37
for national energy security is a must. The Indonesian government must be able to answer the challenge is to strengthen national energy security. Because energy is a strategic conditions to support national development through the availability of sufficient, safe, and energy- quality and evenly distributed throughout Indonesia at an affordable price, it requires a government policy that supports national energy security. An attempt was made by the Government of Indonesia to ensure energy security is to issue a policy for the use of renewable energy in Indonesia .
Key Words: renewable energy, policy, national security, economic growth
Abstrak: Meningkatnya penggunaan energi yang sejalan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan peningkatan populasi dunia memberikan dampak langsung bagi deplesi energi berbasis fosil khususnya minyak bumi. Fakta bahwa pasokan minyak dunia yang terbatas, banyak negara dipaksa untuk memprioritaskan kebijakan energi sebagai prioritas utama dalam kebijakan pembangunan.
Selain itu, kondisi ini telah menimbulkan kekhawatiran baru yaitu pada keamanan energi global.
Dengan keprihatinan tangguh kepunahan potensi minyak bumi dan sumber energi berbasis fosil lainnya, pembuat kebijakan harus lebih memperhatikan keamanan energi. Kecenderungan yang sama terjadi di Indonesia. Seiring dengan meningkatnya populasi nasional, rencana pembangunan daerah dan nasional, kebutuhan untuk keamanan energi nasional adalah suatu keharusan. Pemerintah Indonesia harus dapat menjawab tantangan yaitu dengan memperkuat ketahanan energi nasional.
Karena energi adalah suatu kondisi strategis untuk mendukung pembangunan nasional melalui ketersediaan yang cukup, aman, dan energi kualitas dan merata di seluruh Indonesia dengan harga yang terjangkau, hal ini memerlukan sebuah kebijakan pemerintah yang mendukung ketahanan energi nasional. Sebuah upaya yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia untuk menjamin keamanan energi adalah dengan mengeluarkan kebijakan untuk menggunakan energi yang dapat diperbaharui di Indonesia.
Kata Kunci: Energi dapat diperbaharui, kebijakan, ketahanan nasional, pertumbuhan ekonomi
108The research for this paper was conducted during the fellowship at the Technische Universität (TU) Dortmund, Germany, funded by the Federal Foreign Ofce of the Federal Republic of Germany, from August to December 2011, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Christoph Schuck. I am grateful to Aknolt Kristian Pakpahan, MA for suggestions and critics regarding the idea of the paper. Prof. B.S Hadiwinata, Dr. Sonny Yuliar, Rizal Hilman, Ajie R, Ricky K for supporting the data and comments. Also, during the Colloqeum at TU Dortmund in 3 September and 15 November 2011, I am grateful for the suggestions and comments of Prof. Schuck, Matthias Heise, Kathrin Ructäschel, Adrianus Harsawaskita, Giandi Kartasasmita, Erwin Endaryanta, Putu Ayu Natya Shinanandana and Yunita Chandra Kumala,
109
110 111
112
111
110 113
114
113
114
“Donggi Senoro”, alpen steel.com. viewed 25 october 2011( http://www.alpensteel.com/article/65- 109-energi-fuel-cell-sel-bahan-bakar/1717--lng- donggi-senoro-jalan-atau-tidak.html.2010).
BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2010 M. Subekti, 2010, 'Indonesian strategy for challenges national energy crisis' (Strategi Menghadapi Krisis Energi Nasional) 4 august 2010, viewed 30 September 2011
(http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2010/08/08/
159646/68/11/)
“ BP Review” in bicara energi.com available at http://bicaraenergi.com/2011/09/bp-statistical- review-2011-minyak-bumi/, Accessed date 30 Sepetember 2011.
Course material “Indonesian Energy Strategy” in development studies major graduate program Bandung Insitute of Technology by Widjajono Partowidagdo. On March 2011, he is a member of the National Energy Council, currently he is a Vice Minister For Ministry Of Energy And Mineral Resoursces Republic Indonesia.
According to draft regulation on energy security, national energy security is dened as a condition in which the needs for energy for household, public facilities, commercial, transportation and industry are fullled fairly and equitably in both quantity and quality at affordable prices both in normal or crisis or energy emergency condition.
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Mason Willrich, Energy and World Politics. New York: The Free Press, 1978, p.67.
B.S. Hadiwinata, Energy Conservation Policy Development in Indonesia, In: Thomson, Elspeth et.al. (eds.): “Energy Conservation in Southeast Asia:
Towards Greater energy Security”. London: World Scientic, 2011, p. 161-162.
Ibid
A renewable energy source is an organic non-fossil fuel of biological origin. Renewable energy sources include biomass (include bio-fuel), hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal, waves and tidal wavres.
“Harga bahan bakar minyak di Indonesia”, Wikipedia.com, viewed 20 September 2011, ( h t t p : / / i d . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / h a r g a bahan_bakar_minyak_di_Indonesia).
“Bio-fuel” refers to liquid renewable fuels such as ethanol (an alcohol fermented from plant materials) and biodiesel (fuels made from vegetable oils and animal fats) that can substitute for petroleum-based fuels.
M.T Sambodo,“Changing Energy Frontier:
Challenges and Prospects” in: Economics and Finance in Indonesia Vol. 56 (2), 2008, p.118.
Presidential Instruction No. 1/2006 on the “Supply Side and Utilization of Bio-fuel as a Source Other Fuels”.
116
117
119
120
121
122
“In many cases, energy security policies consist of three major components. First, 'rationing attempts to allocate available supplies and limit to allocate available supplies and limit consumption. A counrty adopts this type of policy on the grounds that reduction in consumption will diminish the magnitude of many energy supplies problem and extend the time for solving them. Second, 'stockpilling' aims to reduce an importing country's vulnerability to a supply interruption by providing a cushion against its effect. In this type of a policy, a country may set aside sufficient national energy reserves to ensure security and hedge againts abnormal price fluctuations.
Third, 'diversification' attempts to ensure
continuity of energy supplies by diversifyng
sources and suppliers. Developing alternative
s o u rc e s ( c o a l , n u c l e a r, s o l a r p o w e r,
hydropower, etc.) will reduce a country's
depedency on a single energy source. Similiarly,
by opening contacts with other suppliers, a
country will reduce its depedency on single
supplier energy.”
123
124
125 126
127
128
129
Ministerial Regulation No. 51/2006 on the
“Requirement and Guidance for Bio-fuel trading as a Source of Other Fuels”.
Presidential regulation No. 5/ 2006 on the “National Energy Policy”.
Ibid
M.T Sambodo, “From Fossil to Bio-fuel” in: Energy s e c t o r i n I n d o n e s i a a n d E n v i r o m e n t a l impacts,2007,p.13.
Opening speech by Minister of Energy and Mineral Resousces Indonesia Darwin Shlaeh, on Indonesia Bio-energy. May 2011.
Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2006 noted that the contribution of bio-fuel use would reach 5% of total Indonesian energy need in 2025.
K . K a d i m a n , “ T h e Tr i p l e H e l i x a n d T h e Public”.Seminar on Balanced Perspective in Business Practices, Governance, and Personal Life, Jakarta. 2005.
124
125
126
127
128
129
energy security. These Parties are
of renewable energy towards national
130
L u h u r F a j a r M a r t h a & R a t n a S r i Widyastuti.2011,”SOS Energi Terbarukan di Indonesia”, Kompas.com, 18 March 2011, viewed 2 5 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 1 , ( h t t p : / / n a s i o n a l . kompas.com/read/2011/03/18/04354012/SOS.Ene rgi Terbarukan Indonesia)
131
132
133 134
135
136
”Population in Indonesia based on province in year 1971,1980,1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010”, (2010), bps.go.id, viewed 30 October 2011, (http ://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?tabel=1&daft ar=1&id_subyek=12¬ab=1)
Source : Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resousces Indonesia, 2010.
Ibid
L u h u r F a j a r M a r t h a & R a t n a S r i Widyastuti.2011,”SOS Energi Terbarukan di Indonesia” kompas.com, 18 March 2011, viewed 25 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 1 , ( h t t p : / / nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/03/18/04354012/
SOS.Energi Terbarukan Indonesia) Ibid
Course material “Indonesian Energy Strategy” in development studies major graduate program Bandung Insitute of Technology by Widjajono
132
133
134
135
136
table
137
138 139 140
Partowidagdo. On March 2011, he is A Member Of National Energy Council, currently he is a Vice Minister For Ministry Of Energy And Mineral Resoursces Republic Indonesia.
Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006 on the “National Energy Policy” viewed 20 October 2011 (http ://www.esdm.go.id/regulasi/perpres.html).
137
139
140
138
Ibid Ibid
Bio-fuel is methyl ester compound derived from esterication or trans esterication of various vegetable oil or animal fats. Gheotermal is is heat (thermal) derived from the earth (geo), thermal energy contained in the rock and uid (that lls the fractures and pores within the rock) in the earth's crust. Biomass is is carbon based and is composed of a mixture of organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and also small quantities of other atoms, including alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metals. Nuclear energy is originates from the splitting of uranium
1.3
atoms in a process called ssion. At the power plant, the ssion process is used to generate heat for producing steam, which is used by a turbine to generate electricity. Hydro-power (water) is the capture of the energy of moving water (falling or
owing water) to generate electric power.Solar panel is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Wind energy is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity.
International Energy Agency, “Energy Policy Review of Indonesia” IEA: 2008.p.93-95.
Ibid
Law No. 30/2007 on the “energy” available at http://www.esdm.go.id/regulasi/uu.html.Accessed date 20 oktober 2011.
141
142
143
141
142 143
Ibid Ibid.
Technically speaking, bio-diesel has a better perfomance than diesel based on fossil fuels. If diesel fuel based on fossil fuel is mixed with bio- diesel, the octave number will increase to 64 and as the number increases, the emission is good for rge environment.
To see 13 Ministry task see at Presidential Instruction No.1/2006 on “Supply Side and Utilization of Bio fuel as a Source of Other Fuel” available at http://www.esdm.go.id/regulasi/inpres.html
145
146
144 145 146
Sector in Indonesia
To see 13 Ministry task see at Presidential Instruction No.1/2006 on “Supply Side and Utilization of Bio fuel as a Source of Other Fuel”
available at www.esdm.go.id/regulasi/inpres.html Arin Bustanul, (2010) “bio-fuel development is at a crossroad”, Metro tv.com, 2 December 2010, v i e w e d 2 3 S e p t e m b e r 2011(http://www.metrotvnews.com/read/analisdeta il/2010/12/02/113/Pengembangan-Bioenergi-di- Persimpangan-Jalan).
Ibid Ibid
S.S Wirawan, “The current status Bio-diesel Development in Indonesia” course material on one day Seminar on Biodiesel, BPPT Jakarta, March 2006.p.6-8.
”Based on Indonesia's roadmap for bio-fuel development”, prepared by National Team for Bio- fuel.2006.
147
148
149 150 151
152 147
150
151
152 148
Poverty
153
154
155
S. S Wirawan, 2006, “ The current Status Biodiesel Development in Indonesia” course material on one day Seminar onBiodiesel, BPPT Jakarta, March
W. Caroko, H. Komarudin, K. Obidzinski, P.
Gunarso, “Policy and institutional frameworks for the development of palm oil–based bio-diesel in Indonesia”, Working Paper 62, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. 2011.p.4.
Ibid., p.20.
153 155
Biodiesel made of Jatropha (atropha- curcas ) shall be the next priority
Fuel Use
2005-2010 2011-2015 2016-2025
Biodiesel
5% gasoline consumption 10% gasoline consumption 15% gasoline consumption 10%of diesel fuel consumption 15%of diesel fuel consumption 20%of diesel fuel consumption
1,48 million kilolitres 2,78 million kilolitres 6,28 million kilolitres 2,41 million kilolitres 4,521 million kilolitres 10,22 million kilolitres
1million kilolitres 1,8 million kilolitres 4,07 million kilolitres 0,4 million kilolitres 0,74 million kilolitres 1,69 million kilolitres
5,29 million kilolitres 9,84 million kilolitres 22,26 million kilolitres
2% of energy mix 3% of energy mix 5% of energy mix
Bioethanol
Bio-oil
Biofuel
Sumber:Timnas BBN (2006) Bio-kerosene Pure Plantation Oil (PPO) for power plants
national
bio-fuel
Government’s efforts in Bio-fuel Develop-
ment
Bio-diesel (SNI 04-7182-2006) and bio-ethanol (SNI DT27–0001–2006) standards were approved. These standards were based on the United States' standard (ASTM D6751) and the European Union's standard (EN14214:2002).
156
156
No.
supervision, and administrative sanctions.
S.S Wirawan, 2006, “The current Status Biodiesel Development in Indonesia” course material on one day Seminar on Biodiesel, BPPT Jakarta, March 2006,p.4.
157
157
(B2TE-BPPT)
several
In an interview with one member of Indonesia Energy Council, DEN on 13.00 WIB 10 May 2011
S. S Wirawan, & Tambunan Armansyah. 2011. “The Current Status and Prospects of Biodiesel Development in Indonesia : a review.”.2011.
Ibid
158
159
160 158
160
conducted biodiesel spray characteris- tic testing on injector engine and developed a study of biodiesel form olein, rice bran oil, and castor oil.
ture) now have active research in the
eld of farming technology.
coconut oil, Jarak Kepyar (Ricinnusco-
mmunis), and high bio-fuel.
In an Interview with secretary Indonesian Association of Bio-fuel Producers (APROBI) on 4 August 2011. 13.30 – 17.30 WIB at PT Indo Bio-fuel Energy.Sequis Plaza 5th oor, Jl. Sudirman Kav.25 Jakarta.
H.S. Dillon, Tara Laan and Harya Setyaka Dillon.“Bio-fuels – At What Cost? Government Support For Ethanol And Biodiesel In Indonesia” in : The Global Subsidies Initiative of the International Institute for Sustainable Development. 2008.
161 162
161
PT. Bakrie Sumatera Plantation. Prior
The Business Watch Indonesia (BWI) “Bio-fuel Industry In Indonesia: Some Critical Issues”.2007.
p.14.
Ibid.
Ibid
163
164 165
164
165
PT. Sinar Mas Agro Resources and
1. B P P T B i o t e c h n o l o g y C e n t e r , Puslitbangbun (Center for Plantation R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t , Department of Agriculture) with IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture), now have actively researched in the eld of farming technology.
2. BPPT with Bandung Institute of
Technology (ITB). Following the
completion of process/plant engineering
and road test of diesel-generated vehicle
using biodiesel fuel. BPPT develops
biodiesel plant with palm oil waste used
as raw materials and ITB develops
biodiesel technology directly from palm
oil fruit as well as a wide range of other
potential oil plants.
In this paper, the author will take a look at the principles of good governance in terms of policy making process, organization of the relevant ministries in implementing the policy on bio-fuel
166
166
167
168
In an interview with one of the directors of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), on 13.00 WIB 9July 2011 at BPPT (MH Thamrin ,Jakarta).
Ibid
167
168
Faced by Government
In an Interview with one of expert staff in Ministry of Research and Technlogy Indonesia on 15.00 WIB 9 July 2011 at BPPT (MH Thamrin, Jakarta).
Ibid
In an interview with one of the directors of the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), on 13.00 WIB 9 July 201 1 at BPPT (MH Thamrin,Jakarta).
169
170 171
170
171
172
In an interview with director for expert Bio-enerngy Council, IKABI. on 11.00 WIB May 2011
172
Faced by Academics
In an interview with one member of Indonesia Energy Council, DEN on 13.00 WIB May 2011
W. Caroko, H. Komarudin, K. Obidzinski, P.
Gunarso, “Policy and institutional frameworks for the development of palm oil–based bio-diesel in Indonesia”, Working Paper 62, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. 2011.p.17.
Ibid
173
174
175 173
174
175
Faced by Private Companies
bio-fuel
bio-fuel
H.S. Dillon, Tara Laan and Harya Setyaka Dillon.
“Bio-fuels – At What Cost? Government Support For Ethanol And Biodiesel In Indonesia” in: The Global Subsidies Initiative of the International Institute for Sustainable Development. 2008.
In an interview with secretary Indonesian Association of Bio-fuel Producers (APROBI) on 4 August 2011. 13.30 – 17.30 WIB at PT Indo Bio-fuel Energy Sequis Plaza 5th oor Jl. Sudirman Kav.25 Jakarta.
Ibid
176
177
178
177
178
