LANGUAGE SHIFT BY SPEAKERS OF JAVANESE IN
SUBULUSSALAM ACEH
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillments of the Requarements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
KARYANTO
Registration Number:8136112037
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, in the name of Almighty ALLAH, the most Gracious and the most Merciful, first of all, the writer would like to thank God for His Blessing in the completion of this thesis. Praises are also addressed to our prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today.
In the completion of this thesis, the writer wishes to acknowledge his deepest gratitude for all generous guidance and assistance which has been given to his by a lot of people.
The highest appreciation goes to his two advisors, Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting,
M.Pd Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D, Dr.Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd as his first
advisor and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S as his second advisor for their all guidance through the completion of this thesis.
Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Dr. Anni Hollila Pulungan M. Hum. as the Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who have assisted his in processing the administration requirements during the process of hih studies in the Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan.
The writer’s great thanks also goes to his reviewers and examiners, Prof.
Amrin Saragih, M.A,Ph.D, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih M. Pd and Prof. Dr.Syahron Lubis,
for this thesis. He also would like to express his thankfulness for all lecturers teaching his during the academic years of LTBI.
Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Drs.
Ruslan abdul Gani Harahap and Derliana Siregar who have given their pray,
motivation, support, and also endless praying. And also special thank for his lovely, soulmate and the queen of my heart Afrina Dewi Lubis,S.Farm, Apt,
M.Farm, and also sister, brother, and the whole families who always support him
and no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he loves them.
And also for my friends of LTBI B2 XXIII who have supported him to conduct this thesis.
Medan, August 2016
The writer,
Karyanto
i ABSTRACT
Karyanto. Registration Number : 8136112037. Javanese language Shift in Subuh Salam. A thesis. Postgraduate School, English Applied Linguistics Study Program. The state University of Medan. 2016.
This study deals with the Language Shift among second and third Generations of Javanese. It employs qualitative research design with a case study. This study aims to describe: (1) the factors influence language shift among second and third generations of Javanese and (2) the reasons of the second and third generations
of Javanese shift into Indonesian language. The subjects were 10 second generations of Javanese people and 10 third generations of Javanese
people. They were chosen whose parents are Javanese people and the teenagers
were Javanese people. The instruments were questionnaire and interview. The questioner was used to obtain the factor and the reasons of Language shift,
ii ABSTRAK
Karyanto. NIM: 8136112037. Pergeseran Bahasa Jawa di Subuh Salam. Tesis. Linguistik TerapanBahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
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2.2.3 Economic and Social Factors ... 15
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2.7 Javanese in Bakal Buah ... 44
2.8 Relevant Studies ... 46
2.9 Conceptual Framework ... 48
CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN ... 50
3.1 The Research Design ... 50
3.2 The Subject and The Object of Study ... 51
3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection ... 51
3.4 The Technique of Data Collection ... 52
3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 53
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Data ... 54
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 58
4.1 The Data Analysis ... 58
4.1.1 The Factors of Influencing Javanese Language Shift Occurred in Subulussalam ... 59
4.1.2 The Reason of Javanese Language Shift ... 69
4.2 Finding ... 75
4.3 Discussion ... 76
4.3.1 The Factors of Javenese Language Shift in Subulussalam ... 76
4.3.2 The Reason of Javanese Language Shift into Bahasa Indonesia ... 77
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 79
5.1 Conclusion ... 79
5.2 Suggestion ... 80
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
People use language as a means of thinking and feeling, as well as a means of expressing thought and feeling in a society. There are millions of languages used in the world. It is because language is a product of culture, which means that different cultures may have different languages or different dialects. It is also functioned to show their existence, identity and culture in the society. In other words, a community's way of using language is a part of the community's culture, is a way of displaying group identity. Ways of speaking function not only to facilitate communication, but also to identify the social position of the speaker. As Crystal (1997) states that people keep maintaining their language in order to create cultural diversity, keep ethnic identity, enable social adaptability, increasing security for the children psychologically, and increase the linguistic sensitivity.
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Language shift is the process by which a speech community in a contact situation gradually stops using one of its two languages in favor of the other. In this case Javanese language is shifted in usage in teenager in Javanese community in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri, Aceh. If the disfavored language is one that has as its last speakers the members of the community in question, then the language faces endangerment and eventually, language death.
Language shift and language maintenance is similar to two sides of coin which cannot be divided each other (Fasold, 1984: 213). They form a collective result of choice. He says language shift simply means that a community gives up a language completely in favor of another one. Language shift is the progressive process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speak another language. It is in fact crucial for the language survival.
Almost all minority groups who live in such multilingual circumstance lack political and economic power; minority groups often become bilingual in the dominant language for both instrumental and psychological reasons. Even the speakers who are in the process of shifting do not show the same degree of shift all at once in all of the purposes or situations for which they use any language.
Further, from the stand of dominant group the presence of minority groups can be an obstacle to communication and, more importantly, to national integration, it may sound cynical but history supports the comment of Laponce (1987: 198) that dominant groups tolerate minorities “only on condition that they
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Aceh is one of the province in Indonesia. It is one of the big city in Indonesia which has many kinds of different ethnics who live side by side. The city has diverse communities, reflecting its history. For Example there is a large ethnic Javanese community, largely made up of the descendants of people transported from Java in the last century to be employed as contract workers in various plantations in Aceh.
Beside indigenous ethnics, there are several other minority ethnics found in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri Kota Subusalam Aceh, such as Aceh Tamiang, Gayo, Javanese, Sundanese etc. This phenomenon happened because Javanese and Sundanese came to Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri about 1980’s. It was caused by Migration factor and find wealthy in life as workers. The
transmigration came from west java,central java and east java. But The dominant migration came from central java. Para transmigran tsb membentuk komunitas sendiri dan sehari hari comunicate use java lang. It means that about 1980’s the parents still used javanese language (Krama) as nicely and politely each other. They used politeness java to the same age and the older one. And it has just existed for 10 years. But the time has gone by, it is shifted. And it happened in 1990’s. These changes occur when they begin to interact with native people there
4
For Example:
Tono (teenager): Arep nang di pak lik? (Ngoko) where are you going?
Based on the sample above, it occurs shifts in speech level of javanese language, When speak to older people Tono (teenager) should speak politenessly to older person ( pak lik) by using the folowing sentence ‘Bade tindak pundi pak lik ( Krama) where are you going ?
Likewise Similarly, the following example shows the case shift, For Example:
Tini (remaja) : Opo wis muleh bapak, buk? ( ngoko)
Tini ( Teenager) : Punopo sampun kondur bapak, buk? ( Krama) Translation : What time does father go home?
Base The sample above, it should that Tini uses the sentence ‘Punopo sampun kondur bapak, buk?(krama) to her mother because she is older than she is.
Language Shift of Javanese language does not only occur between among the javanese native speakers each other outside of the house the parents but it also occur in household life. Eventhough the parents use javanese language to communicate to the children, but the children to respon it is by using Indonesian language.
For Example
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Based the sample above, it is clear that it occurs shifts in bilingualism which child understand what a mother instructed but a child prefers to speak Indoensian language. Furthermore based on the observation was found that javanese adults use javanese language to the javanese adults in communication too, while the communication among teenagers use Indonesia language. Adult to teenager use javanese language but respond by using impoliteness java (Ngoko) eventhough sometimes respond by using Indonesia.
In Javanese culture, there are some roles in the Java community there are several roles said in the use of language that is Ngoko, Krama and madya. Every language that used Javanese have some stages and it has its function. When a child talks to older people, she/ he uses the polite language, it is krama ,while in same ages use semi-formal namely madya.
Based the sample above, it is clear that the politeness shift had occured in Javanese community in Subussalam. Because every level javenese language has politeness itself. If the shift occurance at the level in javanese language, it causes to the shift occurance. Because each of the javanese language level has politenes level differrently. Politeness level at the Krama is the most polite, while ngoko is the lowest politeness, so it can be stated that not polite if it is used by the younger (Teenagers) to the older one. It is based on Leech (1983) defines politeness as “a form of behavior that establishes and maintains comity”, that is, “the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony”. Brown and Levinson (1987) suggest politeness as a
face-6
threatening acts (FTAs). Further, they describe Face Threatening Acts as “acts
that infringe on the hearer’s need to maintain his/her self-esteem and be respected” (Brown and Levinson, 1987).
Based on the description above, the researchers is interested in finding out the causes of a shift in the level of Javanese language that leads to a shift politenes among teenagers.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1. What are the factors that cause javanese speakers to shift from javanese to Indonesia?
2. In what situation does shift occur from Javanese to Indonesia?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are:
1. to find out the factors of language shift occurs to the speakers of Javanese in Subulussalam Aceh
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1.4 The scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to certain members of Javanese people communities in Bakal Buah kecamatan Simpang kiri, Kota Subulussalam. In this case the Javanese teenager community members in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri who live in several neighborhoods. Although in qualitative research, the number of subjects is not concerned, it is limited for ten persons. There is no specific reason to take that numbers for the subjects. Since the Javanese is not in a large number, the researcher is sure that the participants taken are sufficient to represent the whole javanes teenager in Bakal Buah Kecamatan Simpang Kiri, Kota Subulussalam, Aceh. The locations will be held in the Javanese teenager communities, Bakal Buah kecamatan Simpang Kiri kota Subusallam, Province Aceh.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the study is considered to enrich the theories of language planning especially about Javanese language in Javanes community in Bakal Buah kec simpang kiri Aceh, the factors influence Janavese language shift in Bakal Buah Aceh Medan, and the reason of Javanese language shift occur to the teenager.
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