Padangnese teenagers in Medan is not conducted yet, the researcher need to know whether the shift of language especially in using addressing terms that occur in Padangnese teenagers. The researcher would like to maintaine Minangkabau language and realize in having some difficulties to address someone by using Minangkabau addressing terms. As Minangkabau people, they have to address all brothers and sisters of mother and father’s family in Minangkabau addressing terms to show their close relationship.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems are formulated as the following.
1) What addressing terms in ML are shifted by Padangnese teenagers in Medan? 2) What factors affect the shift of addressing terms by Padangnese teenagers in
Medan?
3) Why are the addressing terms shifted?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are: 1) to describe the addressing terms in ML shifted by Padangnese teenagers in
Medan,
2) to describe the factors that affect the shift of addressing terms by Padangnese teenagers in Medan and
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1.4 Scope and Limitation
Addressing terms in Minangkabau are divided into four types namely; kinship terms, occupational terms, religion terms and custom terms. For kinship terms include into kinship terms in matrilineal system and marriage system. In this study, the researcher focuses in the kinship addressing terms by Padangnese teenagers in Medan. The limitation of this study is Padangnese teenagers whose parents from the Minang community in Medan (Badan Musyawarah Masyarakat Minang: BM3).
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the findings of the study are an evidence of the phenomenon of the addressing terms shift of Padangnese teenagers in Medan, an information for Padangnese people in maintaining Minangkabau language (ML) and a motivation for the next researcher who is interested to do an in depth research about ML.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The study which is concerned of the addressing terms shift of Padangnese
teenagers in Medan was aimed to describe Minangkabau addressing kinship terms
have shifted by Padangnese teenagers, the factors that affect Minangkabau
addressing terms shift in Medan and the reason for Padangnese teenagers to shift
Minangkabau addressing terms into Indonesian addressing terms. Based on the
analysis, conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1) Both addressing kinship terms in matrilineal system and marriage system are
still used by Padangnese teenagers. However, there are some addressing terms
that are shifted into Indonesian addressing terms by Padangnese teenagers
namely gaek, amak/amai/mamak/biyai, apak, mak uwo, pak uwo, etek, pak
etek, uwan/mamak, uni, uda and adiak. If Padangnese teenagers are no longer use Minangkabau addressing terms for a long time, it would make the
addressing terms in ML become endangerment.
(2) The addressing terms that are shifted by Padangnese teenagers are caused by
bilingualism, migration, social factor, policy of the government, demographic
factor, attitude and value factor, and educational level.
(3) Padangnese teenagers shift Minangkabau addressing terms into Indonesian
addressing terms in order to status of Bahasa Indonesia, social success,
prestige, and family tradition. Social success is the major reason for
Padangnese teenagers to shift Minangkabau addressing terms into Indonesian
69
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions are suggested as the following.
(1) It is suggested that the second generation should encourage the positive
attitude to their children in maintaining the addressing terms in vernacular
language.
(2) It is suggested that other researchers should be more concerned with the use of
addressing term in vernacular languages such as Batak language, Karo
language, Javanese language, Malay language, etc.
(3) It is suggested that linguistics, teachers and students especially Minangkabau
language linguists should write more books or references about addressing
terms in Minangkabau language.
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