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A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON PERSON DEIXIS IN BARACK

OBAMA’S WINNING SPEECH

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

GHESTY ALFIKASARI

Student Number: 064214089

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON PERSON DEIXIS IN BARACK

OBAMA’S WINNING SPEECH

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

GHESTY ALFIKASARI

Student Number: 064214089

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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ii  

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise to God that I finally finished my thesis. First of all, my highest gratitude is to God. His plan is so beautiful that I can finish this thesis on time.

I would like to thank my advisor, Adventina Putranti S.S, M. Hum., for the guidance, suggestions, precious times, and patience during the making of this thesis. And to my co advisor, Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M.Hum., for several essential inputs in finishing this thesis.

I would also say thanks to all of the staff of English Letters Faculty and the

Library of Sanata Dharma University for the big help in finishing my thesis. I thank

them for all the facility that helps me to make this thesis until I can finish it. I also thank them for all the help during my years of study in this university.

I would also say my gratitude to my uncle and my aunty. Without their support I am sure that I would not finish my thesis this soon. I would also give a very special thanks to Bagas Arifin Dwi Putra who gives me supports and always encourages me to finish the thesis soon. Thank you my dear beloved one.

My special thanks are also dedicated to my best friends, Arina Krisnawati,

Inkan Dewi Pravianti, Sr. Kharita SND and Elsa Maria Oktaviani Kellen. They are

the best friends ever during my study in English Letters Sanata Dharma University. Thank you again to those who I cannot mention one by one. I would be nothing without them.

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for my beloved mother in heaven

my uncle and my aunty

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MOTTO

Life is too short to stress ourselves with people who don't even deserve

to be an issue in our life. Live, Love, Laugh! #ihatequotes

Everything is beautiful in God’s way. Have faith and trust Him.

Remember: “Where God guides, God supplies!” #ihatequotes

Never let haters drag you down by rumors. Trust yourself, go with

what you believe in, and never give up! #ihatequotes

Menjadi diri sendiri itu jauh lebih sulit daripada menjadi diri

orang lain.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

MOTTO ……… v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii

ABSTRACT ... viii

ABSTRAK ... ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 4

C. Objectives of the Study ... 4

D. Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ... 6

B. Review of Related Theories ... 9

C. Theoretical Framework ... 22

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 24

A. Object of the Study ... 24

B. Approach of the Study ... 24

C. Method of the Study ... 25

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 29

A. Person Deixis Used in the Speech ………... 29

B. Two Types of Person Deixis ... 42

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 53

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN DAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Ghesty Alfikasari

No Mahasiswa : 06 4214 089

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma skripsi/karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

A Descriptive Study on Person Deixis in Barack Obama’s Winning Speech

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasaikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal : 29 April 2011 Yang menyatakan

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ABSTRACT

GHESTY ALFIKASARI. Descriptive Analysis Study on Person Deixis in Barack

Obama’s Winning Speech. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

This undergraduate thesis analyses the usage of person deixis in Barack Obama’s winning speech. This thesis uses pragmatic and stylistic approach to do the analysis. It is text analysis so the analysis is focused on the script of the speech text.

The writer formulated two problem formulations in the thesis. They are: (1) What are person deixis used in Barack Obama’s winning speech? (2) Stylistically, how are the person deixis used in the speech text?

There are three steps used in this analysis. First, the writer identified the person deixis which are mentioned on the text by reading and examining the text closely. Second, the writer collected the data needed to do the analysis research. Last, the writer analyzed the data and the writer chose descriptive analysis method. Descriptive research involves a collection of techniques used to specify, delineate, or describe naturally occurring phenomena without experimental manipulation.

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ABSTRAK

GHESTY ALFIKASARI. Descriptive Analysis Study on Person Deixis in Barack

Obama’s Winning Speech. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of

Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

Skripsi ini membahas penggunaan person deixis dalam pidato kemenangan Barack Obama. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan pragmatik dan stilistik untuk menganalisis objek analisis. Skripsi ini menitikberatkan pada analisis teks sehingga analisis pada skripsi ini lebih kepada analisis teks pidatonya saja.

Penulis skripsi ini memformulasikan dua permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam skripsi ini. Mereka adalah: (1) Apa saja person deixis yang digunakan dalam teks pidato kemenangan Barack Obama? (2) Secara stylistik, bagaimana penggunaan person deixis tersebut dalam teks pidato?

Ada tiga langkah melakukan analisis dalam skripsi ini. Pertama, penulis mengidentifikasi person deixis yang ada pada teks pidato dengan cara membaca dan meneliti dengan seksama teks pidato tersebut. Yang kedua, penulis mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan untuk melakukan analisis. Yang terakhir adalah analisis data. Penulis memilih untuk menggunakan metode analisis deskripsi. Metode ini melibatkan beberapa teknik yang dipakai untuk menspesifikasikan, menggambarkan, atau mendeskripsikan fenomena yang terjadi secara natural tanpa adanya eksperimen manipulasi.

Sebagai hasil dari analisis tersebut, penulis menemukan ada seratus tujuh puluh delapan person deixis yang digunakan dalam pidato kemenangan Barack Obama. Tujuh puluh empatnya adalah exophoric reference, delapan puluh tiganya adalah endophoric reference yang berkategori anaphoric reference, dan dua puluh satunya adalah endoporic reference yang berkategori cataphoric reference. Penulis juga menemukan dalam seratus tujuh puluh delapan person deixis ini ada seratus lima puluh empat primary deixis dan dua puluh empat secondary deixis. Dalam pidatonya, Barack Obama mencoba untuk meyakinkan rakyat Amerika bahwa dia akan menjadi Presiden yang baik dengan membeberkan segala fakta yang ada. Ini adalah salah satu cara agar rakyat Amerika percaya padanya. Dia juga melakukannya dengan cara mengganti Amerika dengan kata you dan we. Jadi, sangatlah jelas mengapa teks pidato Barack Obama memakai lebih banyak primary deixis. Dengan melakukan hal tersebut, dia menciptakan suasana kekeluargaan di antara warga Amerika dengan dirinya. Secondary deixis-nya sendiri hanya dipakai untuk penekanan dalam penggunaan primary deixis yang disebutkan sebelumnya. Mereka memberi kesan lebih dramatis pada primary deixis-nya.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Language is important in human’s world. Language can be defined as the communications and thoughts. According to Chomsky, linguistic knowledge can be characterized by using the concepts of competence and performance. “Competence is a person’s implicit knowledge of the rules of a language that make the production and understanding of indefinitely large number of utterances possible while performance is the actual use of language in real situations” (Chomsky in Katamba, 1993: 8).

Linguistics, said William G. Moulton, is the branch of learning which studies the languages of any and all human societies: how each language is constructed; how it varies through space and changes through time; how it is related to other languages; and how it is used by its speakers. Linguistics has six branches. They are phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The writer of this thesis uses one of these linguistics branches, which is pragmatics, to analyze the object of the study.

1. Pragmatics itself is described as the study of meaning in relation to speech situations (Leech, 1983: 6). There are so many parts that are discussed in pragmatics. One of them is deixis. The term deixis, taken from The Encyclopedia

of Language and Linguistics volume 2, the Greek word for pointing, refers to a

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or indexticals) is dependent on the context in which they are produced or interpreted. For example, I refers to the person currently speaking, You to the intended recipients or addressees, now to the time of speaking, here to the place of speaking, this finger to the currently indicated finger, and so on. These deictic expressions introduce a fundamental relativity of interpretation: uttering I am here now will express quite different proportions on each occasion of use. This relativity makes clear the importance of the distinction between sentence-meaning and utterance-meaning or interpretation: in large part because of deixis, one cannot talk about sentences expressing proportions—only the use of an affirmative sentence in a context expresses a determinate proposition. (Asher: 853, 1994)

This thesis also wants to discuss about person deixis such as mentioned before, so to make the analysis narrower, the writer chooses to use person deixis only. Person deixis is a referring expression which involves the speaker and the addressee. The traditional grammatical category of person, as respected, e.g., in pronouns and verb agreements, involves the most basic deictic notions. First person, for example, encode the participation of the speaker, and temporal and spatial deixis are organized primarily around the location of the speaker at the time of speaking. All languages have first and second person pronouns (though sometimes, as in Japanese, these may derive from third person titles), but not all have third person pronouns (Asher: 855, 1994).

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feminine, neuter, or further classes) and honorific distinctions (which are intrinsically deictic on a separate deictic parameter). In languages with predicate agreement, most sentences will obligatorily carry person deictic specification, ensuring the prominence of this deictic parameter (Asher: 855, 1994).

The writer chooses to study person deixis because each language has its own person deixis that makes each of them special including English. The writer chooses Barack Obama’s winning speech as the object of the study. The writer analyzes the usage of person deixis as an aspect to make the speech become unity.

The reason why the writer chooses Barack Obama’s winning speech to be the main source of the study is because in recent days people speaking up crowdedly about his winning campaign as the President of the United States of America. It is still becoming a hot issue among people in the world nowadays. This speech also has various samples of person deixis that makes the writer easier to analyze the function and the usage of person deixis.

The analysis scope is to analyze the script of the speech text, Barack Obama’s winning speech text, and the writer analyzes further on person deixis. The writer analyzes the meaning and the kinds of person deixis in stylistics scope and also its usage stylistically that are mentioned in Barack Obama’s winning speech, as it says in the problem formulation.

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understand the kinds of person deixis in stylistics scope of the person deixis mentioned through the whole speech of Barack Obama.

B. Problem Formulation

The problems that will be discussed in this study are:

1. What are person deixis used in Barack Obama’s winning speech?

2. What are person deixis in primary deixis and secondary deixis used in the speech text?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives of the study that will be discussed in this study. The writer first considers what kind of person deixis are in the Barack Obama’s winning speech. The other is that the writer considers about the kinds of person deixis mention in the text that is categorized as primary and secondary deixis and its use in the text.

D. Definition of Terms

1. Deixis: the pointing or specifying function of some words (as definite

articles and demonstrative pronouns) whose denotation changes from one discourse to another (Rooney, 2006: 477).

2. Person deixis: a referring expression which involves the speaker and the

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pronouns and verb agreements, involves the most basic deictic notions. First person, for example, encode the participation of the speaker, and temporal and spatial deixis are organized primarily around the location of the speaker at the time of speaking. As far as is known all languages have first and second person pronouns (though sometimes, as in Japanese, these may derives from third person titles), but not all have third person pronouns (Perkins, 1992: ).

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6

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review on Related Studies

The writer finds out several studies about person deixis that have been done by other scholars. They are also talking about person deixis.

Yael-Janette Zupnik wrote an article on Journal of Pragmatics titled A

Pragmatic Analysis of The Use of Person Deixis in Political Discourse. He stated

that several discourse analysts have focused on the significant role of first-person plural deictic pronouns in political discourse.

The term ‘deixis’ refers to the ways in which language encodes features of the context of utterance, such as in the case of person deixis (first and second-person pronouns: (‘I’/‘we’,‘you’), or spatial deixis (e.g. the adverbials ‘here’ and ‘there’). As it concerns the relationship between the structure of languages and the contexts in which they are used, deixis is a pragmatic phenomenon. Specifically, the referents of deictic expressions cannot be identified without an understanding of the actual context in which they are uttered. His project, however, attempts to delineate such ‘spaces’ within political discourse, where the ‘outer reality’ is not always constrained in this manner. This makes for a far more complex task. (Zupnik, 1994: 339, 341).

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indexical in political discourse. It has been found that particular relationships that hold among discourse spaces, participation frameworks and roles are key factors in the analysis of vague deixis, and the consequent persuasive functions of such usage. A speaker’s power of persuasion, for example, may stem from an ability to shift in and out of various roles within and across discourse spaces. Such role manipulation may be both complicated and enhanced in cases where the speaker has recourse to multiple identities, such as in cases of multicultured individuals. The study has also demonstrated the applicability of the notions of face-threatening acts and cultural models to the analysis of the solidarity-building functions of deixis in political discourse (Zupnik, 1994: 376)

The links among the employment and functions of deixis, discourse spaces, and participation roles could only be uncovered by means of the fine-grained analysis undertaken here. These results seem to indicate that any attempt at a pragmatic analysis of deictic usage must undertake similarly explicit analyses. It is hoped that the present study contributes to such understanding of the pragmatics of deixis in political discourse, and suggests new areas of research for discourse analysis in general (Zupnik, 1994: 376-377)

The writer also found another related study in Asian Social Science (www.ccsenet.org/journal.html, Yuanyuan Li) <accessed at 29 August 2010>, a scholar who wrote an analysis about the second person deixis, you. Her name is Yuanyuan Li and she is the student of School of Foreign Languages, Huaiyin Normal University, China. Her thesis title is A Social and Pragmatic Analysis of

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focuses on a social and pragmatic analysis of the second person deixis English. The results of this analysis are applicable to adequate translation of you. (Li, 2009: 130)

She wrote many European languages have two forms of second person deixis. The so-called T-form is used to address intimate friends and relatives; while V-form is the plural form which is used for people one does not know or whom one treats with respect and deference. In Old English, there were a V form and a T form for the addressee, which contrast revealed much of the social information about the two parties in communication. Brown (1965) (in Yuanyuan Li, 2009) also notes that the choice of just one single word (thou or you) tells everyone about the addresser's status and familiarity relative to the other person and communicates something about the closeness or social distance of relationship between addresser and addressee. You is thus used to address a person superior to oneself in status. Thou is reserved for those of status lower than oneself. Besides, thou was also used as an insult indicating moral distance or inferiority when two persons wore otherwise socially equal. On contrary, the V-form you call is used to satirize the addressee of a lower status. (Li, 2009: 131, 132)

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meanings of you in a source language are not taken into consideration (Li 2009: 132, 133).

B. Review on Related Theories

The writer here will discuss about the theories needed to accomplish the analysis on person deixis’ function and its contextual meaning in this thesis.

1. Theories of Reference

People might think of reference as an act in which a speaker or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader to identify something. Those linguistic forms to identify something called referring expressions, which can be proper nouns (for example, ‘Shakespeare’, ‘Cathy Revuelto’, ‘Hawaii’), noun phrase which are definite (for example, ‘the author’, ‘the singer’, ‘the island’), or indefinite (for example, ‘a man’, ‘a woman’, ‘a beautiful place’), and pronouns (for example, ‘he’, ‘her’, ‘it’, ‘them’). The choice of one type referring expression rather than another seems to be based, to a large extent, on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows. In shared visual contexts, those pronouns that function as deictic expressions (for example, ‘Take this’; ‘Look at him!’) may be sufficient for successful reference, but where identification seems more difficult, more elaborate noun phrases may be used (for example, ‘Remember that the old foreign guy with the funny hat?’).

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know that particular something?) in the use of language. For successful reference to occur, we must also recognize the role of inference. Because there is no direct relationship between entities and words, the listener’s task is to infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to identify by using a particular referring expression. It is not unusual for people to want to refer to some entity or person without knowing exactly which ‘name’ would be the best word to use (Pragmatics with courtesy of Ms. Adventina Putranti, SS, M.Hum 2009: 12-13)

There are exophora (situational) reference and endophora (textual)

reference. It can be called as an exophoric reference when there is no previous mention of the referent in the text, dependent on the context outside the text for its meaning. When we find pronouns refer to items within the same text, we can call it endohoric reference. The endophora reference is divided again into two, they

are anaphora (to preceding text) and cataphora (to following text). Anaphora is a

link back to something that went before in the preceding text. And cataphora is the opposite—pronouns link forward to a referent in the text that follows (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 31-37).

There are three types of reference, they are personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference.

1. Personal Reference

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pronouns, possessive determiners (usually called ‘possessive adjectives’), and possessive pronouns.

speaker only I

speaker

speech roles speaker plus we

addressee (s) you

male he

human

person female she

singular

non-human it

specific other roles plural they

generalized human one

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In tabular form:

Table 1. Personal Reference (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 44)

Speech roles Other roles

Speaker Addressee Specific Generalized

Human Human

Non-Human

One I me Mine my

You you Yours your

he him his his

it it [its] its

one one - one’s she her

hers her More than

one

we us ours our

they them theirs their

These items are all reference items; they refer to something by specifying its function or role in the speech situation. This system of reference is known as person, where ‘person’ is used in the special sense of ‘role’; the traditionally recognized categories are first person, second person and third person, intersecting with the number categories of singular and plural (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 43-44).

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These are the two roles assigned by the speaker; and we use ‘addressee’ in preference to ‘hearer’ or ‘listener’ in order to suggest the meaning ‘person designated by the speaker as recipient of the communication’—as distinct from one who chooses to listen or happens to hear. The latter, which we shall call simply other roles, include all other relevant entities other than speaker or addressee. In terms of the traditional categories of person, the distinction is that between first and second person on the one hand (I, you, we) and third person on the other (he, she, it, they, one).

2. Demonstrative Reference

Demonstrative reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing. The speaker identifies the referent by locating it on a scale of proximity.

The circumstantial (adverbial) demonstratives here, there, now, and then

refer to the location of a process in space or time, and they normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or object that is participating in the process; hence they typically function as Adjuncts in the clause, not as elements within the nominal group. They have a secondary function as Qualifier, as in that

man there. The remaining (nominal) demonstratives this, these, that, those, and

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Head, with the exception of the which is a Modifier only (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 58-75)

3. Comparative Reference

This Comparative Reference will not be used in the analysis. So, the writer will not discuss it further.

2. Theories of Deixis

Lyons said:

By deixis is meant the location and identification of persons, objects, events, processes and activities being talked about, or referred to, in relation to the spatiotemporal context created and sustained by the act of utterance and the participation in it, typically, of a single speaker and at least one addressee (Lyons in Perkins, 1992: 100)

Deixis may be understood as linguistics pointing to relevant portions of the context of an utterance and is often accompanied by extra-linguistic gesturing or indication by a turn of the head or a nod in a particular direction.

Deixis is expressed in linguistic forms called deictics and comprises an important part of the grammatical systems of all languages. There are several classes of linguistic forms that are basically deictic in nature. In English they include the personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, demonstrative adjectives, demonstrative adverbs and tense whether marked on the verb or adverbially (Perkins, 1992: 100-101)

According to Typological Studies in Language (TSL) Deixis, Grammar,

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Distinction, Inclusive / exclusive Distinction, Demonstratives, and Tense. The writer of this thesis only discusses the first category which is person category.

1. Person.

In this point, the writer will discussed more about person deixis theory that will be used to do the major analysis in chapter IV.

Person in personal pronouns and person affixes is a deictic category. As in other deictics the deictic component of the meaning of such terms is often combined with other distinctions so that some analysis is required before the deictic nature of the form is evident.

Person deixis is a referring expression which involves the speaker and the addressee. The traditional grammatical categories of person, as respected, e.g., in pronouns and verb agreements, involve the most basic deictic notions. First person, for example, encode the participation of the speaker, and temporal and spatial deixis are organized primarily around the location of the speaker at the time of speaking. As far as is known all languages have first and second person pronouns (though sometimes, as in Japanese, these may derives from third person titles), but not all have third person pronouns (Perkins, 1992: 101-102).

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specification, ensuring the prominence of this deictic parameter. (Asher, 1994: 855).

Revere D. Perkins stated that the personal pronoun system in English is conventionally analyzed as consisting of two numbers, singular and plural: three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter; and three persons, first, second and third. ‘I’ is the first person singular form; ‘he’ is the third person masculine singular; and ‘we’ is the first person plural. Gender is only relevant in the third person singular and number is not relevant for the second person form ‘you’ in current standard English. (Perkins, 1992: 101)

The first person singular pronoun is used by the speaker to designate him/her as the intended referent and the second person pronoun is used to designate the addressee. Plural first person pronouns refer to the group of which the speaker is a part. Other persons are referred to using the third person pronouns. All of these depend on the concept of participant role in the utterance oriented around the speaker and on an axis that includes the addressee (Lyons in Perkins, 1992: 101). Other distinctions that are frequently used in conjunction with person in languages other than English include a dual number and an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural.

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3. Theory of Speech

Most experts include both imitation and reinforcement as being of great importance in language development. People learned how to speak by imitating those around. And the most important factor in regard to people’s ability to communicate is the image or concept that people have of themselves. How people see themselves is directly related to people’s ability to communicate. The better people’s self-concept, the more likely people will communicate positively and confidently.

The process of communication begins with a speaker who wishes to communicate an idea or some ideas. The image that the audience has of the speaker affects the message. Those people in the audience who perceive a speaker as being a person of competence, integrity, and goodwill are most likely to believe what the speaker says. In order to make sure that the audience attends to the message and understands it, the speaker must encode it in language that is both interesting and clear. Emphasis, variety and descriptive language help make material interesting. Words that are specific and familiar help to make message clear. (Koch, 1995: 1-8)

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often than not, they will need to select their own subject. When doing so, their decision should be based on a number of considerations:

1. Is the subject suited to my purpose? 2. Is the subject interesting to me?

3. Am I qualified to speak on this subject? 4. Will my audience find this subject interesting? 5. Will my audience find this subject useful? 6. Is my subject sufficiently restricted?

After choosing the subject, they are ready to formulate a specific purpose. This formulation indicates in more detail exactly what they hope to accomplish. Koch’s (Koch, 1995: 17-19) examples are:

1. General purpose: to entertain Specific purposes:

a. to amuse my audience by explaining how to wash a bull elephant. b. to hold my audience in suspense while telling of the time I was robbed. c. to amaze my audience with a demonstration of magic

d. to fascinate my audience with a story about my first parachute jump 2. General purpose: to inform

Specific purposes:

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3. General purpose: to persuade Specific purposes:

a. to motivate my audience to contribute to care

b. to prove to my audience that my new plan for ending the arms race will work

c. to increase my audience’s reverence for our flag

d. to modify my audience’s attitude about socialized medicine (Koch, 1995: 17-19)

As preparing the content of the speech, they have to consider who are in the audience. The boss or teacher, the co-workers or classmates, even if there is only one male or female in an otherwise all-female or all-male audience, people must consider this person when they prepare their speech. A surprising number of communications fail because the sender has been unclear as to the composition of their audience

Considering what the listeners already know about the subject is an important part of audience analysis. A technical approach could leave them thoroughly confused; repeating what they already know is sure to bore them (Koch, 1995: 22-28).

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explanation, statistics, testimony, comparison/contrast, and visual aids. The first place to start when somebody is gathering information and material for a speech is with their own knowledge and experience. They may be amazed at the amount of information they can come up when brainstorming a topic with which they are familiar. People should be able to get a good start listing data and ideas right from their own memory and imagination. Then do some research to add to the materials that they already have (Koch, 1995: 31-36).

Now is how to organize the speech. First is introduction. This introduction should capture the attention of the audience, give them a reason to listen, and clearly state the central idea of the speech. Second is the body. The body should comprise from 75 to 85 percent of the speech. That is where the speaker’s message is presented. The body consists of the main points of the speech, along with the supporting materials necessary to develop each point, and clear transitions from each point to next. The last is conclusion. A conclusion should be short and to the point. It should comprise from 5 to 10 percent of the total speech and include one or any combination of the following: a summary of the main points, a restatement of the central idea, a question, a call to action, or a vision of the future (Koch, 1995: 56-65)

4. Primary and Secondary Deixis

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that), and of time (now v. then), relative to the speaker’s viewpoint (Wales, 1990: 99)

In dramatic discourse such deictic elements help to create the world of the play, re-contextualizing real speech behavior. In poetry also a situation can be inferred which the reader watches, as it were, or is made to participate in, e.g.:

Say what you will, there is not in the world A nobler sight than from this upper down. No rugged landscape here…

(Blunt: Chanclebury Ring in Wales, 1990: 99)

The indicative elements themselves are often called deictics, and include the first and second person pronouns I, we and you; the demonstrative this and

that; adverbs of place and time; and tense (present v. past).

Since text occupied time and space, it is also possible to have textual or secondary deixis: words like this and that, or the former and the latter, for example locating items, or facts, or even linguistics structures themselves, in the co-text, anaphorically or cataphorically: This is a true story. A certain king had a

son and a daughter. The former was idle, the latter was hardworking

Another kind of secondary deixis involves a metaphorical, expressive displacement in terms of emotional nearness and distance. So that is commonly used to indicate dislike, e.g.: Get that dog out of here! Whereas this indicates, e.g.: familiarity: There was this tiny elephant… (in joke telling).

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usually called determiners. In this sense, the articles the and a, as well as the possessive his, her, etc., would be deictics (Wales, 1990: 99-100).

C. Theoretical Framework

The matter that will be discussed in this thesis is about the kinds of person deixis used in Barack Obama’s winning speech and the kinds of the person deixis, whether it is a primary deixis or secondary deixis, and also its implications to the hearer of the speech. This writing is a linguistic analysis under the scope of pragmatics and stylistics. One appropriate theory that will help the writer to do the analysis is the theory of deixis, the theory of person deixis, the theory of reference, the theory of speech and the theory of primary and secondary deixis on stylistics.

Deixis may be understood as linguistics pointing to relevant portions of the context of an utterance and is often accompanied by extra-linguistic gesturing or indication by a turn of the head or a nod in a particular direction (Rooney, 2006: 477).

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As far as the writer known all languages have first and second person pronouns (though sometimes, as in Japanese, these may derives from third person titles), but not all have third person pronouns (Asher, 1994: 855).

And to answer the second question on problem formulation, the writer needs to put the theory of reference to make the analysis clearer and easier to do. Reference is clearly tied to the speaker’s goals (for example, to identify something) and the speaker’s beliefs (i.e. can the listener be expected to know that particular something?) in the use of language. For successful reference to occur, we must also recognize the role of inference. Because there is no direct relationship between entities and words, the listener’s task is to infer correctly which entity the speaker intends to identify by using a particular referring expression. It is not unusual for people to want to refer to some entity or person without knowing exactly which ‘name’ would be the best word to use.

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24

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

This linguistics study deals with Barack Obama’s winning speech. It was first spoken in public on November 4, 2008, at Grant Park in Chicago, IL. This speech has 6 pages (written in Microsoft Word processor, Times new Roman, letter 12, 2 line spaces).

This speech tells about how grateful Barack Obama when he was elected as the President of United States of America. He said thank you to all of Americans who voted for him. He also said he will prove to everybody, whether they voted for him or not and whether they supported him or not, to convince them that he will be a great President and the United States of America will be better under his government.

B. Approach of the Study

The writer used pragmatic approach to solve the problem formulation in this thesis. Since the writer uses pragmatics approach, the writer will use the major theory in scope of pragmatics point of view. In this matter, the writer uses the theory of deixis, the theory of person deixis, and the theory of reference.

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describes the unwritten maxims of conversation that speakers follow in order to cooperate and be socially acceptable to each other (Cutting, 2003: 3).

Pragmatic approach will be very useful in this analysis because the writer wants to find out about the kinds of person deixis used in Barack Obama’s winning speech and what the function of the person deixis used in the speech are. So that, the writer will need theories in pragmatic scope in order to accomplish the writer’s analysis.

Barrack Obama’s winning speech is a recent speech that is delivered to the world in general and specially to the Americans. It was spoken to celebrate Barack Obama’s winning in American President Election and it was delivered on November 4, 2008, at Grant Park in Chicago, IL. The speech mentions many people involved in the process of Barack Obama’s winning election as The President of America. Therefore, the study under the scope of pragmatics and the analysis in person deixis is considered relevant in this work.

A. Method of The Study

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1. Identifying

In this step, the writer identifies the person deixis mentioned in the speech text by reading the speech text. It will help the writer to do the next step which is data collection step.

2. Data Collection

The object of this study is the person deixis mentioned in Barack Obama’s winning speech, the meaning of the person deixis used and the contextual meaning of using those person deixis, so the source of this study would be the speech text itself.

First, the writer of this analysis read closely the speech text, from the beginning until the end. After that, the writer looked closely to the speech text and read it once again in process to search and find the person deixis mentioned in the text.

The writer decided to divide the data per-paragraph to make it easier to find the person deixis mentioned in the speech text. Later on, the writer tried to put the data into a table of data that contains the paragraph chosen and then also contained with person deixis mentioned in each paragraph.

3. Data Analysis

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delineate, or describe naturally occurring phenomena without experimental manipulation.

Descriptive research is used to establish the existence of phenomena by explicitly describing them. For example, the research may attempt to establish the existence of a specific strategy used by learners in which hypothesis-testing is involved. It is important to emphasize that while this type of research may begin with a question or hypothesis, the phenomena it describes are not manipulated or artificially elicited in any way (Seliger and Shohamy, 1989: 124-125).

The case study approach is used where the investigator is interested in describing some aspect of the second language performance or development of one or more subjects of the second language performance of development of one or more subjects as individuals, because it is believed that individual performance will be more revealing than studying large groups of subjects. If, for example, we are interested in tracing in detail the development of particular subset of linguistic forms for a learner, the case study approach is more likely to provide an in-depth and detailed description of how these forms develop in individuals. Since we know that each individual may have their own idiosyncratic pathway to developing language competence, case studies are also able to show how the development of individual language acquirers may be different from that described for groups.

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observations may record either very narrowly defined data such as a specific speech act or a particular language form, or more general kinds of language learning activity such as turn-taking in a language lass (as opposed to a particular kid of turn-taking)

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29

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two subchapters. The first subchapter contains the detail information and the data collections. This subchapter also covers the answer to the first problem formulation which is the mention of the person deixis used in the speech text and the explanation about it. The second subchapter covers the answer of the second problem formulation of the kinds of person deixis in the scope of stylistics used in the speech text and the implication in using the person deixis used in the speech text.

A. Person deixis mentioned in the speech text

Based on the object of the study, Barack Obama’s winning speech text, that the writer choose, there are thirty paragraph involved and one hundred and seventy eight person deixis mentioned, with several person deixis used more than once but having different meanings and different references.

These are the data taken from the speech and it is separates based on paragraph order. The paragraph order is based on the text found in www.cnn.com <accessed 16 February 2010>. The data can be seen in appendix 1, the whole Barack Obama’s speech text.

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endophoric reference. The second section is also divided into two, they are anaphoric and cataphoric.

1. Exophoric reference

The writer of this thesis mentioned deictic expression categorized as exophoric reference used in the speech text in this sub-subchapter. Exophoric reference is a reference when there is no mention at all about the referent.

There are seventy four deictic expressions that can be categorized as an exophoric reference mentioned in this speech text. There are twenty-nine

pronouns, and fourteen noun phrase that are being used in this speech. Forty-four

of these deictic expressions have the same reference which is American. American

here is the people which are the audience of Barack Obama’s speech in America.

Table 1. Deictic Expression Referring to American People

No. Deictic Expression Frequency

1. anyone 1

2. your 5

3. their 5

4. they 3

5. you 5

6. women 1

The writer of this thesis first found the exophoric reference in the word

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who waited three hours and four hours (data number 8), the phrase their lives

(data number 9), the word pronoun they (data number 10), the sentence those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful

(data number 16), the word pronoun you (data number 59), the sentence working

men and women who dug into what little savings (data number 65), the sentence

the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy (data number

66), the sentence who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little

pay and less sleep (data number 68), the sentence the not-so-young people who

braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect

strangers (data number 69) and so on (see table 3 on appendices). They are

completely different words and they can even called phrases and sentences, but they are all referred to American people that have not been mentioned before. The writer of this speech does not mention the meaning of the word that the writer of this thesis mentions above. But, if the point of view is put to the hearer of the speech at that time which is Americans, it can be seen clearly that the writer of this speech explicitly wants to say that all of the words above are referring to Americans. The writer of the speech assumes that the hearer will understand without any further explanation about it.

According to the theory that the writer of this thesis have read, these exophoric references which are referred to Americans can be categorized as the addressee. The writer of this thesis said so because Americans are the people who listen to Barack Obama’s speech. The writer of this speech also use the word your

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the addressee category. You and your are pointing to the person whom Barack Obama is giving a speech to. It’s happened to in the words they and their.

There is also another person deictic expression mentioned that refers to Barack Obama, the speaker of this speech. There are thirteen of them mention in the speech.

Table 2. Deictic Expression Referring to Barack Obama

No Deictic Expression Frequency

1. I 11

2. me 1

3. my 1

In this case Barack Obama is included into an exophoric reference because there is no mention at all about him in the entire speech in the text although everybody who listen and watch this speech already recognized him as Barack Obama. It can be seen in the word I, this pronoun is used eleven times and all of it are referring to Barack Obama, the speaker of the speech. The writer of this speech also use pronouns me and my to represent Barack Obama.

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The writer of this thesis also found another deictic expression that represents themselves and there is also no information mentioned at all about them. There are eight of them.

Table 3. Deictic Expression Referring to The Entity Outside of The Text

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

21. this election

22. this defining moment

26. this campaign

47. the new puppy

49. the White House

63. our campaign

77. the greatest of our lifetime 106. the Democratic Party

The writer of this thesis found deictic expression that represents themselves on the phrase this election. It refers to the entity that is outside of the text which is the election that Barack Obama is elected. The speech does not mention it at all. Like before, although it is known by everybody, but it still categorized as an exophoric reference. The other same cases as described above is also found in the phrase this defining moment, this campaign, the new puppy, the

White House, our campaign, the greatest of our lifetime, the Democratic Party,

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further explanation again the audience would straightly understand the meaning of this phrase.

There are still other deictic expressions that refer to the United States of

America. There are eight of them.

Table 4. Deictic Expression Referring to United States of America

No. Deictic Expression Frequency

1. we 3

2. noun phrase (e.g.: this nation) 5

The writer of this thesis found deictic expressions that refer to the United

States of America in the word we, in the phrase this nation, the country he loves

(meaning that this is the country that Senator MC Cain loves), this nation’s

promise, a thriving Wall Street, and Main Street suffers. If the researcher and the

hearer are becoming the hearer of this speech, being an American, it will be seen clearly that these words are referring to the United States of America. We will straightly know and understand about the meaning of these words.

2. Endophoric Reference

In this sub-subchapter, the writer of this thesis will mention further about the endophoric reference. It will be divided again into two, which are cataphoric and anaphoric.

a. Anaphoric

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speech. The writer of this thesis found fifty three person deixis that is refer to the United States of America.

Table 5. Deictic Expression Referring to The United States of America

No. Deictic Expression Frequency

1. we 17

2. America 2

3. us 6

4. our 15

5. most of us 2

6. each of us 1

7. each other 1

8. noun phrase (the American Dream, this nation, the might of our arms, the enduring power of our ideals, a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal, many firsts and many stories that will be told for generations, the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't, and the people who pressed on with that American creed)

7

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The person deixis mostly used is the word we. They are used seventeen times in the speech. From the speech, Barack Obama tries to unify the entire hearers by using the word we. This makes them feel familiar to each other as one family as the United States of America.

Other anaphoric reference is found in paragraph 3 number data 13. It can be categorized as anaphoric reference because the word American are referring to the words that already have mentioned before, and they are young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native

American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled. The same case, the referent

mentioned before the reference, are also found in paragraph 5 number data 20 in the word we and paragraph 5 number data 23 in the word America, it can be seen clearly from the quotation on paragraph 5 “It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment,

change has come to America” that we here refers to America and it is also stated in

the end of the paragraph three “…we are, and always will be, the United States of

America”.

The writer of this thesis also found person deixis he in the speech which refers to Senator Mc Cain.There are five of them.

Table 5. Deictic Expression Referring to Senator Mc Cain

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

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34. they 35. them

The word he in the paragraph 6 number data 25 is referring to Senator Mc Cain and it has been stated before in this paragraph “I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought

even longer and harder for the country he loves...”

Table 7. Refer to Senator Mc Cain and Governor Palin

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

34. they 35. them

It can be seen clearly that the word they refers to two persons. In this case here, it refers to Senator Mc Cain and Governor Palin.

At the very last paragraph of this speech, the writer of this thesis found person deixis that refers to Ann Nixon Cooper.

Table 8. Deictic Expression Referring to Ann Nixon Cooper

No. Deictic Expressions Frequency

1. she 7

2. her 4

3. someone like her couldn’t vote for two reasons

1

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There are also other person deixis that was found in the text which is referring to Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Sasha Obama and Malia Obama and also Barack Obama’s grand mother and Barack Obama family.

Table 9. Deictic Expression Referring to Sasha Obama and Malia Obama

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

45. you both

46. you

This deictic expression can be found in paragraph eight of the speech:

I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last sixteen years, the rock of our family and the love of my life, our nation's next First Lady, Michelle Obama. Sasha and

Malia, I love you both so much, and you have earned the new puppy that's

coming with us to the White House. And while she's no longer with us, I know my grandmother is watching, along with the family that made me who I am. I miss them tonight, and know that my debt to them is beyond measure.

The bold one shows clearly that you both and you refer to Sasha and Malia

that is mentioned first before the deictic expression mentioned. This is why these two words are categorized as endophoric reference.

Table 11. Deictic Expression Referring to Barack Obama, Michelle Obama,

Sasha Obama and Malia Obama

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

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This deictic expression also can be found in paragraph eight from the speech.

I love you both so much, and you have earned the new puppy that's

coming with us to the White House. And while she's no longer with us, I

know my grandmother is watching, along with the family that made me who I am. I miss them tonight, and know that my debt to them is beyond measure.

Us here is refer to Barack Obama’s family, consisting of Barack Obama,

Michelle Obama, Sasha and Malia.

Table 12. Deictic Expression Referring to Barack Obama’s grand mother and

Barack Obama family

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

51. them

This also can be found in paragraph eight of the speech.

I know my grandmother is watching, along with the family that made me

who I am. I miss them tonight, and know that my debt to them is beyond

measure.

b. Cataphoric

Cataphoric reference is pronouns link forward to a referent in the text that follows.

The writer of this thesis found twenty-one cataphoric references. Eleven of them are pronouns, one adjective clause and ten are noun phrase. Like in paragraph 2 data number 6, it here refers to the word this victory in paragraph 16 the referent is preceding the reference and it can be called as cataphoric reference.

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No. Deictic Expression Frequency

1. it 6

The same cases, referent preceding reference, are also found in par 3 data number 12. It is also found in paragraph 3 data number 14 in the word we, it can be seen clearly from the paragraph: “It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich

and poor … we are, and always will be, the United States of America”. In this

paragraph, the word we precedes its reference which is the United States of

America, so the word we in this paragraph can be categorized as a cataphoric

reference.

There are also these three deictic expression: my partner, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on

the streets of Scranton and rode with on that train home to Delaware, and the

Vice President-elect of the United States; and they are also categorized as

cataphoric reference. It can be seen clearly from the paragraph: “I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the

men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on that

train home to Delaware, the Vice President-elect of the United States, Joe Biden.

They are all referring to Joe Biden that is mentioned in the end of the paragraph.

Table 14. Deictic Expression Referring to Joe Biden

Data No. Person deixis Used in Speech

38. my partner

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the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on that train home to Delaware 40. the Vice President-elect of the United States

The writer of this thesis also found another cataphoric reference which refers to Michelle Obama.

Table 15. Deictic Expression Referring to Michelle Obama

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

42. my best friend for the last sixteen years 43. the rock of our family and the love of my life

44. our nation’s first lady

Table 16. Deictic Expression Referring to Barack Obama’s grandmother

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

50. she

Table 17. Deictic Expression Referring to Ann Nixon Cooper

Data No. Person Deixis Used in Speech

133. a woman who cast her ballot in Atlanta 134. she

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B. Two kinds of person deixis used in the speech text

In this next subchapter, the writer of this thesis analyzes the second problem formulation. The answer of this second problem formulation covered on the kinds of person deixis and its implication of using it in a speech text.

Firstly, the writer of this thesis analyzes the kinds of person deixis. There are two kinds of person deixis, they are primary deixis and secondary deixis.

Primary deixis consists of personal pronoun such as I; we; you; they; etc and proper noun such as names of a person, name of a place, etc. These are the result of the writer’s analysis:

Table 17: primary deixis.

No. Primary Deixis Frequency

1. anyone 1

2. your 5

3. it 8

4. their 5

5. they 4

6. Americans 1

7. we 22

8. America 2

9. I 11

10. he 1

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12. most of us 2

13. him 1

14. them 3

15. my partner 1

16. a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on that train home to Delaware

1

17. the Vice President-elect of the United States

1

18. my best friend for the last sixteen years 1 19. the rock of our family and the rock of my

life

1

20. our nation’s next first lady 1

21. you both 1

22. you 7

23. the new puppy 1

24. us 7

25. the White House 1

26. she 9

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28. my chief strategist 1

29. the likeliest candidate 1

30. our campaign 1

31. working men and women who dug into what little savings

1

32. the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy

1

34. the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers

1

35. the millions of Americans who

volunteered, and organized, and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people

1

36. the people has not perished from this Earth

1

37. me 1

38. the greatest of our lifetime 1

39. our 15

40. President 1

41. each of us 1

42. ourselves 2

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44. a thriving Wall Street 1 45. Main Street suffers

46. a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House

1

47. the Democratic Party 1

48. the might of our arms 1

49. the enduring power of our ideals 1

50. the true genius of America 1

51. my 2

52. a woman who cast her ballot in Atlanta 1 53. she's a lot like the millions of others who

stood in line to make their voice heard in this election except for one thing

1

54. someone like her couldn’t vote for two reasons

1

55. her 4

56. the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't, and the people who pressed on with that American creed

1

57. women 1

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Deal

59. a preacher from Atlanta who told a people that "We Shall Overcome."

1

60. a man touched down the moon 1

61. The American Dream 1

62. God 1

These data are only the list of the primary deixis. For further analysis, the reader can see table 7 on appendices.

Second is secondary deixis. It consists of words like this and that, or the

former and the latter, for example locating items, or facts, or even linguistic

structures themselves, in the co-text, anaphorically or cataphorically. These are the result of the writer analysis on the source:

Table 18: Secondary Deixis

Data No. Secondary Deixis

7. this nation

8. people who waited three hours and four hours 16. those who have been told for

so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful

21. this election

22. this defining moment

26. this campaign

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36. this nation's promise

78. there are brave Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan

86. there are many who won't agree with every decision or policy I make as President

91. this nation

109. those Americans whose support I have yet to earn

114. all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of our world

117. those who would tear this world down 120. those who seek peace and security

121. those who have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright

130. this election

131. many firsts and many stories that will be told for generations 177. those who tell us that we can’t

These data table is showing only the list of secondary deixis. The further analysis can be seen in table 8 in appendices.

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America, whether they have vote for him or not. As it is said in the speech theories, the general purpose of this speech is to persuade the hearer. As in Koch (Koch, 1995: 17-19) examples of the specific purpose of this persuade speech, to prove to my audience that my new plan for ending the arms race will work, this speech is trying to persuade the audience that Barack Obama will be a good President for the United States of America. It can be seen in paragraph 13, 14, and 15 of the speech:

I know you didn't do this just to win an election and I know you didn't do

it for me. You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies

ahead. For even as we celebrate tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow

will bring are the greatest of our lifetime – two wars, a planet in peril, the worst

financial crisis in a century. Even as we stand here tonight, we know there are

brave Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of

Afghanistan to risk their lives for us. There are mothers and fathers who will lie

awake after their children fall asleep and wonder how they'll make the mortgage, or pay their doctor's bills, or save enough for college. There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be created; new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances to repair.

The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get

there in one year or even one term, but America – I have never been more hopeful

than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise youwe as a people will get

there.

There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won't agree

with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government

can't solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the

challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above

all, I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only way it's been

done in America for two-hundred and twenty-one years – block by block, brick by

brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.

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that makes the hearer feels comfortable so that he can persuade and make them believe that he can be a good president.

The words we and our are also used to make the situation closer to the hearer. By using these two words, Barack Obama will also take a part as an American.

Barrack Obama also tries to convince America that he will be a good President by telling the honest situation that they are approaching. It is one of his ways to make sure that America believes him. He doing it by mentioning America as you, like the writer of this thesis have said before, he done that to make America closer to him as the President of it.

So, it is very clear why Barack Obama’s speech using more primary deixis. By doing so, he makes a familiarity situation to the American people. It is one of his ways to get their heart again since he won the election and now being their President. He tries to convince them more that he will be a good President in his duty time. Creating the situation by using more primary deixis is considered as a very effective way to get the American hearts once again.

Besides, the usage of secondary person deixis in the speech text here is more or less only to emphasize the usage of primary deixis here. It makes the speech more dramatic by adding the style of mentioning people with more complicated way such as in there are brave Americans waking up in the deserts of

Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan. It can be seen clearly that primary deixis

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50

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

According to the analysis can be concluded that there are one hundred and seventy eight person deixis used the Barack Obama winning speech. Seventy four deictic expressions that can be categorized as exophoric reference, eighty-two anaphoric references, and twenty-one cataphoric references are found in the speech text.

The writer of this thesis also found that in these one hundred and seventy eight person deixis, there are one hundred and fifty four primary deixis and twenty four secondary deixis.

Barrack Obama also tries to convince America that he will be a good President by telling the honest situation that they are approaching. He is doing it by mentioning America as you.

It is very clear why Barack Obama’s speech using more primary deixis. By doing so, he makes a familiar situation to the American people. He tries to convince them more that he will be a good President in his duty time. Creating the situation by using more primary deixis is considered as a very effective way to get the Americans heart because with this kind of method, Americans will feel closer to their President, which is Barack Obama.

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51

Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan. It

Gambar

Table 1. Personal Reference (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 44)
Table 1. Deictic Expression Referring to American People
Table 2. Deictic Expression Referring to Barack Obama
Table 3. Deictic Expression Referring to The Entity Outside of The Text
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