By:
LAILIYYATUZ ZUHRIYYAH 107026001641
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Strata One
By:
LAILIYYATUZ ZUHRIYYAH 107026001641
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
i
Meyer’s Novel Breaking Dawn. A Thesis: English Letters Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta, July 2011.
In this research, the writer discussed the use of metaphor and metonymy on Stephenie Meyer's novel Breaking Dawn. The aim of this research is to find out the types of metaphor and metonymy used in the Breaking Dawn novel, and to understand the meaning of phrase or sentence that use metaphor and metonymy which are selected by the writer.
The writer uses qualitative research contain analysis method. The writer collects the data from the novel, then classified them into types of metaphor and metonymy. Based on the theories provided, the data are analyzed to one by one to know the kinds of metaphor and metonymy used, and the meaning of them. To focus on the study, the writer limits herself to analyze thirty data, fifteen metaphors and fifteen metonymies.
From the analysis, the writer finds some types of metaphor and metonymy. Their meanings are explained in their literal meanings, so that they can show the influence of using metaphor and metonymy in the phrase or sentence. The writer concludes that metaphor and metonymy are commonly used in daily life, not merely used in particular work to the purpose of the poetic imagination or the rhetorical flourish. Metaphorical and metonymical expressions may give deeper understanding than literal ones because they are more expressive and evokes a particular sense which can help the readers to conceive what the author means.
ii
MEYER’S NOVEL BREAKING DAWN
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Strata One
Lailiyyatuz zuhriyyah 107026001641
Approved by:
Drs. Abd. Hamid, M. Ed. Advisor
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
iii NIM : 107026001641
Title : An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy in Stephenie Meyer’s Novel Breaking Dawn
The thesis has been defended before the Faculty of Letters and Humanities’
Examination Committee on August 24, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.
Jakarta, August 24, 2011
The Examination Committee
Signature Date
1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin,M.Pd 19640710 199303 1 006
(Chair Person) _____________ _____________
2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum 19781003 200112 2 002
(Secretary) _____________ _____________
3. Abd. Hamid, M. Ed 150 181 922
(Advisor) _____________ _____________
4. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum 19781003 200112 2 002
(Examiner I) _____________ _____________
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knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, July 31, 2011
v
for giving the writer ability and health to finish this thesis. Blessing is upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, his descendent and his followers.
This thesis is presented to the English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta as a
partial of requirements for the Degree of Strata one. This thesis could not be completed without a great deal of help from many people, especially Drs. Abd. Hamid, M. Ed, as the writer’s thesis advisor, whose guidance, patience, support and encouragement from the initial to the final level enable her to develop an understanding of the subject. Without his guidance, this thesis would not be completed well.
The writer also would like to express the deepest gratitude to those who helped her finishing this thesis, namely:
1. Dr. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty. 2. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Elve
Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.
3. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department who have taught her a lot of things and educated her during her study. Especially to Hilmi Akmal, M.Hum for the advice to this thesis.
vi
6. The writer’s beloved grandparents: K. Marzuki and Romlah who are not just as grandparents but also as the second parents taking care of her since childhood to teenager. For their pray and support to her.
7. The writer’s lovely sister: Fadlila Fauziyah for the laughs and the battles, they are such amusements for the writer while she was feeling hard, especially during the research. As well her lovely cousin, Erika Ryana Khalida and her parents for their concerns.
8. The writer’s friends: Lily, Izma, Esa, Anggri, Dewi, Ciput, Laras, Aisyah, Sangka, Aslam, Ilham, Astriadi (for the triangle diagram), Sohib, Pices, Ari, Rizky, for the helps, supports, and laughs. And to Tubbies (Bibah, Rohmah, Encha) who gives her rich experiences, from the happiness to the sadness, laughs to quarrels, the funniest one to the ridiculous one.
9. All of the writer’s friends at UIN Jakarta especially to Linguistics Class of English Letters Department.
10.The writer’s friends in High School (Ika, Tika, Fiqih, Yani, Khusnul, Mariana, Tom) who have given their supports to her.
11.To FLAT (Foreign Language Association) and UNOSEI (Japanese lover community).
vii
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of Study ... 1
B. Focus of Study ... 4
C. Research Questions ... 5
D. Significance of Study ... 5
E. The Methodology of Research ... 5
1. The Objective of Research ... 5
2. The Method of Research ... 5
3. The Techniques of Data Analysis ... 6
4. The Instrument of Research ... 6
5. Unit of Analysis ... 6
F. Place and Time of the Research ... 6
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7
A. Meaning ... 7
viii
C. Metaphor ... 13
D. Kinds of Metaphor ... 15
a. Structural Metaphor ... 16
b. Orientational Metaphor ... 17
c. Ontological Metaphor ... 19
E. Metonymy ... 21
F. Kinds of Metonymy ... 23
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS………29
A. Data Description ... 29
B. Data Analysis ... 32
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 64
A. Conclusion... 64
B. Suggestion ... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 67
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Language is the main-communication device in human interaction. It functions to express concepts, ideas, or thought, so that it has meaning. The expression of meaning is not always obvious, sometimes expressed implicitly and vaguely by the speaker, consequently needed imagination and certain knowledge to be apprehended. One of the ways to express the meaning implicitly is by using figurative language. According to Abrams, Figurative language is a conspicuous departure from what users of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some special meaning or effect.1
There are some kinds of figurative language, however, two kinds of which are attractive to be analyzed and considered having important role in cognitive are metaphor and metonymy. According to Gorys Keraf, metafora adalah semacam analogi yang membandingkan dua hal secara langsung, tetapi dalam bentuk yang
singkat.2 (Metaphor is such an analogy that compares two things directly in brief
form) Metonimi adalah suatu gaya bahasa yang mempergunakan sebuah kata untuk menyatakan suatu hal lain, karena mempunyai pertalian yang sangat
1
Abrams M.H., A Glossary of Literary Terms, Seven Edition (Massachusetts: Heinle & Heinle. 1999), p. 96.
2
dekat.3 (Metonymy is a figure of speech that uses a word to express another, because of close relationship)
In traditional view, like most of people think that metaphor and metonymy
are merely regarded as language matter. They are viewed as decorative device of daily language. They are also viewed as rhetoric that used in certain time to get certain effect that is expected. In this view, they are parts of figurative language, that is, because they are interpreted as words which are not used in daily life. Then, in cognitive linguistics, metaphor and metonymy are properties of concept, not just artistic or esthetic purpose, and conventionally used by ordinary people in daily life.
As cognitive linguistics view, in this research, metaphor and metonymy are not considered merely as a language matter or parts of figurative language, but also as language related with cognition. They are part of conceptual system which structures thought and action. Nevertheless, conceptual system is not something we aware of, most of things we do everyday, think and act, occurs automatically. Therefore, metaphor and metonymy are automatic and unconscious. One of the ways to perceive is by viewing the language. Since communication is based on similar conceptual system, which is used to think and act, language is an important source as the evidence how the system is.4
Metaphor and metonymy are conceptual in nature, however, they experience different conceptual process. According to Lakoff dan Johnson (1980), Metaphor is principally a way of conceiving of one thing in terms of another, and
3
Ibid, p. 140.
4
its primary function is understanding. Metonymy, on the other hand, has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. But metonymy is not merely a referential device. It also serves the function of providing understanding.5 Then, according to Jakobson, metaphor is based on similarity, whereas metonymy is based on contiguity.6
Metaphor expression like “Time is Money”, is an example based on similarity in which Time and Money are two things that are obviously different, but Time is considered as a precious commodity that can be conceptualized with
Money. Metonymy expression, such as “I’m reading Shakespeare”, is an example
of conceptualization based on contiguity, namely, Producer for Product because Shakespeare in the example refers to Shakespeare’s work.
Since novel is a fiction belles-lettres which represents life of the characters, how they think and act is expressed in language. In this research, the writer analyzes a novel, that is, Breaking Dawn written by Stephenie Meyer, the forth
novel of the Twilight Saga’s tetralogys. It is published in 2008 by Little, Brown
and Company in New York, USA. Like three novels before (Twilight, New Moon,
Eclipse), Breaking Dawn is the last part of which also becomes out-world
bestseller. It is divided into three parts, they are first book narrated by Bella Swan, second book narrated by Jacob Black, and Third book narrated by Bella Swan.
Stephenie Meyer is an author who has high imaginations expressed in attractive language in her novels. The writer finds out many metaphor and metonymy expressions in Breaking Dawn novel, metaphor expressions, such as:
5
Ibid, p. 36.
6Jakobson, “The Metonymyc and metaphoric Poles.”
“I was so fragilely human”
In the example above, there is cross-domain mapping in which “I” is a human,
and “fragilely” formed from adjective fragile, officially used for „breakable
things’ such as glass. However, here, fragile used to I as human, it looks as an anomaly. Actually it is cross-domain mapping of metaphor conceptual system, that is one domain is understood in another domain because there are similarity between character of I and breakable things.
Example of metonymy expression in Breaking Dawn novel:
“Are you driving a Mercedes Guardian?”
In the example of metonymy above, there is mapping of metonymy model in which one entity stands for another that is contiguity. In this case, reader will understand the mean of word „Mercedes Guardian’ stand for a car, in spite of indirectly mentioning, because it is generally known that Mercedes Guardian is a car brand. The position of Mercedes Guardian here as the first entity refers to Car as the second entity. This relationship is called relation of Producer for Product.
Beside examples above, the writer finds many other sentences contain metaphor and metonymy in Breaking Dawn novel, so that the writer is attracted to analyze those with theory of conceptual mapping declared by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Then, the writer also want to know how the influence of metaphor and metonymy usage in giving meaning of the sentences.
B. Focus of Study
In this research, writer focuses on Metaphor and Metonymy in the
C. Research Questions
Based on the focus of study above, the writer proposes the question below: 1. What types of metaphor and metonymy are used in Breaking Dawn novel? 2. What are the meaning of the phrases and sentences that use metaphor and
metonymy?
D. Significance of Study
The writer hopes that this research can be useful for linguistic development, especially for study of meaning related to metaphor and metonymy. Beside that, it can be useful for other readers who mean to research metaphor and metonymy.
E. The Methodology of Research
1. The Objectives of Research
The objectives of this research are to find out the types of metaphor and metonymy used in the Breaking Dawn novel, to understand the meaning of phrases or sentences that use metaphor and metonymy which are selected by the writer.
2. The Method of Research
3. The Techniques of Data Analysis
The process of data analysis in this research involved some steps, first writer reads and notes the phrases and the sentences involved metaphor and metonymy expression in the novel, then the collected data are classified into types of metaphor and metonymy. The further step is the writer analyzes the data based on Lakoff and Johnson mapping theory as the basic of conceptual system. So, the data will be analyzed through
“Descriptive Analysis Technique.”
4. The Instrument of Research
The instrument of this research is the writer as the subject of the research. The writer reads and picks up the sentences involved metaphor and metonymy, then classifies and analyzes them using theory which has been explained before. The writer also uses some references as the supporting research.
5. Unit of Analysis
Unit of analysis in this research is Breaking Dawn novel written by Stephenie Meyer published in 2008 by Little, Brown and Company, New York, USA.
H. Place and Time of the Research
7 A. Meaning
Language and meaning are two things that can not be separated. Language is a system of sound combines the world of meaning and sound. Meaning is a mental unit of language and experience related to language symbol that represents it.9 In linguistics, meaning is object study of semantics. Semantics focuses on the literal meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It is concerned with how grammatical processes build complex meaning out of simpler one.10 Also, describing how the user of a language represents the meaning of a word, or linguistic forms above or below a word in his mind and how he uses this representation in construing sentence. 11
Nevertheless, in general, meaning is not finitely describable. Meaning is very vague term, in English it refers to a variety of different relations between the world, language and speakers. Most languages do not have precise equivalents for the English term „meaning‟, and some use a very different stock of lexical
resources to talk about meaning-like phenomena.12 For linguists, the matter of
9
Kushartanti, at.al., Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka utama, 2005 ), p.114
10
Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 137
11
Muhammad Farkhan, An Introduction to Linguistics (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006), p. 97.
12
meaning is crucial that deserves further concern. A linguist, E.A. Nida (in Alwi and Sugono, 2002) describes meaning as follow:
Meaning consists of that particular structured bundle of cognitive features, associated with the lexical unit, which make possible the designation of all the denotata by the lexical in question. In other words, the meaning consists of that set of necessary and sufficient conceptual features which make it possible for the speaker to separate the referential potentiality any one of lexical unit from that of any other unit which might tend to occupy part of the same semantic domains.13
Related to the description above, Palmer in his book Semantics a New
Outline (1976:19-34) gives three significant aspects of meaning, they are:
1. Naming
Language might be thought of communication system with on the one hand the signifier, on the other the signified. In this aspect, the basic problem is to establish the nature and relationship of these two. As the Plato‟s dialogue Cratylus,
the signifier is a word in the language and the signified is the object in the world that it „stands for‟, „refers to‟ or „denotes‟. Words are „names‟ or „labels‟ for
things. 14
The theory of naming includes all parts speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. Moreover, words are not just names of things in the real world, and it must involve some fairly sophisticated explanation of the way giving names in the world to giving names of objects that do not exist, like in the world of fairy tale, such as unicorn, fairy, goblin, etc., and the other nouns that do not refer to physical object at all, abstract things such as love, hate, inspiration, idea, etc.
13
Hasan Alwi and Dendy Sugono, Telaaah Bahasa dan Sastra (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor, 2002), p.111.
14
2. Concept
Concepts are vital to the efficient functioning of human cognition. They are organized bundles of stored knowledge which represent an articulation of events, entities, situations, ad so on in our experience.15 According to de Saussure, the linguistic sign consists of a signifier and a signified, these are, however, more strictly a sound image and a concept, both linked by a psychological „associative‟
bond. Both the noise we make, that is to say, and the objects of the world that we talk about are mirrored in some way by conceptual entities.16 Moreover, Ogden and Richards give a triangle to show the relationship between them as follow:17
The „symbol‟ is the linguistics element, that is, the word, sentence, etc. The
„referent‟ is the object, in the world experience. The „thought or reference‟ is the
concept. It is important to be concerned that there is no direct link between the
15
Gennaro Chierchia and Sally McConnell-Ginet, Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics (Massachusetts: The MIT Press), p.125.
16
F.R. Palmer, Ibid., p.25.
17
symbol and referent or between language and the world. The link is via thought or reference, the concept of our mind. When we think of a name we think of the concept and vice versa, i.e. that meaning consists of our ability of associating one with the other, of remembering that chair refers to the concept „chair‟ that has
referent in our experience.
2. Sense and Reference
Reference deal with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc. and the non-linguistic world of experience. Sense relates to the complex system of relationship that holds between the linguistic elements themselves (mostly the words), it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.18
Moreover, James and Heasley (1994) explain the relationship between sense and reference:
On the relationship between sense and reference: the referent of an expression is often a thing or a person in the world, whereas the sense of an expression is not a thing at all. In fact, it is difficult to say what sort of the entity of the sense of an expression is. It is much easier to say whether or not two expressions have the same sense. … The sense of expression is an abstraction, but it is helpful to note that it is an abstraction that can be entertained in the mind of language user.19
To understand what reference and sense are, we will concern the further examples. It has been explained in the example of reference of chair, that is, the relationship of concept, word, and referent of chair. So is to say that word „chair‟ refers to a
useful to explain it. The dictionary is usually concerned with sense relations, with relating words to words. For instance, when we look up the meaning of a word in dictionary, we must find an expression or more with the same sense, not referent.
Other descriptions make a clear distinction between reference and sense. Consider the noun phrase, the president of the United States. Its reference at the time of this writing is Barrack Obama. Its sense is “head of state of USA.” The sense is more enduring.20Therefore, a word‟s referent, then, is the particular thing, person place, etc. which an expression stands for on a particular occasion of use, and it changes each time the word is applied to a different object or situation in the world. By contrast, a word‟s sense doesn‟t change every time the word takes on a new referent.21
B. Literal and Non-Literal Meaning
In the study of meaning, it can not be apart from kind of meaning called literal meaning. The literal meaning of a linguistic expression is its conventional meaning: the meaning it has in virtue of the conventions which are constitutive of the language. Thus understood literal meaning is a property of the expression-type; for it is the expression type which the conventions of the language endow with a particular meaning.22 Whenever the meaning which the expression actually conveys departs from that literal meaning, it is said to be „non-literal‟, in ordinary sense of the term, non-literal meaning contrast with normal meaning. Non-literal
20
Victoria Fromkin at.al. an Introduction to Language, seventh Edition. (Massachusetts: Heinle Thomson, 2003), p. 191.
21
Nick Riemer, Ibid., p. 18.
22
meaning is special, it involves a form of deviance or departure from the norm; a form of deviance or departure which must be transparent to the language users.23
Non-literal meaning is generally known as figurative meaning. It would be a reasonable requirement of a dictionary that it should indicate which meaning are literal and which figurative: most users would probably, assume that literal meaning would be given first. However, this is not really a satisfactory explanation of what literalness is.24 Both distinctions are legitimate. It can be distinction between conventional meaning and conveyed meaning, and between normal meaning and the special meanings assigned to words when the speaker speaks figuratively or conveys something indirectly.
The paradigm case of non literal meaning is metaphor. Cognitive linguist reject the so-called substitution theory of metaphor according to which a metaphorical expression replaces some literal expression that has the same meaning. Metaphors („true‟ metaphor), in general, are not literally paraphrasable:
they have a character that no literal expression has. At the same time, although metaphorical meaning has a special character that distinguishes it from any literal meaning, it has the same range of basic functions as literal meaning. Of course, many metaphorical expressions have a heavy load of expressive meaning. But so do many literal expressions. In other words, metaphorical meaning is not, at least in basic functional respect, a special kind of meaning: it is rather the case that
23
Ibid., p. 81.
24
metaphor is the result of special process for arriving at, or construing, a meaning.25
C. Metaphor
Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish—a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of word rather than thought or action. On the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary thing in the term of another.27 Furthermore, Lakoff (1992) gives the evidence for the existence of a system of conventional conceptual metaphors is of five types:28
a. Generalizations governing polysemy, that is, the use of words with a number of related meanings.
b. Generalizations governing inference patterns, that is, cases where a pattern of inferences from one conceptual domain is used in another domain.
25
William croft and D. Alan Cruse, Cognitive Linguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 194.
c. Generalizations governing novel metaphorical language. d. Generalizations governing patterns of semantic change. e. Psycholinguistic experiments.
According to Kövecses (2002) based on theory of Lakoff and Johnson
(1980), in cognitive linguistics view, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of
another.29 Conceptual metaphors are invoked to explain the coherence between
whole sets of ordinary language expressions.30
On the one hand, Barcelona (2003) said Metaphor is the cognitive mechanism whereby one experiental domain is partially „mapped‟, i.e. projected, onto a different experiential domain, so that the second domain is partially understood in the term of first one. 31
Domain that is mapped is called source domain, and domain in which the source domain is mapped is called target domain. Both domains have to belong to different kind of domains. These following examples are conceptual metaphor:
Argument Is War
Zoltán Kövecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002), p.4.
30
Cliff Goddard, A Practical Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998), p.77.
31
Antonio Barcelona, Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective
In the examples above, Argument, Time, Love, Theories, and Ideas are target domain, whereas War, Money, Journey, Buildings, and Food are source domain. Source domain is domain which is conceived through using of source domain.
Conceptual metaphors need to be distinguished from metaphorical linguistic expressions. Metaphorical linguistic expressions are words or other linguistic expressions that come from the language or terminology of the concrete conceptual domain.32 They are the main type of evidence given for the existence of conceptual metaphors.33 Here are the examples of metaphorical linguistic expression that reflect conceptual metaphor „TIME IS MONEY‟ given by Lakoff
and Johnson (1980): You are wasting my time. This gadget will save you hours.
How do you spend your time these days? That flat tire cost me an hour.
I have invested a lot of time in her. You need to budged your time.
D. Kinds of Metaphor
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book Metaphors, We live By (1980), Also Zoltán Kövecses in his book, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (2002), divided metaphor into three kinds:
32
Zoltán Kövecses. Ibid., p. 4.
33
1. Structural Metaphor
Structural Metaphor is cases where one concept is metaphorically structured in the term of another.34 In this kind of metaphor, source domain provides rich knowledge structure for target concept. In other words, the cognitive function is to enable speakers to understand target A by means of the structure of source B. It uses conceptual mapping between elements of A and elements of B.
ARGUMENT IS WAR Your claims are indefensible.
He attacked every weak point in my argument.
His criticisms were right on target.
I demolished his argument.
I've never won an argument with him. You disagree? Okay, shoot!
If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out.
He shot down all of my arguments.35
In these examples above, it is important to see that we don‟t just talk about
arguments in the term of war. We can actually win and lose an argument. We can see the person who we are arguing with as an opponent, attack his positions and defend ours. We gain and lose ground, plan and use strategies. Many of things we do in arguing are partially structured by the concept of war. Although, there is no physical battle, there is a verbal battle reflects this. Argument is War structures the actions we perform in arguing.
Metaphor Argument is War contains much metaphorical linguistics. The mapping not only explains why the particular expressions mean what they do, but
34
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Ibid., p.14.
35
also provide a basic overall structure, hence understanding, for our notion of war. Without metaphor it would be difficult to imagine what our concept of war. Structural metaphor provides this kind of structuring and understanding for target concepts.
2. Orientational Metaphor
It is different with structural metaphor, where one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another. Orientational Metaphor is kind of metaphor that does not structure one concept in term of another but instead organizes a whole system of concepts with respect to one another.36Orientational metaphors provide even less conceptual structure for target concepts than
ontological ones. Their cognitive job, instead, is to make a set of target concepts
coherent in our conceptual system.37
This kind of metaphor relates to spatial orientation, such as: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral, etc. Orientational metaphor gives a concept of a spatial orientation, for example, Happy is Up, the fact that the concept Happy is oriented Up leads English expressions like “Im feeling up today”. Metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary, they have a basis in our physical and cultural experience. Orientational metaphor based on things that can vary from culture to culture. In each case will be given brief hint about how each metaphorical concept might arise in our physical and cultural experience: 38
36
Ibid., p.14.
37
Zoltán Kövecses, Ibid., p. 35.
38
HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN
I'm feeling up. That boosted my spirits. My spirits rose. You're in high spirits. Thinking about her always gives me a lift. I'm feeling down. I'm depressed. He's really low these days. I fell into a depression. My spirits sank.
CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
Get up. Wake up. I'm up already. He rises early in the morning. He fell asleep. He
dropped off to sleep. He's under hypnosis. He sank into a coma.
HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN He's at the peak of health. Lazarus rose from the dead. He's in top shape. As to his health, he's way up there. He fell ill. He's sinking fast. He came down with the flu. His health is declining. He dropped dead.
HAVING CONTROL or FORCE IS UP; BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL or FORCE IS DOWN
I have control over her. I am on top of the situation. He's in a superior position. He's at the height of his power. He's in the high command. He's in the upper echelon. His power rose. He ranks above me in strength. He is under my control.
He fell from power. His power is on the decline. He is my social inferior. He is
low man on the totem pole.
MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN
The number of books printed each year keeps going up. His draft number
is high. My income rose last year. The amount of artistic activity in this state has
FORESEEABLE FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP (and AHEAD)
All up coming events are listed in the paper. What's coming up this week? I'm afraid of what's up ahead of us. What's up?
HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN
He has a lofty position. She'll rise to the top. He's at the peak of his career. He's
climbing the ladder. He has little upward mobility. He's at the bottom of the social
hierarchy. She fell in status.
GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN
Things are looking up. We hit a peak last year, but it's been downhill ever since. Things are at an all-time low. He does high-quality work.
VIRTUE IS UP; DEPRAVITY IS DOWN
He is high-minded. She has high standards. She is upright. She is an upstanding citizen. That was a low trick. Don't be underhanded. I wouldn't stoop to that. That would be beneath me. He fell into the abyss of depravity. That was a low-down thing to do.
RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN
The discussion fell to the emotional level, but I raised it back up to the rational plane. We put our feelings aside and had a high-level intellectual discussion of the matter. He couldn't rise above his emotions.
3. Ontological metaphor
Ontological metaphors provide much less cognitive structuring for target
ontological status to general categories of abstract target concepts.39 In this kind of
metaphor, target domain is abstract that difficult to be conceived, knowledge about
the target domain is rather limited and not specified. It is different with structural
metaphor which provides an elaborate structure for abstract concept.
The target domain is not clearly delineated, vague or abstract, however, its
existence can be conceived, for instance, „Mind‟ is what we do not really know, but
we conceive of it as an object, as in metaphorical expression „My mind is rusty this
morning‟, it provides more structure for „Mind‟ by means of the „Machine‟. This
way we can attempt to understand more about it. In general, ontological metaphors
enable us to see more sharply delineated structure where there is very little or none. 40
By ontological metaphor, speaker can use metaphor for specific
things. Abstract object can be quantified, referred, identified, etc.
Ontological metaphors serve various purpose, and the various kinds of
metaphors there are reflect the kinds of purpose served.41
Referring:
My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy.
That was a beautiful catch.
Quantifying:
It will take a lot of patience to finish this book. There is so much hatred in the world.
Identifying Aspects:
The ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure.
39
Zoltán Kövecses, Ibid. p. 35.
40
Ibid., p.34.
41
His emotional health has deteriorated recently. Identifying Causes:
The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown.
He did it out of anger.
Setting Goals and Motivating Actions:
He went to New York to seek fame and fortune.
Here's what you have to do to insure financial security.
E. Metonymy
Beside metaphor, metonymy is also an important aspect of cognitive. Metonymy is one of the basic characteristics of cognition.42 Word metonymy is from Greece „Meta‟ that means showing the change and „Onoma‟ means name.
Traditional rhetoric defines metonymy as a figure of speech whereby the name of one entity e1 is used to refer to another entity e2, which is contiguous to e1. 43
It is common for people to understand and perceive the aspect of something and use it to stand either for the thing as a whole or a part, like the following:
One waitress says to another, "The ham sandwich just spilled beer all over himself."
In the example above, The ham sandwich stands for person who eats the Sandwich.
42
George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press), p. 77.
43
Metonymy has subcategory called synecdoche, where the part stands for the whole. For example, “There are a lot of good heads in the university”,44 here,
Good Heads does not mean literally as part of body, but it refers to person. From
this example, metonymy provides referring function, that is, one entity stands for another. Metonymy is not merely referential device, however, it also provides understanding. Like the example, the point is not just to use a part (head) to stand for a whole (person), but rather to pick out a particular characteristic of the person, that is, intelligence related to head of the person.
Metonymy has a similar purpose to metaphor, and in similar way, however in metonymy, we have to more focus in certain aspect that is referred. Like metaphor, metonymy is not merely a rhetoric and poetic language. Concept of metonymy is part of daily, how we think and act as well talk everyday. Metonymy is also systematic.
According to Kövecses (2002) Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain, or idealized cognitive model (ICM).45 Term Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM) is proposed by Lakoff (1987), that is, a central notion of in cognitive semantics is that linguistics meaning depends on encyclopedic knowledge structures stored in long-term memory.46Kövecses shows two terms in metonymy conceptual system, that is, entity that shows attention or gives mental access called vehicle entity, and entity that becomes the attention or mental access called target entity. For instance, “I‟m reading Shakespeare”, here,
44
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Ibid., p.36.
45
Zoltán Kövecses, Ibid., p. 145.
46
Shakespeare refers to one of the Shakespeare‟s works, so that Shakespeare is the
vehicle entity, whereas target entity is one of the Shakespeare‟s works.
F. Kinds of Metonymy
Following is metonymy‟s expression given by Lakoff dan Johnson (1980) and shows specific conceptual relationship between kinds of entity:
a. The Part for the Whole
Get your butt over here!
We don't hire longhairs.
The Giants need a stronger arm in right field. b. Producer for Product
I‟ll have a Löwenbräu.
He bought a Ford.
He's got a Picasso in his den. c. Object Used For User
The sax has the flu today.
The gun he hired wanted fifty grand. The buses are on strike.
d. Controller For Controlled Nixon bombed Hanoi.
e. Institution for People Responsible
Exxon has raised its prices again.
You'll never get the university to agree to that.
The Senate thinks abortion is immoral.
f. The Place for the Institution
The White House isn't saying anything.
Washington is insensitive to the needs of the people.
Hollywood isn't what it used to be.
g. The Place for the Event
Let's not let Thailand become another Vietnam.
Pearl Harbor still has an effect on our foreign policy.
Watergate changed our politics.
Moreover, Kövecses (2002) gives some types of metonymic relationships according each ICM:47
a. Action ICM
Action ICM‟s involve a variety of participants, or entities, which may be related to an action (more precisely, the predicate expressing the action) or to each other. The Action ICM includes the following types of metonymic relationships:
Instrument for action: to shampoo one‟s hair
Agent for action: to butcher the cow; to author a book
Destination for motion: to porch the newspaper, to deck one‟s opponent
47
Time of motion for an entity involved in the motion: The 8:40 just arrived. All the metonymic examples listed above, the forms of the words are the same, although their word classes may change. Moreover, there are examples of derivational changes would be write-writer (action for agent), fly-flight (as in “The flight is waiting to depart”: action for object), and beauty-beautify (as in “to
beautify the lawn”: result for action).
b. Causation ICM
When one thing or event causes another, we have a Cause-and-Effect type of relationship. It can produce either cause-for effect metonymies. The metonymic relationship effect for cause seems to be more widespread. Among effect for cause found the special types:
State/event for the thing/person/state that caused it: She was a success; He was a failure; She is my ruin.
The Action and Causation ICMs can combine and produce the metonymy sound caused for the event that caused it: She rang the money into the till. c. Production ICM
Production ICMs involve actions in which one of the participants, or entities, is a product. The production of objects seems to be a particularly salient type of causal action. The Production ICM gives rise to various metonymic relationships involving the thing produced:
Producer for product: a Ford.
Producers of highly outstanding “products” in a culture like artists, scientists, and
As one of the subtypes of the producer-for-product metonymy we have:
Author for his work: We are reading Shakespeare.
Certain food products are naturally associated with their place of origin and thus may be metonymically accessed via this place:
Place for product made there: mokka, java, china.
Both metonymic relationships are, however, irreversible, that is, we do not seem to have either *product for producer or *product for place.
d. Control ICM
The Control ICM includes a controller and a person or an object controlled. It gives rise to the reversible metonymic relationships:
Controller for controlled: Schwarzkopf defeated Iraq.
Possibly, the “use” relationship also belongs here, since, in it, the user
controls the object used. Thus, we have the object for the user of the object, as in Lakoff and Johnson‟s example Mrs. Grundy frowns on blue jeans, where the expression blue jeans stands for the people who wear blue jeans.
e. Possession ICM
The relationship of control blends into that of possession, in which a person is “in control” of an object. The Possession ICM may produce reversible metonymies; there is, however, a clear preference for choosing the Possessor as a vehicle:
Possessor for possessed: “This is Harry” for “Harry‟s drink”
Possessed for possessor: “He married money” for “someone who has
f. Containment ICM
The image-schematic relationship that holds between a container and the things contained in it is conceptually well entrenched and applies to many standardized situations, which may lead to metonymy. As a rule, we are more interested in the content of a container than in the mere container so that we commonly find metonymies that target the content via the container rather than the reverse metonymic relationship:
Container for contained: glass for “wine”
Contained for container: The milk tipped over.
The Containment ICM is widely extended metaphorically and also gives rise to metaphorically based metonymies. Places at large may be conceptualized as containers for people, so that we have as a containment metonymy:
Place for inhabitants, as in the whole town for “the people living in the town.”
g. Assorted ICMs
part-whole, or control, but none of them seems to fully capture the “essence” of the kind of “contiguity” that we feel holds between a customer and his or her dish.
From the metonymic relationships above, can be explained by the
general principles: an ICM (Idealized Cognitive Models) with some conditions
(such as an institution located in a place), there is relation “stand for” between
two elements A and B, an element ICM, B, can stand for element A. In this case,
B = place, and A = institution. ICM contains relation “Stand for” as in this case
called metonymic models.
Generally, metonymic models have some characteristics bellow: 48
a. There is a "target" concept A to be understood for some purpose in some context.
b. There is a conceptual structure containing both A and another concept B. c. B is either part of A or closely associated with it in that conceptual structure.
Typically, a choice of B will uniquely determine A, within that conceptual structure.
d. Compared to A, B is either easier to understand, easier to remember, easier to recognize, or more immediately useful for the given purpose in the given context.
e. A metonymic model is a model of how A and B are related in a conceptual structure; the relationship is specified by a function from B to A.
Those are some descriptions of theoretical framework that will support to analyze this
thesis.
48
29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In this chapter, the writer tabulates the corpus data of metaphor and metonymy which are collected from the novel “Breaking Dawn” and categorizes them according to the types that have been explained in chapter II. The writer divides the data into two tables, the first is metaphor table and the second is metonymy table. Followings are those tables:
Table I
Metaphors, Types, and Meanings From The Novel of Breaking Dawn
No. Metaphorical Expressions Page Types Meaning
1 Two Pedestrians were frozen on tonight. He‟s not going to launch a suicide mission.
memories boiling to the surface. 220
Ontological metaphor
7 darkness as long as I needed to.
375 Ontological
No. Metonymic Expressions Page Types Meaning
2
I didn‟t care, for the moment, that
the whole town was talking about
me.
at how perfectly blasé I sounded. 29 Part for whole
White means
6 Cameras clicked feverishly. 56 Object used for
user seventies when he fathered his youngest child.
12
Did he actually mean to give me the keys to an Aston Martin
envelope with his bonus from my
bag and handed it to him.
In this section, the writer uses the quoted data of metaphor and metonymy from data description above. Each datum will be analyzed according to conceptual mapping theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson. Then, the writer will elaborate each meaning of the quoted data.
1. Metaphor
Metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another.
a. Datum 1:
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using adjective „frozen‟ for its
object „Pedestrians‟. Although this expression is commonly used by people in
daily life, they are not aware that it is kind of metaphor. Officially, the verb „frozen‟ is used to substance, precisely ice, but in this case, adjective „frozen‟ is
used to „Pedestrians‟ who are human. As well known that Human and Ice are two
things in different domain, so that there is cross domain conceptual mapping „Human is Ice‟, that is, target domain „Human‟ is conceived in source domain
„Ice‟. Here, human is constructed as substance and conceptually can experience
process in the same way that ice do. Here are the mappings to support the concept: Source: Ice
Ice
Temperature: Low temperature High temperature
Target: Human Human body Emotion:
Strong Emotion (shocked, anger, etc) Gentler emotion
Low temperature that makes ice remain frozen is strong emotion for human that can effect frozen, whereas high temperature is gentler emotion that effects melted. Thus, conceptually human experiences frozen and melted just like ice. Since the source domain (ice) provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for the target domain (human), so it is type of structural metaphor.
The word „frozen‟ from verb „freeze‟ literally means becoming hard or
mean literally, but rather being unable to move because of strong emotion, such as shocked, anger, fear, etc. In this novel, two pedestrian were so enchanted and astonished as they staring at a car which Bella Swan driven that they were unable to move. The car was a kind which they had never looked before, a Mercedes Guardian, a car designed for Middle East Diplomat and was not supposed to be available in Europe yet.
b. Datum 2:
“Because I was so fragilely human.” (2008, 8) Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using adjective „fragilely‟ for
noun „human‟. Although this expression is commonly used by people in daily life,
they are not aware that it is kind of metaphor. Officially, „fragilely‟ which is derived from adjective „fragile‟ is used to breakable things, mostly glass, but in
this case, it is used to „human‟. As well known that Human and Glass are two
things that absolutely different. They state in different domain, so that there is cross domain conceptual mapping „Human Is Glass‟, that is, target domain
„Human‟ is conceived in source domain „Glass‟. Here, Human is constructed as a
rich knowledge structure for the target domain (human), so it is type of structural
metaphor.
The adjective „fragilely‟ literally means easy broken or damaged. Instead,
„fragilely‟ in „fragilely human‟ is rather to condition of someone who is weak, not
strong and likely to be ill or hurt. In this novel, Bella Swan was supposed to be fragilely girl, so accident-prone, likely to be hurt or victim by her bad luck, so her fiancé needed to protect her more than anyone else. He gave her a car, a Mercedes Guardian, which has missile-proof glass and four thousand pounds of body armor to keep her safe and avoid her from the accidents.
c. Datum 3:
“When Charlie was up I made him pancakes.” (2008, 39) Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is spatial orientation „Up‟. Based on the physical and cultural experience that humans and other mammals sleep lying down and stand up when they awaken, sleeping shows they are unconscious, whereas awaken shows they are conscious. Thus, „Up‟ here goes along to awaken condition or consciousness, then the conceptual metaphor is “Conscious Is Up”, there is cross domain mapping, that is,
the orientation “Up” as the source domain is mapped onto “Conscious” as the
target domain.
Basically, orientation “Up” means towards or higher position, but because of the physical and cultural experience given above, “Up” here means conscious
Swan was still sleeping when her daughter, Bella Swan, cleaned up the house. He was sleeping means he was unconscious, so that he did not know what her daughter did. Then Bella made him pancakes when he was up means he was conscious or got up after several time sleeping at night.
d. Datum 4:
“Alice invested a lot of time.” (2008, 60) Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using verb „invest‟ for its
object „time‟. Officially, the verb „invest‟ is used to valuable commodity, mostly
money, but in this case, verb „invest‟ is used to „time‟. As well known that Time
and Money are two things that absolutely different, so there is cross domain conceptual mapping „Time is Money‟, that is, target domain „Time‟ is conceived
in source domain „Money‟. Here, Time is constructed as valuable commodity and
conceptually can be used in the same way that money is. In daily life, people do all kind of payments mostly using money, pay with a number of money. But „time‟
is precisely quantified, it has customary pay people by hour, week, or year. Instead, telephone message units, hotel room rates, interest on loans, etc., by serving time. Thus, people understand and experience time as the kind of thing that can be spent, wasted, budgeted, invested, or saved like money. Since the source domain (money) provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for the target domain (time), so it is type of structural metaphor.
The verb „invest‟ literally means to buy property, share company, etc. in
better or more successful (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2000). „Invest‟
in „invest time‟ does not mean literally, but rather to spend time on good and
useful thing. In this novel, Alice made up Bella to be a beautiful and stunning woman in her wedding day. The process includes making up, clothing Bella, which takes in a lot of time.
e. Datum 5:
“Why‟re you so down, Jake? I‟ll bet Sam won‟t bring the pack tonight.
He‟s not going to launch a suicide mission.”(2008, 220) Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is spatial orientation „down‟. Based on physical and cultural experience that drooping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture with positive emotional state, then „down‟ here goes along to the drooping posture, namely, sadness and depression. Thus, the conceptual metaphor is “Sad Is Down”,
there is cross domain mapping, that is, the concrete domain of direction or spatial orientation “down” is mapped onto abstract domain of emotion “Sad” in which
the target domain is “Sad” and the source domain is “Down”.
Basically, orientation “Down” means a lower position, but because of the
physical and cultural experience that drooping posture goes along with sadness or depression, then “Down” here means sad. In this novel, Jacob Black looked so sad
when he patrolled with Seth to protect Cullen family from the attack of Sam‟s
f. Datum 6:
“Edward‟s name brought other memories boiling to the surface.” (2008,220)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by verb „boiling‟. Officially, “boiling” is used to liquid substance, but in this case, they are used to memory. There is conceptual mapping “Memory Is Liquid” in which target domain
„Memory‟ is conceived in source domain „Liquid‟, so like liquid, memory can be
boiling. Memory is what we do not really know, the knowledge about it is rather limited. That we do know is it is about past experience which is still remembered. But by this mapping, it is given ontological status, it is regarded as liquid substance, so we can understand more about it. Thus, this is type of ontological metaphor that enables us to see more sharply delineated structure where there is little or none.
Literally, the verb „boil‟ means to heat liquid to the point where it forms
bubbles and turns to steam or vapour, but „boil‟ for memory is rather the memory
becomes significantly remembered. In this novel, when hearing Edward‟s name mentioned, Jacob Black remembered what Edward said to him. He could not forget the memory of Edward who asked him to be killed if Bella Cullen would have died.
g. Datum 7:
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using verb „read‟ for its object „face‟. Officially, the verb „read‟ is used to thing which has printed or written words or signs, such as book, but in this case, verb „read‟ is used to „face‟ which does not have words or signs printed. As well known that face and book are two things that absolutely different, so there is cross domain conceptual mapping „face is book‟, that is,target domain „face‟ is conceived in source domain „book‟. Here, face is constructed as book and conceptually can be used in the same way that book is. Face is a part of body in which expressions can be shown, such happiness, sadness, anxiousness, worry, etc. What one is thinking is represented through those expressions. It usually occurs automatically without organized. So that, others can guess what one is thinking by reading the face. The expressions are conceptually seen as symbols or words on the face that can be read. If the face has no expressions, it will be blank like a book without words or signs. It is type of
structural metaphor because the source domain (book) provides a relatively rich
knowledge structure for the target domain (face).
The verb „read‟ literally means to look at and understand the meaning of written or printed words or symbols, then „read‟ for object „face‟ is rather to look at the expressions on the one‟s face, then guess what they mean. In this novel,
h. Datum 8:
“There‟s a bunch in the kitchen. You‟ve got to be empty.” (2008, 280) Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using adjective „empty‟.
Although this expression is commonly used by people in daily life, they do not aware that it is kind of metaphor. Officially, adjective „empty‟ is used to container,
but in this case, it is used to you who are a „human‟. As well known that human and container are two things that absolutely different. They states in different domain, so that there is cross domain conceptual mapping „Human Is Container‟,
that is, target domain „Human‟ is conceived in source domain „Container‟. Here,
Human is constructed as a container and conceptually can be used in the same way container is. We can store something inside because human has space, namely, human body. If we fill it, it will be full, otherwise it will be empty. To understand what these means, given the set of mappings to support this concept as follow:
Source: Container Container
Storing something in the container Empty
fullfilled
Target: Human Human body Eating, drinking Hungry
Full with food, sated
The adjective „empty‟ literally means with no things inside, then „empty‟
for „human‟ is rather to condition of someone who is hungry, without having
eaten something. In this novel, Jacob Black patrolled with his pack, Seth and Leah, in woods around the Cullen‟s house for several days. They were homeless and
without human‟s food to eat, so they must be hungry. For that reason, Cullen made them a bunch of food. Seth ate first, then he offered food in the kitchen to Jacob who just got up from sleeping whole night and rest of the day without eating before that he must be so hungry.
i. Datum 9:
“Okay, I‟m definitely up for that!” (2008, 309) Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is spatial orientation „Up‟. Based on physical and cultural experience that drooping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture with positive emotional state, then „Up‟ here goes along to the positive emotional,
namely, happy. Thus, the conceptual metaphor is “Happy Is Up”, there is cross domain mapping, that is, the concrete domain of direction or spatial orientation “Up” is mapped onto abstract domain of emotion “Happy” in which the target
domain is “Happy” and the source domain is “up”.
Basically, orientation “Up” means towards or higher position, but because of the physical and cultural experience that erect posture goes along with positive emotional state, then “Up” here means happy. In this novel, Leah, a werewolf girl,
of Sam‟s pack, their previous pack. Actually, she did not like doing it because she
hated Cullen badly. It was the consequent of her decision, however. To make her happy, Jacob Black asked her to run around the Cullen‟s house with him. Leah considered it as a race. Racing in werewolf form is what Leah loved most. She could show how fast she run that could pass Jacob. By saying: “Okay, I‟m
definitely up for that!” showed that Leah was ready to run fast and happy to do that.
j. Datum 10:
“Holding tight the warm memory of my daughter, I knew that I would be
able to fight the darkness as long as I needed to.” (2008, 375) Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using verb “holding tight” and
adjective “warm”. Officially, they are used to substance, but in this case, they are
used to memory. Thus, there is conceptual mapping “Memory Is Substance” in which, target domain „Memory‟ is conceived in source domain „Substance‟ which
has can be held and has temperature. Actually, memory is an abstract and not clearly delineated experience, so the knowledge about it is not rich. But by this mapping, it is given ontological status, it is identified as a substance, that we can refer it and understand more about it. This is type of ontological metaphor that enables us to see more sharply delineated structure of memory that we do not really know precisely.
to keep a memory always remembered and never forgotten. And the adjective “warm” means a fairly high temperature in a way that is pleasant, between hot and cold, but in the case “warm memory” means a memory that make somebody
pleasant and comfortable to have it. In this memory, Bella Cullen who was in transformation process being a vampire felt tortured like burnt. She tried to survive for her husband who depended on her, and her family. Then she remembered the memory of her daughter which made her pleasant. She tried to keep the memory that finally made her survive passing the process.
k. Datum 11:
“Keep it under control, I thought to myself.” (2008, 420)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is spatial orientation „Under‟ before the noun control. Based on physical and cultural experience that physical size typically correlates with physical strength, and the victor in a fight is typically on top, thus people who is on top having control and the lower one is subject to the control. „Top‟ goes along with orientation “Up” means having control, then „under‟ goes along with “down” means being subject
to the control. Thus, the conceptual metaphor of the expression above is “being
subject to the control is down”, in which spatial orientation “Down” as source
domain is mapped onto “subject controlled” as the target domain.
Basically, orientation “Under” means in, to or through a position that is
means as subject controlled. In this novel, Bella Cullen who became a new vampire in several days had to be control herself not to let her temper higher. Mostly new vampires must be emotional and likely to hurt anyone, so that Bella attempted to keep her temper under her control. This case showed that Bella was a one having control and her temper was the subject to be controlled.
l. Datum 12:
“My mind had enough room to feel both emotions intensely at the same
time.” (2008, 456) Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using „room‟. Officially,
“room” is used to building, but in this case, they are used to mind. There is
conceptual mapping “Mind Is Building” in which, target domain „Mind‟ is
conceived in source domain „Building‟ which has room to place emotions in. Mind is a part of person that makes him/her able to think and to feel. It is not clearly delineated, vague, and abstract, that the knowledge about it is rather limited but by this mapping, it is given ontological status, it is identified as an object, precisely building, so we can understand more about it. Thus, this is type of ontological metaphor that enables us to see more sharply delineated structure where there is little or none.
Literally, the noun „room‟ means a part of building that has its own walls, floor, and ceiling and it is usually used for particular purpose (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2000), but “room” in this case is rather to the possibility of
