THE ANALYSIS OF SIX TYPES OF EXPERIENTIAL
FUNCTION FOUND IN THE HOLY BIBLE: TITUS
A THESIS
BY:
EVA CHRISTINA SEMBIRING
REG.NO. 040705048
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
MEDAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost I would like to thank to My Lord, my Jesus Christ, the chief one in my life for His unconditional love, His blessings and His grace through me. I can not imagine how do I get through my life without you, I love you more than words. No one like you who can treat me full of love. Thank you for all you have done in my life especially for finishing this thesis.
I also would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara Drs. Syaifuddin M.A., Ph.D, the Head person of English Department Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis M. Hum and the Secretary of English Department Drs. Yulianus harefa, M.Ed TESOL. Thank you for the suggestions for me. As your students, I trully appreciate for all you have done to me.
My special thank to my supervisor Drs. Matius Sembiring, M.A and my co-supervisor Dra. Persadanta Br. Karo, M.Hum. thank you for all the supports, critics and suggestions for finishing my thesis. I can not do this one without your guidance.
I also would like to thank to my beloved family. My beloved father Ir. Semangat Sembiring, ST and my mother Dra. Masuste Purba. Thank you for your supports, suggestions and all your love for me, especially for your unconditional love. I will be a great daughter for you. No one like you can take me as I am. My beloved brother and sister Herry Pranata Sembiring and Ita Sabella Sembiring. All of you are trully my inspiration for doing this one. Thank you so much. I love You all.
really love you from tha deepest of my heart. Remember guys..WE BELONG TOGETHER, VIVA FOREVER!!! I will not forget all the time that we have been through. That was really wonderful and awesome. To my beloved friends in my church: Vina, Eva Kanda, Wina, Ika, Elita, Valdes, Endang, Novita, Putra, Herykardo, Junedi, Suhendri, Desi, Okta, Nensi, Rani GURDAK: Mazmur, Icik, Ita, Nana, Seridah, Sarah, Jenita, Robert, Pris, Rimta, Cecilia, Devrika, Benda. Thank you for all of your suggestions and supports, especially for the pray. I know that the power of your pray make me feel so strong especially for doing and finishing my thesis. I love you all.
May God Bless You all…
Medan,
The writer,
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul “The Analysis of Six Types os Experiential Function Found in the Holy Bible: Titus” yaitu suatu analisa mengenai enam tipe atau jenis fungsi eksperiensial yang dikaji berdasarkan Teori Linguistik Fungsional.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Analysis Problem of the Analysis
Objective of the Analysis Scope of the Analysis Significance of the Analysis Review of Related Literature
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis 2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic Theory 2.3 A Brief Discussion of Experiential Function 2.4 The Six Types of Experiential Function
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design
3.2 Data Collecting Method 3.3 Data Analyzing Method
CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF SIX TYPES OF EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION FOUND IN THE HOLY BIBLE: TITUS 4.1 The Data Analysis
4.1.1 The Data Analysis of Material Function 4.1.2 The Data Analysis of Mental Function 4.1.3 The Data Analysis of Verbal Function 4.1.4 The Data Analysis of Behavioral Function
4.1.5 The Data Analysis of Existential Function 4.1.6 The Data Analysis of Relational Function 4.2 The Findings
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Suggestions
ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini berjudul “The Analysis of Six Types os Experiential Function Found in the Holy Bible: Titus” yaitu suatu analisa mengenai enam tipe atau jenis fungsi eksperiensial yang dikaji berdasarkan Teori Linguistik Fungsional.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Analysis
Humans are part of social environment. They need to interact, to communicate or to express their ideas to the others. They need language as a tool to do all that things. As a fundamental means of communication, languange is used to convey or share ideas and an express thought, human’s needs, whises, intensions, and desires. Without language, it is impossible for human to do something.
Sapir (1949: 8) says that language is a purely human an non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotion, and desires by means of system of
voluntarily produced symbol. In addition., Lyons (1942: 5) says that language is a
system of abritary vocal symbols by means of which of social group co-operates.
From the definitions of language, we may conclude that language is very
important in our life to do all things and it can be spoken language, written language and gesture language.
Halliday (1978: 60) says that this theory has three functios which is known as metafunctions of language, They are:
1) Language is used to describe, which is known as Ideational Function. It is classified into two sub functions. The Experiential Function and the Logical Function. The Experiential Function uses language as representation and the Logical Function uses language as natural logic. The Experiential Function is relized by transtivity system;
2) Language is used to exchange, which is known as Interpersonal Function. It uses language as exchange and it is realized by the mood system;
3) Language is used to organize, which is known as Textual Function. It uses language as message and it is realized by the theme system.
The Experiential Function is realized by the transtivity system. The clause is interpreted as a process configuration. There are three components involved in this configurations
1) The process 2) Participants
3) Circumstances associated with the process
Halliday (1994: 14) says that there are six types of Experential Function that are not strange to be known. They are:
5) Existential Function is process of existing 6) Relational Function is process of being
From those explanations above, I would like to analyze about the process of six types of Experential Function.
Holy Bible uses language as the tool to convey everything about God’s word ans Christianity side. It has two testaments: The Old Testament and The New Testament. Titus is a part of the New Testament. It is the epistle of Paul, the apostle of Titus. It has only three chapters and each chapter has different verses. In chapter I, there are sixteen verses and tells us about Titu’s Job in Crete. In chapter II, there are fifteen verses which tells us about The Grace of God which brings Salvation. And the last chapter, there are fifteen verses which tells us about The Ending Message from Paul.
I am interested to analyze the six types of Experential Function because I realize that people often make mistakes to make a difference between all the types of Experential Function.
Based on the explanation above, I would like to present Holy Bible of Titus as the subject matter of this thesis. I hope that this thesis can give the advantages for the students in improving their knowledge.
Problem of the Analysis
1) How are the six types of Experential Function described in the Holy Bible: Titus?
2) What is the most dominant function found in the Holy Bible: Titus?
Objective of the Analysis
In relations of the problems, the objectives of this analysis are:
1) To find out the six types of Experential Function which is described in the Holy Bible: Titus
2) To find out the most dominant function in the Holy Bible: Titus
Scope of the Analysis
In research, it is important to limit the analysis on specific data that has been chosen and it also important to avoid over complicating the issues and analysis. This would help the writer to get the best result from it.
The focus of this analysis is based on Discourse Analysis especially about the six types of Experential Function in the Holy Bible: Titus which consists of three chapters and 46 verses.
Significance of the Analysis
1) Making the readers know more about the six types of Experential Function;
2) Expanding the writer’s knowledge about Discourse Analysis especially about the six types of Experential Function;
3) Helping the readers who do not know about the six types of Experential Function.
In addition, I hope that this analysis will be a worthy inspiration for those who want to do further research on Discourse Analysis especially on Experential Function.
Review of Related Literature
Related Literature is about explaining all information due to the theory or practice related to the research by theorists or researches. In completing this thesis, I refer to some related analysis based on the six types of Experential Function. Some of the related researches of this thesis are;
Halliday (1994: 14) says that there are six functions that are found in the Experential Function. They are: Material Function is process of doing, Mental Function is process of sensing, Verbal Function is process of saying, Behavioral Function is process of behaving, Existential Function is process of existing, and Relational Function is process of being.
Gerot (1994: 56) says that Mental Function is one of sensing, feeling, thinking, perceiving. There are three types: affective or reactive (feeling), cognitive (thinking), and perceptive (perceiving through the five sences)
Bloor (2004: 122) says that Verbal Function is process of saying or more symbolically signaling.
Eggins (1994: 233) says that Behavioral Function is almost has a same meaning with Material Function but it is more focus to the habitual or behavior. This function has only one participant.
Frances ( 2002: 81) says that Existential Function is the process of existence which is known with the word “There”.
Brown (1983: 34) says that Relational Function involves states of being (including having). It can be classified according to whether they are being used to identify something or to assign a quality to something.
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis
Discourse is the study about a text. It is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used. It has to be found on a study of the system of the language. The main reason for studying the system is to throw light on discourse, on what people say, write, listen to and read. We have to focus both the system and text. There are two forms of text that are not strange to be known. They are written text and spoken language.
Kress (1985: 27) says that there are differences between discourse and text that are shown by this table below:
No. Discourse Text
1. Meaning Expression
2. Function or content Form or material
3. Sociological basic Linguistic basic
4. Social significance Structure of language
5. Social dominant Linguistic dominant
From those differences above, we can say that discourse is closely related to the social term and text is closely related to the linguistic term.
Kress also says that the relationship between discourse and text can be explained in two ways. They are:
factors of text. In other words, the presence of any linguistic feature in a text always points to some aspects of the discourse of which the text is an expression;
2) Discourse is associated to social institutions that favor a certain genre (type or kind of text). A discourse is determined by a social institution that favors a certain genre and it is the genre that determines and constitutes the form of any text.
There are many writers who give definitions of discourse. Followings are some of the definitions:
1) Stubbs (1983: 1) says that discourse is a language above the sentence or above the clause;
2) McCarthy (1992: 12) says that discourse analysis is not only concerned with the description and analysis of spoken interaction.
From those definitions of discourse analysis above, we may conclude that discourse uses the written or spoken passage to convey something. It also has the highest and complete grammatical unit, coherent and cohesive in meaning, formed from clauses, sentences and units.
through the door, and so on. We usually expect them to be coherent, meaningful communications in which the words and sentences are linked to one another in a fashion that corresponds to the conventional formula, just as we do with speech. Therefore discourse analysis is equally interested in the organization of written interaction.
Schiffrin (1994: 21 says that discourse is often defined in two ways. They are: a particular unit of language (above the sentences) and a particular focus
(on language use). These two definitions of discourse, he reflects the differences
between formalist and functionalist.
1) Formalist tends to regard language primarily as a mental phenomenon. Functionalist tends to regard it primarily as a social phenomenon;
2) Formalist tends to explain linguistic universal a deriving from a common genetic linguistic inheritance of human species. Functionalist tends to explain them as deriving from the universality of the uses to which language is put in human society;
3) Formalist is inclined to explain children’s acquisition of language in term of a built in human capacity to learn language. Functionalist is inclined to explain it in the term of the development of the children’s communicative needs and abilities in society;
4) Above all formalist studies language as an autonomous system whereas functionalist studies it in relation to its social function.
2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory
There are many approaches used by linguists in describing varieties of language. There are modern linguistics by Ferdinand Saussure, Firthian Linguistics by J.R Firth and Systemic Linguistics by M.A.K Halliday.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory about language as a resource for making meaning which is situated in a context of situation and a context of culture. SFL was developed by Halliday (1985,1999), a professor of linguistics from university of Sidney, Australia. This theory is based on Firth’s system structure theory. Firth developed Malinowski’s concepts of contexts of situation and contexts of culture. His works were subsequently developed by Halliday, whose theory of language in context is generally known as systemic functional linguistics (SFL). The interesting development of systemic functional linguistics theory in Malinowski and Firth’s time was the attention paid to the study of the inter-relatedness of language and context in theory and practice. Modeling language in context theoretically, describing and applying the model in question in various areas of human activity have been the trade mark of Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory (SFLT).
paradigmatic in nature. It also implies that the systems of meaning that are interrelated to the phenomena under study. The “F” for “Functional” implies that it is concerned with the functional realizations of the systems in structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or meanings that operate in various semiotic levels and dimensions. The “L” for “Linguistics” implies that the theory derives from a discipline called “Linguistics”. It is a language based theory which is used to investigate the phenomena of language.
This theory also can be found in a dissertation of Sinar (2002) “Phasal and Experiential in Lecture Discourse: A Systemic Functional Analysis”. Here is the quotation:
From the quotation above, we may conclude that every letters has the main meaning and they are also closely related of each other.
SFLT can be used for analyzing text as a form of discourse. As in Halliday (1994:30) says that the aim has been to construct a grammar for purposes of text analysis: one that would make it possible to say sensible and useful things about any text, spoken and written in modern English. The text that is analyzed, including literary, ethnographic, educational, pedagogical and so on.
It is obvious that when analyzing text, the grammar becomes prominent thing to describe how language works. Therefore, grammar and meaning are closely related. Grammar becomes a study of how meanings are built up through the used of words when language acts are performed as the expressions of meaning. The way how language works involves the idea that a language consists of a set of system, each of which offers the speaker or writer a choice of ways expressing meanings because the forms of the language that is used by a speaker represents meaning.
In using language to express meaning, a speaker has a linguistic choice that allows him/her to change the order of groups of words or in other words, the speaker is given allowance to use many ways of language use, for example: when a speaker intents to know a place, he/she may use his/her own expressions the language offers such as:
1) Where’s the place?
2) Where is the place, please?
4) Tell me the place, please. 5) I’d like to know the place.
Those are the differences form of expressions. The first and second one are interrogative forms, the third is requesting form. The fourth one is imperative and the fifth is declarative form.
Most of the linguistics choices a speaker makes are unconscious. He/she never makes a conscious choice among the available language forms. He/she had chosen the best form to express or to convey the meaning.
It is clear that grammar and meaning (semantics) are related each other either in spoken and written language. SFLT believes that such a kind of relation is one of realization. Therefore, the linguistic analysis of texts can help us find out why some text are effective than other texts at communicating information. Text analysis can give us a better understanding of the nature of language use in English in many fields.
2.3 The definition of Experiential Function
Halliday (1994: 40) says that the ideational function is one of the metafunctions that has two sub functions: the experiential and logical function. The experiential functions concerned with content or ideas, while the logical function is concerned with the relationship between ideas.
The experiential function is realized by the transitivity system. It strands of meaning will involve one major system , that of transitivity (process type), with the choice of process implicating associated participant roles and configurations. Transitivity choices will be related to the dimension of field, with the choice of process types and participant roles seen as realizing interact ants’ encoding of their experiential reality: the world of actions, relations, participants and circumstances that give content to their talk.
Transitivity system belongs to experiential function. When we look at the experiential function, we are looking at the grammar of the clause as representation. It is called so because the clause in its experiential function is a way of representing pattern of experience. Through the system of transitivity, we can explore the clause in its aspects such as: who, does, what, to, whom, when, where, why, or how function.
the clauses. Transitivity specifies the different types of function or process that are recognized in the language, and the structures by which they are expressed.
There are three semantic categories which explain in a general way, how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. They are: the process itself, participants in the process and circumstances associated with the process. These provide the frame of reference for interpreting experience of what goes on.
We use term process/function and participant in analyzing what is represented through the use of language. Processes/functions are central to the transitivity. They are on the part of the clause which are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what “goings-on” and suggest many different kinds of goings-on which necessarily involve different kinds of participants in varying circumstances, while participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings, happenings, feelings and beings.
Processes/functions can be subdivided into different types. There are six different process/function that are identified by Halliday (1994: 14):
1) Material Function is process of doing 2) Mental Function is process of sensing 3) Verbal Function is process of saying 4) Behavioral Function is process of behaving 5) Existential Function is process of existing 6) Relational Function is process of being
obvious that some verbs are not doing words at all, but rather express agates of being or having. Here are the examples of each processes/functions to support the ideas above:
1) Vina gave some money (Material)
2) Vina thought she should give some money ( Mental) 3) Vina said that giving some money is interesting (Verbal) 4) Vina dreamt of giving some money (Behavioral) 5) There is a gift for giving some money (Existential)
6) Vina is a kind girl (Relational)
The process/function type system is what underlies then differences between those kinds of paradigm. Furthermore, in analyzing transitivity structure in a clause, we have to be concern with describing three aspects of clause by Halliday (1994):
1) The selection of a process/function: the process/function choice will be realized in the verbal group of the clause;
Last month Vina gave
2) The selection of participants: participants will be relaized in the nominal groups;
some money
Last month Vina gave
3) The selection of circumstances: circumstantial meanings which are expressed through adverbial group or propositional pharase.
some money
From those explanations above, we can conclude that the transitivity of a clause is its process/function type. Each types have associated with it certain functional participant roles. Any type can have circumstantial elements in it.
The circumstantial system is what underlies differences between a simple clause, such as Vina gave some money, and an expanded clause such as Last month. Circumstances answer such questions as when, where, why, how, how many and as what. According to Gerot (1994: 52,53), they represent meanings about:
1) Time (temporal) : tells when and is probed by when? How often? How long?
E.g.: She goes to the library
2) Place (spatial) : tells where and is probed by where? How far? every Monday
Purpose : tells the purpose and is probed by what for? E.g.: She goes to the canteen
5) Accompaniment : tells with, who or what and is probed by who or
E.g.: This story is talking
7) Role : tells what as and is probed by as what? about love
E.g.: she lives alone
Various circumstances are involved in the clauses and associated with the process/function which are going to be realized through transitivity system in experiential function.
as a single mother
2.4 The Six Types of Experiential Function
There are six types of experiential function that have been explained before. Halliday (1994: 14) says that the six types of experiential function are not strange to be known. They are:
1) Material doing bodily, physically, materially
2) Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorily 3) Verbal saying lingually, signalling
2.4.1 Material Function
Material Function is process of doing, that some entity physically does something and undertakes some action which may be done to some other entity. Clauses with a material function obligatorily have a doing (process) and a doer (participant). Actions involve actors or participants.
The fuel ignites
Participant Process
The man run
Participant Process
The entity who or which does something is called the Actor. There optionally s an entity to which the process is extended or directed. This entity which may be done to is the Goal
The man
, because some processes also have a second participant for example:
hit the dog
Participant Process Participant
The girl kick the ball
Participant Process Participant
undergoes
There are two variables of Material Function (Gerot, 1994: 56):
the process. Nevertheless, the writer will keep familiar term goal in the present analysis. The Goal is most like the traditional direct object which is known as transitive verb may take.
1) Creative (a “bringing about”) 2) Dispositive ( a “doing to”)
In the creative type of material function, the Goal is brought about by the process:
My sister brings a doll
Actor Material Function Goal
In dispositive type, we have doings and happenings
He dismissed The secretary
Actor Material Function Goal
From the examples above, we can conclude that material function has two participants (Actor and Goal) that each participant has different function.
2.4.2 Mental Function
Gerot (1994: 58) says that there are three types of mental function:
1) Affective or reactive (feeling) which is recognized through the use of verbs of liking or fearing;
2) Cognitive (thinking) which is recognized through the use of verbs of thinking, knowing and understanding;
3) Perceptive (perceiving through the five sense) which is recognized through the use of verbs of seeing, hearing and so on.
From those explanations above we can conclude that the mental function can be realized by our feeling, thinking and the five senses of ourselves.
In mental function the participants are Senser and Phenomena
I
. The senser is by definition a conscious being, for only those who are conscious can feel, think or see. We can of course attribute or impute consciousness to non-sensate beings. Here are the examples of the mental function:
love the boy
Senser Mental Function Phenomenon
She hates The man who calls me
Senser Mental Function Phenomenon
2.4.3 Verbal Function
Verbal function is process of saying or of symbolically signalling. A verbal function typically contains three participants. They are:
1) Sayer : the doer of the action
2) Receiver : the one whom the verbalisation is addressed 3) Verbiage : a name of the verbalisation itself
Gerot (1994: 62) says that the sayer, the receiver and the verbiage has different meaning and function too. She said that the sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal function, who encodes a signal source. It does not have to be a conscious participant (although it typically is), but anything capable of putting out a signal. The receiver is the one to who, the verbal function is directed, or the one to whom the verbalization is addressed. The verbiage is a nominalized statement of the verbal process, a noun expressing some kind of vebal behavior, a name for the verbalization itself (statement, answer, question, and story).
From the explanation above we can say that the three participants of verbal function is closely related to the process of saying. When there is someone says “I hate you”, we can find that this sentence has the participants of verbal function.
Here are the examples of verbal function that we have to know.
She tells me a story
Sayer Verbal Function Receiver Verbiage
He asked the teacher a question
From those examples above, we can conclude that “She” and “He” are called as Sayer. The words “tells” and “asked” are called as the Mental function. The words “me” and “the teacher” are called as Receiver and the last words “a story” and “a question” are called as Verbiage.
2.4.4 Behavioral Function
Behavioral function is process of physiological and psychological behaviour, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccupping, looking, listening, watching and pondering.
Halliday describes that this function semantically as a “half-way house” between mental and material function. It means that the meanings are realized midway between materials on the one hand and mental on the others. They are in part about action that has to be experienced by a conscious being.
In behavioral function, there is one obligatory participant. It is Behaver
He
and is typically a conscious being (like a senser in the mental function clause). But, the process is one of doing, not sensing such as:
lives in a small village
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstances: Place
Behavioral function often occurs with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and cause.
She coughed loudly
My brother snores slowly
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstances: Manner
Gladys laughed at her careless
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstances: Cause
My mother is crying with frustration
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstances: Cause
Behavioral function may contain a second participant which is called as Behavior
She
. Here are the examples:
smiled a fake smile
Behaver Behavioral Function Behavior
He breath a weak breath
Behaver Behavioral Function Behavior
2.4.5 Existential Function
Existential function is process of existence. It represents that something exists or happens. It also represents experience by positing that “There was/is something”.
It is easy to identify a clause contains existential function, as the structure involves the use of the word “There” that has no representational function. It has no representational meaning: it does not refer to a location. It is present in the clause merely because all English clauses require a subject. The word “There’ is left unanalyzed for transitivity. Existential function typically employ the verb “be” or synonyms such as exist, arise and occur. The only obligatory participant in Existential function is called as Existent
Here are the examples of existential function that we have to know how they are realized in a clause.
. This participant which usually follows the “there is/there are” sequence, may be a phenomenon of any kind and often in fact an event (nominalized action). Circumstantial elements (particularly of location) are common in existential function.
There is a unicorn in the garden
Existential Function Existent Circumstance: Place
There was a cat in the kitchen
Existential Function Existent Circumstance: Place
On the roof there hangs a shirt
Circumstance: Place Existential Function
2.4.6 Relational Function
Relational function involves states of being, including having. Relational function is typically realized by the verb be or some verb of the same class for examples: appear, become and seem. It can be classified according to whether it is being used to identify something or to assign quality to something.
Gerot (1994: 67-69) says that relational function can be divided into two sub-categories. They are Identifying Process and Attributive Process. Each has its own characteristic participant role.
1) Identifying Process
It is not about ascribing or classifying, but defining. The meaning of an identifying intensive is that “X” serves to define the identity of “Y”. in this function, the participant roles are Token and Value.
is the cleverest one here
Token Identifying Process (Relational Function)
Value
2) Attribute Process
In the attribute sub-type, a quality, classification or descriptive is assigned to a participant which is realized by a noun or nominal group. The participants here are Attribute and Carrier
She
.
is very fat
Carrier Attributive Process (Relational Function)
Attribute
Mariah Carey is a good singer
Carrier Attributive Process (Relational Function)
Attribute
I will not be a betrayer
Carrier Attributive Process (Relational Function)
Attribute
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
In doing this analysis, I do the library research. It means that I gain the data from books and other literatures which are related to the objects of investigation such as articles, textbook, thesis, and dictionary.
I also apply a descriptives analysis on the data that taken from the Holy Bible. The data are taken from Titus that has three chapters and I will select it as the material to be analyzed. It is done to avoid too long description and analysis.
There are four steps which will be taken in doing the analysis. They are: 1) Firstly, I collect the sources which are dealing with Experential Function; 2) Secondly, I tabulate the data from the Holy Bible: Titus. Then, I find the
most dominant function by the following formula (Bungin, 2006: 171-172);
n = x100% N
fx
n = percentages of types
fx = total types frequency of sub-category N = total of all categories
3) Thirdly, I interpret the data analysis;
3.1 Research Design
The study will be conducted with descriptive qualitative approaches. A qualitative approach is defined as a description of observations which is not ordinarily expressed in quantitaive terms. It is not suggested that numerical measures are never used, but that others means of description are emphasized. Nazir (1998:64) says that descriptive method is a method of research that makes the description of the situation of event or occurrence so that this method only
performs the mere basic data accumulation. Therefore, descriptive design is a
research design which is intended only to describe the variable.
3.2 Data Collecting Method
Arikunto (2002:102) states that population is the whole number of the subjects or people under observation in a research. The population of this
analysis is the sentences and utterances from The Holy Bible book Titus in New King James Version published by The Indonesian Bible Society (2000) and I will take some sentences and separate them into clauses as the data by applying purposive sample method. Sutrisno, (2004:91), says that “dalam purposive
sampling, pemilihan sekelompok subjek didasarkan pada cirri-ciri atau sifat sifat
populasi yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya. Purposive sampling didasarkan atas
informasi yang mendahului tentang populasi dan informasi ini tidak dapat
diragukan lagi.” Some clauses that will become the data will give the example of
3.3 Data Analyzing Method.
The process of the analysis will be done in some steps, all of the data will classified according to the kinds of experiential function. Then I will use the descriptive way of analysis, I will describe and explain all the data at last based ob discourse analysis theory.
CHAPTER IV
THE ANALYSIS OF SIX TYPES OF EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION FOUND IN THE HOLY BIBLE: TITUS
4.1 The Data Analysis
To find what function that is used, we have to separate all the clauses in the Holy Bible of Titus. After analyzing all the clauses, I would like to give the data analysis of each functions or the six types of experiential functions that I have analyzed.
4.1.1 The Data Analysis of Material Function
I also find the material function in Titus that are shown in the table below. The participants that are used are Actor and Goal.
1. His word through preaching
His word through preaching
Actor Material Function
2. His word was committed to me
His word was committed to me
Actor Material Function Goal
3. I left you in Crete
I left you in Crete
4. You should set in the things that are lacking
You should set in the things that are lacking
Actor Material Function Goal
5. You should appoint elders in every city
You should appoint elders in every city
Actor Material Function Goal Circumstance: Place
6. A steward of God is not given to wine
A steward of God is not given to wine
Actor Material Function: Passive Goal
7. A lover is holding fast the faithful word
A lover is holding fast the faithful word
Actor Material Function Goal
8. He has been taught
He has been taught
Actor Material Function
9. They subvert whole households
They subvert whole households
10.They may adorn the doctrine of God Our Savior
They may adorn the doctrine of God our Savior
Actor Material Function Goal
11.They teaching things which they ought not
They teaching things which they ought not
Actor Material Function Goal
12.Not giving heed to Jewish fable
Not giving heed to Jewish fable
Material Function Goal
13.Not giving heed to Jewish commandments of man
Not giving Heed to Jewish commandments of man
Material Function Goal
14.In works, they deny Him
In works they deny Him
Circumstance Actor Material Function Goal
15.They are not given too much wine
They are not given too much wine
16.They admonish the young man
They admonish the young man
Actor Material Function Goal
17.Sound speech can not be condemned
Sound speech can not be condemned
Actor Material Function
18.The grace of God brings salvation
The grace of God brings salvation
Actor Material Function Goal
19.The grace of God is teaching us
The grace of God is teaching us
Actor Material Function Goal
20.The grace of God is denying ungodliness
The grace of God is denying ungodliness
Actor Material Function Goal
21.The grace of God is denying worldly lusts
The grace of God is denying worldly lusts
22.Looking for the blessed hope
Looking for the blessed hope
Material Function Goal
23.Looking for the glorious appearing of our great God
Looking for the glorious appearing of our great God
Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
24.Looking for the glorious appearing of Savior Jesus Christ
Looking for the glorious appearing of Savior Jesus Christ
Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
25.Gave himself for us
Gave himself for us
Material Function Goal
26.He might redeem us from every lawless dead
He might redeem us from every lawless dead
Actor Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
27.He purify for himself His own special people
He purify for Himself His own special people
28.He zealous for himself His own special people
He zealous for Himself His own special people
Actor Material Function Goal
29.We are serving various lust
We are serving various lust
Actor Material Function Goal
30.We are serving pleasures
We are serving pleasures
Actor Material Function Goal
31.We have done
We have done
Actor Material Function: Perfect
32.He saved us according to His mercy
He saved us according to His mercy
Actor Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
33.His mercy is washing of regeneration
His mercy is washing of regeneration
34.His mercy is renewing of the Holy Spirit
His mercy is renewing of Holy Spirit
Actor Material Function Circumstance: Manner
35.He poured out on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Savior
He poured out on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Savior
Actor Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
36.I want you to affirm constantly
I want you to affirm constantly
Actor Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
37.They maintain good works
They maintain good works
Actor Material Function Goal
38.Avoid foolish dispotes
Avoid foolish dispotes
Material Function Goal
39.Avoid genealogies
Avoid genealogies
40.Avoid contentious
Avoid contentious
Material Function Goal
41.Avoid strivings about the law
Avoid strivings about the law
Material Function Goal Circumstance: Matter
42.Reject a divisive man after the first admotion
Reject a divisive man after the first admotion
Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
43.Reject a divisive man after the second admotion
Reject a divisive man after the second admotion
Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
44.I send Artemas to you
I send Artemas to you
Actor Material Function Goal
45.I send Tychius to you
I send Tychius to you
46.Come to me at Nicopolis
Come to me at Nicopolis
Material Function Goal Circumstance: Place
47.I have spend the winter there
I have spend the winter there
Actor Material Function Goal Circumstance: Place
48.Send Zenas the lawyer
Send Zenas the lawyer
Material Function Goal
49.Send Apollos on their journey with haste
Send Apollos on their journey with haste
Material Function Goal Circumstance: Manner
50.Our people also learn good works
Our people also learn good works
Actor Material Function Goal
51.Our people also maintain good works
Our people also maintain good works
52.Our people meet urgent needs
Our people meet urgent needs
Actor Material Function Goal
From all the tables above, we can see that sometimes in a clause there is only one participant. It can be actor or goal. Every clauses have different meaning and sometimes they have different circumstance.
4.1.2 The Data Analysis of Mental Function
The participants that are used in this function are Senser and Phenomenon. Here are the datas of mental function that are shown from the table below:
53.They love their husbands
They love their husbands
Senser Mental Function Phenomenon
54.They love their children
They love their children
Senser Mental Function Phenomenon
55.No one despise you
No one despise you
56.Remind them to be subject to rules
Remind them to be the subject to rules
Mental Function Phenomenon Circumstance: Cause
57.Remind them to be subject authorities
Remind them to be the subject authorities
Mental Function Phenomenon Circumstance: Cause
58.Remind them to obey
Remind them to obey
Mental Function Phenomenon Circumstance: Cause
59.Remind them to be ready for every good work
Remind them to be ready for every good work
Mental Function Phenomenon Circumstance: Cause
60.They are hating one another
They are hating one another
Senser Mental function Phenomenon
61.Who have believed in God should be careful
Who have believed in God should be careful
62. Those who love us in the faith
Those who love us in the faith
Senser Mental Function Phenomenon Circumstance
63.I have decided the winter there
I have decided the winter there
Senser Mental Function Phenomenon Circumstance: Place
64.They reverent in behaviour
They reverent in behaviour
Senser Mental Function Circumstance
All the tables above show us that every clauses can have different circumstance. It depends on the meaning of the clause. If we pay attention to the clauses above, we can find that in a clause has one participant, it can be senser or phenomenon.
4.1.3 The Data Analysis of Verbal Function
The participants that are used in verbal function are Sayer, Verbiage and Receiver. Here are the data that are shown from the table below:
65.God promised before time began
God promised before time began
66.I commanded you
I commanded you
Actor Verbal Function Goal
67.The husband of one wife not accused of dissipation
The husband of one wife not accused of dissipation
Sayer Verbal Function Circumstance: Manner
68.The husband of one wife not accused of insubordination
The husband of one wife not accused of insubordination
Sayer Verbal Function Circumstance: Manner
69.He convict those who contradict
He convict Those who contradict
Sayer Verbal Function Verbiage
70.Rebuke them sharply
Rebuke them sharply
Verbal Function Receiver Circumstance: Manner
71.They profess to know God
They profess to know God
72.You speak the things
You speak the things
Sayer Verbal function Verbiage
73.Exhort bondservants to be obedient to their own masters
Exhort bondservants to be obedient to their own master Verbal Function Receiver Circumstance: Cause
74.Exhort bondservants to be well pleasing in all things
Exhort bondservants to be well pleasing in all things
Verbal Function Receiver Circumstance: Cause
75.Exhort bondservants not answering back
Exhort bondservants not answering back
Verbal Function Receiver Circumstance: Manner
76.The grace of God has appeared to all men
The grace of God has appeared to all men
Sayer Verbal Function Receiver
77.Speak these things
Speak the things
78.Exhort these things
Exhort the things
Verbal Function Verbiage
79.Rebuke all authority
Rebuke all authority
Verbal Function Verbiage
80.The kindness of God our Savior toward man is appeared The kindness of God our Savior toward man is appeared
Sayer Verbal Function
81.The love of God our Savior toward man is appeared
The love of God our Savior toward man is appeared
Sayer Verbal Function
82.We having been justified by His grace
We having been justified by His grace
Sayer Verbal Function Circumstance: Manner
4.1.4 The Data Analysis of Behavioral Function
In behavioral function, there is only one participant. It is Behaver. Here are the datas of behavioral function that are shown from the table below:
83.In all things, showing yourself to be a pattern of good works
In all things showing yourself to be a pattern of good works Circumstance Behavioral Function Circumstance: Cause
84.In doctrine, showing integrity
In doctrine showing integrity
Circumstance Behavioral Function
85.In doctrine, showing reverence
In doctrine showing reverence
Circumstance Behavioral Function
86.In doctrine, showing incorruptibility
In doctrine showing incorruptibility
Circumstance Behavioral Function
87.Bondservants is showing all good fidelity
Bondservants is showing all good fidelity
88.We should live soberly
We should live soberly
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance: Manner
89.we should live righteously
We should live righteously
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance: Manner
90.We should live goodly in the present age
We should live goodly in the present age
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance: Manner
91.Showing all humility to all men
Showing all humility to all men
Behavioral Function Circumstance
92.We are living in malice
We are living in malice
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance
93.We are living in envy
We are living in envy
94.We are living in hateful
We are living in hateful
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance
95.We, ourselves were also live in foolish
We, ourselves were also live in foolish Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance
96.We, ourselves were also live in disobedient
We, ourselves were also live in disobedient
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance
97.We, ourselves were also live in deceived
We, ourselves were also live in deceived
Behaver Behavioral Function Circumstance
From all the tables above, we can see that the participant “Behaver” is realized in every clauses. Each clauses can have one or two circumstances.
4.1.5 The Data Analysis of Existential Function
98.There are many insubordinate both idle talkers
There are many insubordinate both idle talkers
Existential Function Existent Circumstance
99.There are many insubordinate both deceivers
There are many insubordinate both deceivers Existential Function Existent Circumstance
4.1.6 The Data Analysis of Relational Function
The participant that are used in relational function are called as Carrier, Attribute, Token and Value. In a clause, it uses only two participants not all the four participants. Here are the data of this function that are shown from the table below:
100. Paul is a bondservant of God
Paul is a bondservant of God
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
101. Paul is an apostle of Jesus Christ
Paul is an apostle of Jesus Christ
102. Titus is a true son in our common faith
Titus is a true son in our common faith
Carrier Relational Function Attribute Circumstance
103. A steward of God is not self willed
A steward of God is not self willed
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
104. A steward of God is not quick tempered
A steward of God is not quick tempered
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
105. A steward of God is not violent
A steward of God is not violent
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
106. A steward of God is not greedy for money
A steward of God is not greedy for money
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
107. A lover is good
A lover is good
108. A lover is sober minded
A lover is sober minded
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
109. A lover is just
A lover is just
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
110. A lover is holy
A lover is holy
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
111. He maybe able by sound doctrine
He may be able by sound doctrine
Carrier Relational Function Circumstance
112. He maybe able both to exhort
He may be able both to exhort
Carrier Relational Function Circumstance
113. One of them is a prophet of their own
One of them is a prophet of their own
114. Cretans are always liars
Cretans are always liars
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
115. Cretans are always evil beasts
Cretans are always evil beasts
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
116. Cretans are always lazy gluttons
Cretans are always lazy gluttons
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
117. This testimony is true
This testimony is true
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
118. They may be sound in the faith
They may be sound in the faith
Carrier Relational Function
Attribute Circumstance
119. All things are pure
120. To those who are defiled, nothing is true
To those who are defiled nothing is true
Circumstance Carrier Relational Function Attribute
121. To those who are defiled unbelieving, nothing is true
To those who are defiled unbelieving
nothing is true
Circumstance Carrier Relational Function Attribute
122. Their mind are defiled
Their mind are defiled
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
123. They are being abominable
They are being abominable
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
124. They are being disobedient
They are being disobedient
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
125. They are being disqualified for every good work
They are being disqualified for every good work
126. The things are proper for sound doctrine
The things are proper for sound doctrine
Carrier Relational Function Attribute Circumstance
127. The older men is sober
The older men is sober
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
128. The older men is reverent
The older men is reverent
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
129. The older men is temperate
The older men is temperate
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
130. The older men is sound in faith
The older men is sound in faith
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
131. The older men is sound in love
The older men is sound in love
132. The older men is patience
The older men is patience
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
133. They are not slanderers
They are not slanderers
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
134. They are teachers of good things
They are teachers of good things
Carrier Relational Function Attribute Circumstance: Cause
135. They are chaste
They are chaste
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
136. They are home makers
They are home makers
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
137. They are good
They are good
138. They are obedient to their own husbands
They are obedient to their own husbands
Carrier Relational Function Attribute Circumstance: Cause
139. That one is an opponent
That one is an opponent
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
140. That one may be ashamed
That one may be ashamed
Token Relational Function Value
141. That one is having nothing evil to say of you
That one is having nothing evil to say of you
Carrier Relational Function Attribute Circumstance: Cause
142. We, ourselves were also live in foolish
We, ourselves were also live in foolish
Carrier Relational Function Attribute Circumstance
143. We, ourselves were also live in disobedient
144. We, ourselves were also live in deceived
We, ourselves were also live in deceived
Carrier Relational Function Attribute Circumstance
145. This is a faithful saying
This is a faithful saying
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
146. These things are good
These things are good
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
147. These things are profitable to men
These things are profitable to men
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
148. They are unprofitable
They are unprofitable
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
149. They are useless
They are useless
150. That such a person is warped
That such a person is warped
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
151. That such of person is sinning
That such a person is sinning
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
152. They may be lack nothing
They may be lack nothing
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
153. A man is blameless
A man is blameless
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
154. The husband of one wife is blameless
The husband of one wife is blameless
Carrier Relational Function Attribute
155. The husband of one wife having faithful children
From the tables above, we can find that there is only one clause which uses the participants Token and Value. The other clauses use the participants Carrier and Attribute. Every clauses have different circumstance that also have different meaning.
4.2 The Findings
There are 155 clauses in the Holy Bible: Titus and each functions have different total clauses. There are 52 clauses as Material function, 12 clauses as Mental function, 18 clauses as Verbal function, 15 clauses as Behavioral function, 2 clauses as Existential function and 56 clauses as Relational function.
After analyzing all the datas of the six types of experiential function that are related to the Holy Bible of Titus, I would like to give the findings by following the formula of Bungin (2006: 171-172) to find what is the most dominant function. The percentages of each functions will be shown below:
5) Existensial Function 100% 1,29% 155
2
= x
6) Relational Function 100% 36,12% 155
56
= x
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions
After describing an overview about the six different types of experiential function based on SFL theory by Halliday and analyzing them in the Holy Bible: Titus, I would like to give the conclusions which are described here.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is described as a functional semantic approach to language which explores both how people use language in different contexts, and how language is structured for use as a semiotic system. SFL can be used for analyzing text. There are three ways of analyzing the text which are known as “Metafunctions of Language”. These metafunctions consist of Ideational which involves carrying transitivity analysis, Interpersonal which involves understanding the text as a dialogue, and Textual which involves dividing the text up into clauses.
Experiential function has six types which are called as the transitivity process. The six types has analyzed in the Holy Bible of Titus. The six types are:
1) Material doing bodily, physically, materially
2) Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorily 3) Verbal saying lingually, signalling
4) Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically 5) Existential existing there exists
After analyzing the data, I conclude that the Relational function occurs predominantly relational function (36,12%), followed by Material function (33,54%), Verbal function (11,61%), Behavioral function (9,67%), Mental function (7,74%) and Existential function (1,29%).
5.2 Suggestions
I have limited my analysis by only focusing the identification of six types of experiential function. I would like to suggest the readers or students who are interested in analyzing transitivity system to do further research or analysis by applying the whole aspects of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).
I also would like to suggest the students or readers to analyze another kinds of discourse either spoken or written as a way to understand the text such as newspapers, novels, magazines, etc. Especially for all the Bible’s readers who are interested in improving their skill and knowledge to analyze the six types of experiential function.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arikunto, Suharsini. 1991. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: PT Rineka Raya.
Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. 2004. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. New York: Qxford University Press.
Brown, G and G. Yule. 1983. Discouse Analysis. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Bungin, Burhan. 2006. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Jakarta: Kencana.
Christie, Frances. 2002. Classroom Discourse Analysis. New York: MPG, Bodmin, Cornwall.
Eggins, Suzanne. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Printer Publisher Ltd.
Gerot, Linda and Peter Wignell. 1994. Making sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Antipodean Educational Enterprises.
Hadi, Sutrisno. 2004. Methodology Research. Yogyakarta : penerbit Andi Yogya. Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. New York:
Routledge, Chapman and Hal, Inc.
Halliday, M.A.K & Hasan, R. 1985. Language, Context, and Text: a semiotic perspective language and learning. Geelong Vic: Deakin University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic. London: Edward Arnold. Kress, G. 1985. Ideological Structures in Discourse. London: Academic Press. Lyons, John. 1942. Semantics. London; Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, M. 1995. Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers. New York: Cambridge University.
Mulyana. 2005. Kajian Wacana. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
Sapir, Edward. 1949. Language. USA: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. Schriffrin, D. 1994. Approaches to Discourse. USA: Blacwell Publishers.
Sinar, Tengku Silvana. 2002. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Sinar, Tengku Silvana. 2002. Phasal and Experiential Realizations in Lecture Discourse: A Systemic functional Analysis. Dissertation.
Stubbs, M. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blasil Blackwell.
APPENDIXES
CHAPTER I
1) Paul is a bondservant of God and an apostle of Jesus Christ, according to the faith of God’s elect and the acknowledgments of the truth which accords with godliness, (100, 101)
2) In hope of eternal life which God, who can not lie, promised before time began, (65)
3) But has in due time manifested His word through preaching, which was committed to me according to the commandment of God our Savior; (1, 2) 4) To Titus, is a true son in our common faith: Grace, mercy, and peace from
God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ our Savior. (102)
5) For this reason, I left you in Crete, that you should set in order the things that are lacking, and appoint elders in every city as I commanded you, (3, 4, 5, 660
6) If a man is blameless, the husband of one wife is blameless, having faithful children not accused of dissipation or insubordination. (67, 68, 153, 154, 155)
7) For a bishop must be blameless, as a steward of God, is not self-willed, not quick-tempered, not given to wine, not violent, not greedy for money, (103, 104, 105, 1060
9) Holding fast the faithful word as he has been taught that he may be able, by sound doctrine, both to exhort and convict those who contradict. (7, 8, 69, 111, 112)
10) For there are many insubordinate, both idle talkers and deceivers, especially those of the circumcision, (98, 99)
11) Whose mouths must be stopped, who subvert whole households, teaching things which they ought not, for the sake of dishonest gain. (9, 11)
12) One of them is a prophet of their own, “Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons.” (113, 114, 115, 116)
13) This testimony is true. Therefore rebuke them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith, (70, 117, 118)
14) Not giving heed to Jewish fables and commandments of men who turn from the truth. (12, 13)
15) To the pure all the things are pure, but to those who are defiled and unbelieving nothing is pure; but even their mind and conscience are defiled.(119, 120, 121, 122, 123)
CHAPTER II
1) But, as for you speak these things which are proper for sound doctrine: (72, 126)
2) That the older men is sober , reverent, temperate, sound in faith, in love, in patience; (127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
3) The older women likewise, that they reverent in behavior, not slanderers, not given too much wine, teachers of good things, ( 15, 64, 133, 134) 4) That they admonish the young woman to love their husbands, to love their
children. ( 16, 53, 54)
5) To be discreet, they are chaste, homemakers, good, obedient, to their own husbands, that the word of God may not be blasphemed. (135, 136, 137, 138)
6) Likewise, the young men to be sober-minded,
7) In all things, showing yourself to be a pattern of good works; in doctrine showing integrity, reverence, incorruptibility, (83, 84, 85, 86)
8) Sound speech that cannot be condemned, that one who is an opponent may be ashamed is having nothing evil to say of you. (17, 139, 140, 141)
9) Exhort bondservants to be obedient to their own masters, to be well pleasing in all things, not answering back, (73, 74, 75)
10) Not pilfering, but showing all good fidelity, that they may adorn the doctrine of God our Savior in all things. (10, 87, 98, 99)
11) For the grace of God that brings salvation has appeared to all men, (18, 76) 12) Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live