“ I hereby declare that I have read through this report entitle Performance Analysis of Existing in the market so called “Energy Saving Device” and found that it has comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”
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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING IN THE MARKET SO CALLED
“ENERGY SAVING DEVICE”
NUR HAZIQ HILMI BIN ADZHAR
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power Industry)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
I declare that this report entitle Performance Analysis of Existing in the market so called “Energy Saving Device” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
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i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank to my final year project’s supervisor, Encik Khairul Anwar bin Ibrahim, lecturer of Faculty of Electrical Engineering of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, whose invaluable guidance, advice, assistance from initial to the final level enabled me to develop understanding of this project. He inspired me greatly to work in this project. His willingness to motivate me contributed tremendously to my project. I appreciate the knowledge and advices that has gained from my supervisor. He has given me valuable cooperation, assistance, support and suggestion during this completion of project.
Moreover, I would like to thank to my family who have giving me the supports and motivation to carry on from beginning until the completion of this project submission.
ii ABSTRACT
iii ABSTRAK
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
LIST OF APPENDICES x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Scope 2
1.5 Report Outlines 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Components and Operations of the Energy Saving
Device (ESD) 6
2.2 Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 6
2.2.1 Power Factor 6
2.2.2 Power Factor Correction 7
v 2.3 Electricity Costs is Reducing or Not after the
Installation of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 10 2.3.1 Effect of Power Factor Correction 10 2.3.2 Calculating Energy Usage for Electrical
Appliance 10
3 METHODOLOGY 12
3.1 Study the Component and Operation of Energy
Saving Device (ESD) 12
3.1.1 Investigation the Components of Energy
Saving Device (ESD) 12
3.1.2 Operation of ESD 13
3.2 Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 14 3.2.1 Identify the Amount of Electrical Appliances 14 3.2.2 Apparatus for Data Collection 15
3.2.3 Data Collection 16
3.3 Investigate either the Electricity Costs is Reducing
or Not after the Installation of ESD 19
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21
4.1 Component and Operation of Energy Saving Device 21 4.1.1 Components of ESD Revealed 21
4.1.2 Operations in ESD 23
4.2 Result Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD) 26 4.2.1 Quantity of Electrical Appliances and
its Power 26
vi 4.2.4 Comparison of Data before and after
Installation of ESD 28
4.3 Calculation of Electricity Costs before and after the
Installation of ESD 35
4.3.1 Estimating Annual Cost to Run an Appliance 35
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 38
5.1 Conclusion 38
5.2 Recommendation 39
REFERENCES 40
vii LIST OF TABLES
TABLES TITLE PAGE
2.1 Waveform of Voltage and Current for Purely Inductive and
Purely Capacitive 8
3.1 The Steps to Take the Data of Appliances 17
3.2 TNB’s Tariffs Rates for Domestic Consumer 20
4.1 The Description of Capacitor Used in ESD 23
4.2 The Calculations of Resistance, Reactance and Inductance for
Each Electrical Appliance 24
4.3 Table for Quantity of Electrical Appliances and its Power 27
4.4 Table of Data before Installation of ESD 27
4.5 Table of Data after Installation of ESD 28
4.6 Power Consumption for Appliances before Installation of ESD
(per month) 35
4.7 Power Consumption for Appliances after Installation of ESD
viii LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES TITLE PAGE
1.1 Report Outline 4
2.1 Power Factor Correction Concept 9
3.1 The Literature Survey of the Lifting Techniques in Manual Lifting 13 3.2 The Installation of ESD to Direct Wall Socket (13A) 14
3.3 Watt Meter WF-D02A (Taiwan) 15
3.4 The Fluke Meter (United State) 15
3.5 The Steps to Collect Data 19
4.1 Capacitor in MS188 22
4.2 Capacitor in Other Model of ESD 22
4.3 The Circuit before Adding the Capacitor 25
4.4 The Circuit after Adding the Capacitor 26
ix LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
ESD - Energy Saving Device
PF - Power Factor
P - Real Power
S - Apparent Power
AC - Alternating Current
V - Volts
A - Amperes
Q - Reactive Power
Kvar - Kilo volt-ampere Reactive DMM - Digital Multimeter
kWH - Kilo Watt per Hour
R - Resistance
I - Current
L - Inductor
XL - Inductive reactance
x LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of study, problem statements and objectives. In addition, the scope and the report outline are also provided in this chapter.
1.1 Background of Study
The usage of electricity becomes higher because of the increase electrical equipment like air conditioner, personal computer and more. Consumers do not aware how the electricity has been wasted by them. But they noticed on increasing of electrical consumption that needs to pay every month [21]. So if any possibly save money on their electrical consumption, absolutely they will interest.
Nowadays, lots of energy saving device (ESD) has been offered to the consumer. The product is so easily install and run, but consumer does not know how the device function and it will significantly minimized costs [22].
2 1.2 Problem Statement
Based on observation, consumers have been introduced with ‘energy saving device’. However, the effectiveness of energy saving device (ESD) comes with several problems to the consumer. The problem summarized as follow:
1. Consumer does not know how the ESD operates and how it can reduce electricity.
2. Consumer do not exposed with the safety precaution while using the ESD. 3. Consumer argue about the amount of electricity consumption save after install
the ESD.
4. Either true or not that the ESD can stand on different type of loads.
1.3 Objectives
Specifically this study embarks the following objectives:
1. To study the components and the operations of the ESD.
2. To investigate the effectiveness of ESD when operate on different power usages.
3. To investigate either there are reduction in the cost of electricity after the installation of the ESD.
1.4 Scope
3 Afterwards, ESD was installed in a house with single phase house power supply. The installation was done in a house in Melaka. Then, the data were collected through power consumption of daily electrical appliances usage. The value of voltages, currents, real powers and power factors of electrical appliances in the house has recorded by the digital wattmeter and fluke digital multimeter. The data were collected in a week for before and after the installation of the ESD. This study only limited to the effectiveness of the ESD.
1.5 Report Outlines
4 Figure 1.1: Report Outline
Chapter 1
• Background of Study • Problem Statement • Objectives
• Scope
• Report Outline
Chapter 2
• Literature review
- Components and operations of the energy saving device (ESD)
- Effectiveness of energy saving device (ESD)
- Electricity costs is reducing or not after the installation of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
Chapter 3
• Methodology
- Study the component and operation of energy saving device - Effectiveness of energy saving device (ESD)
- Investigate either the electricity costs is reducing or not after the installation of ESD
Chapter 4
• Results and Discussion
Chapter 5
[image:17.596.87.486.77.504.2]5 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter provides the literature review of the components and the operations of the ESD and the effectiveness of ESD when operate on different power usages. In addition, the review of electricity costs after the installation of the ESD also has been provided.
2.1 Components and Operations of the Energy Saving Device (ESD)
Nowadays, there are so many design of energy saving device in the market. With all those types of ESD, there are several circuits, components and operations used to make the ESD function. The details of the components and how it operated are describes in the following sections.
6 2.2 Effectiveness of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
The effectiveness of the ESD is related to how this device can improve power factor and stabilize the input power on different load usage. The relationship of power factor and how it can be corrected and the assessment method for power factor correction will describes in the following sections.
2.2.1 Power Factor
In an electric power system, a load with low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor, for the same amount of useful power transferred. Linear loads with low power factor can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Power factor (P F) is the ratio between real power (P) and apparent power (S)[12]. Power factor is a power in an alternating current (AC) electrical circuit of the electrical appliances. By measure the power factor, the efficiency of electrical power can be known [7].
(2.1) Therefore,
(2.2)
and (2.3)
where, V is voltage (volts), I is current (amperes) and is angle between apparent power and real power. The real power (P) with the unit in kilowatts (kW) is electrical energy that consumed and not stored in a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the apparent power (S) with the unit is kilowatt amperes (kVA) which is the total of reactive power and real power [12].
7 and make the electricity costs consumption becomes expensive [7]. Besides the disadvantages, there are advantages of power factor when it became higher, the advantages described in the following section.
By improving the power factor, the user can get advantages of it. The advantages of higher power factor are improving voltage level, reduced line losses; reduce electrical system capacity [5]. In addition, the effective capacity will increase due to higher power factor [7]
The power factor can be corrected or improved by adding the capacitive or inductive loads. In other words, power factor can be corrected by adding the capacitor and inductor [10], it is called as power factor correction and have been describes in the following section.
2.2.2 Power Factor Correction
Low power factor basically is influenced by reactive load [18]. Load is containing the elements of inductive or capacitive in the circuit such as motors and lighting. Low power factor also cause by harmonic currents, this type of current is present in the load system and reflected back into system, but not in voltage. This harmonic current does not affect anything to the power supply system but it will lower the power factor [17]. Only load that purely resistive will not introduce harmonic currents such as heater and incandescent lamps.
8 Table 2.1: Waveform of Voltage and Current for Purely Inductive and Purely Capacitive
Purely Inductive Purely Capacitive
Current lag Voltage by 90° or Voltage lead current by 90°
Voltage lag Current by 90° or Current lead voltage by 90°
Phasor diagram Phasor diagram
[image:21.596.78.522.85.457.2]9 Figure 2.1: Power Factor Correction Concept
If the power factor can be reduced, then it is proved the effectiveness of ESD and it gives benefits when the consumers installed the ESD in their houses. The assessment method for the power factor has been described in the following sections.
Power factor is related to the current (amperes) and voltage (volts) of the power system. A circuit can operate in 100% efficiency, which means the power factor is exactly 1.0. When the power factor drops below 1.0, the utility must generate more than its minimum power supply to the circuit. If the power factor drops, it is needed to correct or improve, so it can reduce the consumption and create efficiency system [6]. In order to make the power factor correction, the power factor must be measured.
2.2.3 Assessment Method for Power Factor
[image:22.596.95.517.69.205.2]10 give in a direct formal data and free from parallax error of analogue meters. DMMs also show positive and negative values and have much better overload protection [11].
Other than digital multimeter, the power logger also can used to assess the power factor and electrical measurement. Dunham et al. (2005) have used power logger to measure the electrical measurement like voltages and currents. The power logger takes time to do a load study [8]. But by using the power logger, the user can understand the power consumption in the house. Furthermore, the user can pinpoint the areas in the electrical systems that are making the power factor increase.
2.3 Electricity Costs is Reducing or Not after the Installation of Energy Saving Device (ESD)
The ESD can be said as effective when it can reduce of power consumption after the installation. When the power consumption reduces, definitely the electricity costs reduce; hence give the satisfaction to the user. The focused of using ESD is the reducing of power factor, power consumptions, hence, the reducing of electricity costs.
2.3.1 Effect of Power Factor Correction
11 2.3.2 Calculating Energy Usage for Electrical Appliance
The monitoring of appliances operation and making adjustments can effect to the energy efficiency. The energy consumption also can be controlled by doing the monitoring and adjusting of equipment [19]. When the energy efficient increase, the environment safe from negative impacts. In order to increase energy efficiency at home, monitoring and making adjustment must be done. According to A DDC Project Publication journal, there are four steps to audit the energy usage for electrical appliances. The step is described as follows:
1. The power rating of appliances are recorded, analyzed and estimated the operation time for the appliances at least a month.
2. The appliances that consumed much power were identified. Find out the appliances that normally on standby mode and group it into required mode or in excess mode. 3. The schedule for the electrical appliances is created based on categorization.
Planning to reduce the energy consumption by times.
