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THE REACTION OF THE NATIVES AGAINST THE WHITE’S

COLONIALIZATION AS SEEN IN WOMEN OF THE SUN BY

HYLLUS MARIS AND SONIA BORG

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KRISWIDIYANTA SEBAYANG Student Number: 034214069

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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HYLLUS MARIS AND SONIA BORG

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

KRISWIDIYANTA SEBAYANG Student Number: 034214069

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

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THE REACTION OF THE NATIVES AGAINST THE WHITE’S

COLONIALIZATION AS SEEN IN WOMEN OF THE SUN BY

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iv

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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated

To my beloved Mother and Father

To my beloved Mother and Father

To my beloved Mother and Father

To my beloved Mother and Father

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First I would like to thank to God, Jesus Christ for his Love and Blessings. I do believe that this thesis will not finish without His Generosity.

I believe that during my study I have got so many helps from others and it is an honor to have my lectures and my friends beside me. I would thank my thesis advisor, G. Fajar Sasmita Aji,S.S.,M.Hum., who has been willing to spend his time and share his thought to me. I would also to thank to my co-advisor Dewi Widyastuti , S. Pd., M. Hum., who gives me her advice and corrections to my thesis.

I would like to express my thanks to my friends: We Won’t Pay’s crews (Prita, Susi, Sari, Ella, Widhy, Wayan, Novi, Wedhus, Renzie, Tio, Dody, Boim, Mbendol, Vallone), my friends in my boarding house (Rahmad, Surya, Koko, Alex, Kefas, Andi), Gurit, Bangun, Sri, Indry, Dias, Siwi, Nur, Devy, all my friends in GKI. I would also like to thank Johan, Budi, Vivin, Anita, Rindu, Richard, Titis, Jonathan, Elin, Bayu for fixing up my computer and everybody in English Letters Department and Sanata Dharma University.

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TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGE ... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE... iii

MOTTO PAGE ... iv

DEDICATION PAGE... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS... vii

ABSTACT... viii

ABSTRAK ... ix

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION... 1

A. Background of the Study... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 5

C. Objectives of the study... 5

D. Definition of Terms... 5

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ... 7

B. Review of Related Theories ... 8

1. Theory on Characters ... 8

2. Theories on Characterization ... 9

3. Thery on Post-colonialism ... 12

4. Theory on Colonialism... 13

5. The Relation between Literature and Society ... 14

C. Theoretical Framework ... 15

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY... 16

A. Object of the Study ... 16

B. Approach of the Study ... 17

C. Method of the Study... 18

CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS ... 20

A. Characterization of the Major White Caharacters in the story... 23

B. The way the Whites impose colonialization in the story ... 35

C. The reaction of the Natives against the colonialization ... 43

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 54

APPENDICES Appendix 1 ... 56

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ABSTRACT

KRISWIDIYANTA SEBAYANG. The Reaction of The Natives Against The White’s Colonialization as seen in Women of the Sun by Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.

This thesis analyzes the relationship between the Native Aborigines and the White colonizers in the novel of Women of the Sun by Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg. This thesis focuses on the domination of the White colonizers upon the Native Aborigines in Australia as presented in Women of the Sun. This novel consists of five different stories in which each story presents different character but dominantly reveals the conflict between the Whites colonizer and the natives.

The aims of this study are (1) to find the White characterizations who present colonialization to the Natives, (2) to find how the Whites present the idea of colonialization to the Natives, and (3) to find the reaction of the Natives against the colonialization revealed in each of the story.

This study is done by using library research method. This study is using the Post-colonialism approach. This approach is used to identify the resistance of the natives against the Whites colonialization revealed in the story of Women of the Sun. The writer must identify the value of the whites introduced to the Natives and the resistance of the natives against the colonialization.

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Sonia Borg. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mempelajari hubungan antara masyarakat asli Australia dengan penjajah kulit putih dalam novel Women of the Sun yang ditulis oleh Hyllus Maris dan Sonia Borg. Fokus penelitian ini adalah dominasi penjajah kulit putih terhadap masyarakat asli Australia yang terlihat di dalam novel Women of the Sun. Novel ini terdiri dari lima cerita yang memiliki karakter berbeda di setiap crita namun secara umum dipenuhi dengan konflk antara penjajah kulit putih dengan masyarakat asli Australia.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menemukan penggambaran karakter orang kulit putih yang melakukan penjajahan,(2) untuk menemukan bagaimana karakter orang kulit putih melakukan penjajahan terhadap masyarakat asli Australia, dan (3) untuk menemukan reaksi perlawanan dari masyarakat asli Australia terhadap penjajahan yang dilakukan oleh penjajah kulit putih dalam setiap cerita di dalam novel.

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian pustaka. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan pendekatan post-colonial. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk menemukan bentuk perlawanan masyarakat asli Australia terhadap penjajahan orang kulit putih yang ada dalam novel Women of the Sun.

Penulis harus menemukan nilai-nilai kaum kulit putih yang diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat Australia dan bentuk perlawanan terhadap penjajahan.

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma : Nama : KRISWIDIYANTA SEBAYANG

Nomor Mahasiswa : 034214069

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

THE REACTION OF THE NATIVES AGAINST THE WHITE’S COLONIALIZATION AS SEEN IN WOMEN OF THE SUN BY HYLLUS

MARIS AND SONIABORG

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupaun memberikan royalty kepada saya selamA tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyatan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal : 18 March 2008 Yang menyatakan

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else’s ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, March 06, 2008

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Literature is one of the creations of human intelligence and through literature people transfer ideas and ideologies. Literature is not only a text to read as the product of human intelligence, but it also has functions. Rene Austin and Wellek Warren said in their Theory of Literature “To take art or literature or poetry seriously is, ordinarily at least, to attribute to it some use proper to itself” (Warren, 1956: 31). From the statement above, we can find that literature may function in certain ways. Discussing the function of a literary work can involve two sides, reader and writer. A writer may use literary work as the vehicle to reveal historical events of a nation by transferring his ideology and idea. Literature may also represent the fight of a nation for their goodness, and in this case is identity. In another hand, a reader can find enjoyment and pleasure by reading literary work.

Literature reflects the struggle of a community to declare their own identity as a nation. There might be some ways to state the ideology of a nation like physical movement such as war. Beyond those ways, literature provides an elegant/smooth non-violence movement proposing intellectual behavior rather than physical. Frantz Fanon said in his essay entitled National Culture

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Literary work can be used to state the identity of a nation and literary work has more value since it does not use violence in representing the idea, emphasizing the intellectual value.

Another discourse about literary work which relates to social life is proposed by Edward Said. Said says in his Orientalism: “The Oriental is the masterpiece, the adjacent of Europe and the place of Europe’s greatest, richest and oldest colonies (Said, 1978: 87)”. In this case the Europe’s colonies are always oppressed by the European who introduces their value and the domination of Europe. In other words Europeans set colonialism in the sense of their interest for cultural oppression and economic control. The orients are the object for Europe to represent their views. Said says

Orientals can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with the orient –dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it: in short, Orientalism as a Western style for dominating, restructuring and having authority over the orient (Said , 1978: 88).

In this discourse Said used the terms of the west and the east to represent the oppressor and the oppressed. But what we find in Women of the Sun obviously does not talk about the west and the east, it presents the idea of the whites and the aborigines. The terms could be different, but they describe the same level of the oppressor and the oppressed.

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aborigine and directly contact with the area of Murray River where the colonialization took place, Women of the Sun uncovers the practice behind the colonialization and the motifs behind the colonialization in which the whites wrap up them in the name of civilization.

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Stephen Slemon in his “Unsettling the Empire: Resistance Theory for the Second World” thinks that colonialization is the part of economic control and cultural oppression. He said:

Colonialism, obviously, is an enormously problematical category: it is by definition transhistorical and unspecific and it is used in relation to very different kinds of cultural oppression and economic control. But like the term ‘patriarchy’, which shares similar problems in definition, the concept of colonialism, to this third critical field, remains crucial to a critique of past and present power relations in world affairs, and thus to a specifically post-colonial critical practice which attempts to understand the relation of literary writing to power and its contestations (1995: 106).

Colonialism allows the West to put their standard on the land of Orientals. Edward Said stated in his Orientalism:

The Orient is an integral part of European material civilization and culture. Orientalism expresses and represents that part culturally and even ideologically as a mode of discourse with supporting institutions, vocabulary, scholarship, imagery, doctrines, even colonial bureaucracies and colonial styles (1995: 87).

The West introduces their standard by excessive struggle. The main point of colonialism is the domination of Europe and the authoritative rules they engaged to the Easterners. In the other hand, the colonized people are not kindly accepting the standard of the colonizer. There is struggle among the colonized people for the reinforcement of their history. As Fanon states that the first step for the colonized people in finding a voice and an identity is to reclaim their own past.

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also a trial to reclaim their own identity of the Aborigines as depicted in the story of Women of the Sun.

B.

Problem Formulation

1. How are the White characters depicted in the story? 2. How do the Whites impose colonialization in the story?

3. How are the reactions of the Natives against the colonialization represented in the story?

C

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Objectives of the study

The objectives of this study are firstly to find the characterization of the Whites who present colonialization of the whites to the native Aborigines in Australia. The next objective is to see how the White characters impose colonialization in the story by finding the aspect of colonialization from the perspective of the colonizer. The third objective is to identify the way of the colonizer enforce colonialism (setting their standard) to the native. The last objective is to find the reactions of the Natives against the White’s colonialization.

D.

Definition of terms
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“Postcolonialism/colonialism” by Ania Loomba and Europe and Its Others. Proceedings of the Essex Conference on the Sociology of LiteratureVolume 1 By Homi K. Bhaba. These following are the definitions:

a. Colonialism: Colonialism is defined as the conquest and control of other people’s land and goods (Ania Loomba, 1998: 8). So here lies the idea of occupation, authority and control.

b. White: In this thesis, white refers to a racial group of people who impose colonialization in the story having light color and are especially European. Color is the prime signifier of racial identity and socially constructed. It is shaped by perceptions of religious, ethnic, linguistic, national, sexual, and class differences (Ania Loomba , 1998 : 121).

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter will introduce some criticisms, theories, and information to support the analysis. This chapter will be divided into three parts. The first part is the Review on related studies. This part will introduce the criticisms on Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg’s work especially about Women of the Sun. The second part is the Theoretical Review which provides the theories that will be used in analyzing the work. The last part is the theoretical ground which tells the readers how the theories are used.

A. Review on Related Studies

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Another review is also from an undergraduate thesis by Fransiska Oka Budianti entitled Representation of Historical Relationship between the Aborigines and the White Invaders in Maris and Borg’s Women of the Sun. This thesis explains the relationship between The Aborigines and the Whites were not easy one. Budianti stated in her thesis: the relationship between them was not he good one, because the Aborigine people always got bad treatments from the white since the beginning of the story until the end.

This thesis tries to give another perspective about colonialization in the story. This thesis will discuss the way the White characters in the story impose colonialization and the reaction of the Natives against the colonialization. It is found in the story that colonialization is not kindly accepted by the Natives as they show reactions against colonialization.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory on Character

Abrams states, a character is: the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue-and what they do- the actions (1981 : 21). That is why characters bring the message of the story through the dialogues and actions.

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mans that character in fiction is a person who thinks does and acts in certain time and place.

They also divide character into two traditional distinctions of character between protagonist and antagonist character.

a. Protagonist, as Rohrberger and Woods say, is the one to whom all events in the story have relevance. The protagonist may be in the conflict with fate or the gods or environment, or his struggle may be an inner one whereby he battles with a part of himself or with conflicting value systems

or desires, or his inner conflict with someone or something outside himself.

b. When a protagonist is involved in a conflict with another character and if he is pitted against an important opponent, that character is called an antagonist.

2. Theories on Characterization

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describe her intellectual and moral attributes or explain the degree of her sensitivity. He can say she is bright girl who respects her parents and feels their disapproval strongly. Or he uses dramatic means and places her in situation to show what she is by the way she behaves or speaks (1971 : 81).

Murphy (1972: 161-173) states that there are nine ways in which the author attempts to make his characters understandable and come alive for the readers.

a. Personal description.

The author can describe a character’s physical appearance like the face, body, and clothes of the characters have the specific appearance, so the reader can imagine it.

b. Character as seen by another.

The author can also describe a character through the eyes and opinion of others.

c. Speech.

The author can give us some clue to a person’s character in the book through what the person says. Whenever he is in conversation with another and whenever he gives his opinion, he is giving us some clue to his personality.

d. Past life.

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comment produced by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.

e. Conversation of others.

The author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character through the conversations to other people and the things they say about him. f. Reactions.

The author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting them know how the person reacts to various situations and events. g. Direct comment.

The author can also describe or comment on a person directly. h. Thoughts.

The author can give the readers direct knowledge or what a person’s thinking about. What in the person’s mind and what he feels reflect on his character.

i. Mannerism.

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3. Post-Colonialism

Post-colonialism is a kind of interrelation between the colonizer and the colonized. Helen Tiffin in his Post-colonial Literature and Counter-Discourse

said: Post-Colonial cultures are inevitably hybridized, involving a dialectical relationship between European ontology and the impulse to create or recreate independent local identity (Tiffin, 1995: 95). The relation here is noted by the struggle of the colonized to recreate the independent local identity of the colonized since the local identity from the colonized has been contaminated by the massive movement of colonialization.

The recreation of the independent local identity becomes a big matter for the colonized since that is the way to declare the identity putting aside the colonial value. Peter Barry in his Post-colonial Criticism stated that the way for a Post-colonial perspective is to recall their past and erode the Post-colonialist ideology. He said: If the first step towards a post-colonial perspective is to reclaim one’s own past, then the second is to begin to erode the colonialist ideology by which that past had been devalued (Barry, 1995: 192).

This post-colonial process is not a kind of simple process since it involves many aspects and discussions. Post-colonial theory has to deal with many things that the colonized has been felt and ongoing. Bill Ashcroft in his The Post-colonialStudies Reader said that:

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Colonialization is not kindly accepted by the local society. That is why some resistances arise to fight against the colonialization in Post-colonial ideology. These resistances reveal in form of defending the local culture/identity and eroding the colonial ideology.

4. Colonialism.

Ania Loomba in her book entitled Postcolonialism/colonialism defines colonialism as the conquest and control of other people’s land and goods. The definition emphasizes the ideas of control, occupation and cultural oppression as stated by Stepen Slemon in his writing Resistance Theory for the Second World:

Colonialism, obviously, is an enormously problematical category; it is by definition transhistorical and unspecific, and it is used in relation to very different kinds of cultural oppression and economic control (Slemon, 1990: 106). There are complex aspects discussing in colonialism such as race, class, the oppressor and the oppressed and many more.

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disfigures, and destroys it. The willing to set the standard is not kindly accepted by the colonized people, there is a kind about resistance to the hegemony.

5. The Relation between Literature and society

The relation between society and literature according to Wellek and Warren in their Theory of literature can be defined as social documents. As social document, literature can be designed to track the socio historical of a society. The product of literature can be the portray of a society when it is written. Wellek and Warren said in their Theory of Literature:

But furthermore, literature ‘represent’,’life’,and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner of subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary ‘imitation’ (1956 : 94).

From the passage above, it can be suggested that literary works can function to reflect the events that happen in the society in which the literary works made. In this thesis, the relation between society and literature is traced from the social content of the novel. The idea of the novel might be the shape of reality in which the author has been experienced. As stated by Wellek and Warren:

To say that literature mirrors or expresses life is even more ambiguous. A writer inevitably expresses his experience and total conception of life; but it would be manifestly untrue to say that he expresses the whole of life – or even the whole life of a given time- completely and exhaustively (1956 : 95).

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C. Theoretical Framework

This thesis will focus on the aspect of colonialism found Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg’s Women of the Sun. In this thesis there are some theories that will be used in the analysis. Those theories are theory on Character and Characterization, theory on colonialism and theory on Post-Colonialism. By using and applying those theories on the analysis the writer will try to answer the problem formulations. The review on related theories will be needed to give some direction in the analysis. Every theory will give it’s focus and function in directing the writer to answer the problem formulation. The on character and characterization will give guideline to analyze the characters which become the main focus of the analysis. The theory on colonialism will direct the writer to analyze the aspect of colonialism in the story. The theory on colonialism will be used to identify the way the Whites impose the White’s values towards the Natives in the story. The theory on Post-Clonialism will focus on the resistance of the Natives as the colonized to the Whites as the colonizer. Another theory about literature and society will be used to find out the relation between literature and society whether they influence each other.

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A.

Object of the Study

The story which is being discussed in this thesis is taken from Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg’s work entitled Women of the Sun. This novel was written by Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg. Hyllus Maris was born in Echuca Victoria as an Aborigine into the Yorta-yorta tribes, an area near Murray River which is known as the Aborigines area, while Sonia Borg was born in Vienna Austria. Hyllus Maris was the co-founder of the National Council of Aboriginal and Island Women. Her grandmother in Cummeragunja Victoria taught her the Aboriginal culture. She was also known by her dedication to the right of the Aborigine people Sonia Borg was born in Vienna Austria. Later she moved to India and joined with Shakespearean Theatre. In 1961 she attended to Crawford production as drama coach in Australia. In 1970s, Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg collaborated working together on novel Women of the Sun.

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nation. The second chapter tells about Alinta in the beginning of colonialism. The third is about Maydina under colonialism. And the fourth and the fifth are about Nerida and Lo-arna after the colonialism.

Women of the Sun was first designed for a series of television. However the spirit to bring the story to the public never dies. The story then also presented as a novel. This novel is originated from the historical relationship between Whites and aborigines in Australia. The story has won several awards from United Nation Peace Prize, Australian Writer’s Guild Award, the Australian Society Television Awards and the Canadian Banff Television Festival.

B. Approach of the Study

Some of writers may have different ways and approaches. In developing an analysis, a writer must use appropriate approach which relates with the most significant atmosphere of the story. This analysis will use the Post-Colonialism approach to analyze the work. The Post-Colonialism approach is regarded as the appropriate approach to conduct the analysis of the work since the analysis is based on the way the west applies the colonialism/colonial values toward the natives in Australia. The fact that colonialism is not kindly accepted by the natives arise a reality that there is always resistance and representation in colonialism. This is stated by Ashcroft that Post-Colonialism is about representation and resistance (Ashcroft, 1995 : 85).

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colonizer/west in Women of the Sun. This approach is used to give deep understanding about the colonial values found in Women of the Sun.

C. Method of the Study

This analysis applied a library research as the method of the study so that the materials were taken from the library. The sources from library were used for evidence to support the analysis. The sources were divided into two kinds; primary source and secondary source. The primary source of the study is the novel itself, Women of the Sun written by Hyllus Maris and Sonia Borg. While the secondary sources were including books, essays and selected criticism on the novel and also several literature references, and many other sources related to the study. The secondary source was used to support the study and to strengthen the analysis.

The secondary sources were taken from The Post-colonial Studies Reader

by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin; Colonialism/Postcolonialism

by Ania Loomba; Unsettling the Empire : Resistance Theory for the Second World by Stephen Slemon; Orientalism by Edward W. Said; The Wretched of the World by Frantz Fanon; Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory by Peter Barry; Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense by Laurence Perrine; Introduction to Literature by Gillbert .H Muller and John .A Williams; Theory of Literature by Wellek and Warren; A Glossary of Literary

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Theory of Literature by Rene Wallek and Austin Warren; Representation of Historical Relationship between the Aborigines and the White Invaders in Maris

and Borg’s Women of the Sun by Fransiska O Budianti; Postscolonialist Characters in Maris and Borg’s Women of the Sun by Yogi Yanuaro. There are also information that are taken from the homepages on the internet such as http://www.didjshop.com/shop1/AbCulturecart.html and

http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-02-13-voa8.cfm

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This chapter will provide the answers for the three problem formulations. The first analysis discusses the characterization of the major white character and how they represent the colonialization in the story. The second analysis discusses how the whites enforce colonialization in the story of Women of the Sun and the last analysis discusses the fact behind the colonialization and the resistance of the black/natives toward the colonialization.

The story of Women of the Sun is presented into five parts. Each part reveals different characters and different side of the characters between The Whites and The Natives, the oppressor and the oppressed. This thesis focuses on the existence of the whites as the oppressor. There are some white characters in this story, but this thesis will focus only on some of them which are Alf and Joe; Mr. and Mrs. Felton; Mrs. McPhee; and Doug Cutler.

The first part of the story is not filled with the real existence of the whites. The existence of the whites is only predicted by Towradgi, the main character in the first chapter who can feel the coming of the whites in her vision spiritually.

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The second part of the story is describing the early existence of the whites in the land of Native/black people. This part tells about two white characters that were found in the shore, coming from no where.

Some creatures were lying on the sand and the retreating tide still licked around them so that she did not know if they were moving of their own accord or if it was the water playing with what seemed like loose flaps of skin (1985 : 14).

At first the natives think that the two men are monsters but still they bring the two men to the camp and put them into Mia-mia. The two men are given name: Man-from-the –Sea and Hair-of-Fire (1985 : 17). They began To follow the customs of the natives but then they turn into real of them as white who have something in their minds.

The third part is about the story when the whites start to rule on the land of the natives. At the beginning of this part, there are two white men who enslave two Native women: Maydina and Takari. The two women had a good life with their family before the whites came and killed their husband. The two men enslave the two native women and they consider them as their belongings.

He knew he had power over these two lives and he thought that it was as it had to be. They were his; he could do what he liked with them. A daughter! He wished it had been a son. Though coming to think of it, it mattered little. Many of these children died…..so

might this one. The blacks were weak (1985 : 49). In the next part of this story, the two women manage to escape and they

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Next part of this story is about Mr and Mrs Felton who manage a camp for the natives. Mr Felton runs the camp together with his wife, but he was considered not good in running the camp. He was a former soldier but knows nothing about running the camp.

It was obvious that he had no qualification to run the mission; he didn’t know the first thing about agriculture. The place was going ruin; nothing as being done. The machinery was rusting and idle, cows gave no milk, the pasture was nothing but weds. The people were powerless. Felton was not prepared to listen. He blamed the whole state of affairs on the weathers (1985 : 102).

The last part is about Doug Cutler, a white man, who had special relationship with a native woman and she gave birth a daughter. Later the daughter is taken care by Doug Cutler and his wife, Joy Cutler, without the knowing of the daughter about her own mother, Alice. When Doug and Alice were still young, they had special relationship eventough they are different, Doug Cutler is a white man and Alice Wilson is an Aboriginal woman and it would be strange to see a couple with different background of race having special relationship at that time.

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A. Characterization of the Major White Characters in each of the story

1. Hair-of-Fire and Man-from-the-Sea

The writers of this novel write the two white characters, Man-from-the-sea and Hair of fire, as the powerless subject at the beginning. The two white characters are dumped in the sea shore on the area of Native people.

Some creatures were lying on the sand, and the retreating tide still licked round them so that she did not know if they were moving of their own accord, or if it was the water playing with what seemed like loose flaps of skin (1985: 14).

The two white characters are believed as the monster from the country of dead people. The natives observe the physical appearance of the two creatures they found in the seashore and the natives find that the two white men are different from them. They have body just like a man but their colors are so strange for the natives.

The creatures had heads, arms, legs, like men. But they had no real color………They were spirits from the Country of the Dead. They had come to haunt the living; they brought death with them……….Monsters! They are monsters by the sea! Evil spirits! Spirits from the Country of the Dead! (1985 : 15).

The two men are taken care by the natives and they are given name Man-form-the-Sea and Hair-of-Fire. They are bewildered as they find themselves in isolation and strange place in which they never had been here before and when they are questioned by the elders, they do not know the language.

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had entered the land of the Nyari without permission, they did not understand a word, but spoke to each other in low voices, and stared about. One of them, the one with hair like fire, tried to smile to show his gratitude (1985 : 16).

The two white men are very different in facing such situation. Hair-of-Fire is more adaptable in facing the situation. He manages to communicate with the natives even though it is hard at the beginning.

They found Hair-of-Fire was likeable enough. On the first morning of their stay he had tried to speak to his guards, pointing at himself and his companion, smacking his lips, pretending he was drinking when they brought him water in coolamon he heard them say the word wyuna and he repeated it many times between swallowing, and h laughed and bowed; he was so happy to be understood that his guards began to laugh with him

(1985 : 17).

On the other hand The Man-from-the-sea can not manage himself to face such situation, driving him into isolated area in which he knows nothing about it and he doesn’t try to adapt the situation. He likes to argue with his companion and tries to keep distance with the natives.

Man-from-the-Sea was not like that. He did not care about the children and he watched the men through narrow and suspicious eyes. Sometimes he would argue wildly with his companion and it would look as if he was about to strike him savagely with his fist. After that he would sit in sullen silence (1985 : 18).

Time has passed and the life is running on the land of Nyari people. The two white men still live with them. Then situation changes when the self actualization as the oppressor arises beneath the Man-from-the-sea. One day he tried to subdue Coonara.

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Man-25

from-the-Sea with their fists and their digging sticks, and the air was filled with their screams and shouts of anger and abhorrence. The whole bush around them was in uproar: cockatoos screeched as their warning cries (1985 : 23).

Man-from-the-Sea has the quality of oppressor since he tries to exploit a woman and oppresses her. From the beginning, he can not adapt with the people and the culture. He breaks the laws of Nyari and he disgraces his savior.

You have broken our trust. How can a man do such a thing to his sister! You have offended us and the Ancestors! We were ready to take you and make you part of ourselves. You have disgraced your clan and your people. You have learnt nothing. You are no more one of us. It is finished (1985 : 24).

The implementation of the white character as the oppressor arises from Man-from-the-Sea as he tries to subdue a woman and break the Nyari’s law. And it makes him to be punished to death and make Nyari people leave to another place because the place is no longer safe from the evil (oppressor).

After that the people moved to another place because of the evil that had happened and that would linger on. Not much later Murra went back to his own people, and though Alinta had not talked much with him, she missed him. She missed seeing him return from the hunt, or sitting by the fire, and she often thought of him (1985 : 24).

One day after the Nyari move to the new place, the warriors bring strangers, whites. At first they come in peaceful way and welcomed very well by the Nyari, but actually they have secret intension to occupy the land of Nyari.

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he no sons? Hair of fire spoke of the animals Goodman and his friends would bring (1985 : 33).

After having meeting with the white men, Hair of fire back to his old custom. He has left the Nyari people to live with his old clan. Even though he was hesitating to join his old clan since he had been living with the Natives for years, he believes that his knowledge will be very useful for the whites to overcome the problem with Nyari people.

He had to show his countrymen that he was of great use to them.And he had to find a way to make the Nyari leave their land-or part of it – without battle. When they made camp fland-or the night, he explained his plan to Goodman who slapped him on the shoulder and was very pleased and appreciative (1985 : 35).

On one occasion Hair-of-Fire meet with the Nyari people and state their intension. They say they will settle here on the land of Nyari.

This place is ours now; it was given to us by the elders of our own nation………we shall build our mia-mias here, mother, and we shall lie here and this place will be for our children and our children’s children after thet. And there is nothing you can do (1985 : 38-39).

Hearing that thing,Towradgi, the leader of the Nyari, is very angry and he curse Hair-of-Fire since he betrays the people who have saved his life and for his intension to occupy the land of Nyari.

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27

He pleaded with Hair of fire to speak for him, explain that he had meant no harm. It was natural for a man to want a woman, he pleaded. Hair-of-Fire turned away. He feared for hi own life, and he had grown sick and tire of his countryman whose manner was a constant threat to his own country (1985 : 23).

And Hair of fire represents colonialization as he wants to occupy the land of Nyari and drives them away.

He had to show his countrymen that he was of great use to them.And he had to find a way to make the Nyari leave their land-or part of it- without battle. When they made camp fland-or the night, he explained his plan to Goodman who slapped him on the shoulder and was very pleased and appreciative (1985 : 35).

2. Alf and Joe

Alf and Joe are sealers who capture and arrest two native women, Maydina and Takari. The two women had family before the whites killed their husband. Mayina’s husband was killed by Alf when he was in a drunken rage, while Takari’s husband was killed by white when he was trying to feed his family with a sheep taken from the white’s area.

They were forced to live here on this wild and rugged shore with two sealers; Alf and Joe. Their true husbands were dead: Maydina’s had been shot by Alf when he was in drunken rage; Takari’s had been killed by squatters who had caught him spearing a sheep (1985 : 47-48).

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What did it matter now that a whitefeller was the father? Her daughter was her flesh, her blood, her body. This child would live. She held her close and she felt a great surge of love; it was the first good feeling she had for many years (1985 : 47).

Alf realizes that the two women and the child are fully under his control and he considers them as his belongings. He will do anything he likes to them. For Alf they are no more than a mean to help him slaughtering the seals and serving him and his companion’s needs.

Something stirred I him: a faint realization that here was a new being, one that was part of him. He knew he had power over these two lives and he thought that it was as it had to be they were his; he could do what h liked with them (1985 : 49).

Alf and his companion have been affecting the two native women with fear, especially to Maydina whose daughter really needs her protection. Alf and Joe are drinkers and when they are drunk anything harsh could happen to the women. So Maydina really protects her child. Alf and Joe are evil for Maydina and Takari.

She called her daughter Biri-‘flowering wattle’. She worked hard; harder than before which had been hard enough. She was afraid to cause any anger because in a fit of temper Alf might bash the baby. She helped skinning seals; she fetched and carried, chopped wood did everything that was asked for her, she lay with him at night though she hated the stench that come from him, hated his hard cruel hands, hated every fibre of his body. She hated his mind, his spirit (1985 : 49).

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29

It was then that Maydina heard Alf tell his mate that he would hand over Biri to another sealer; she was big enough now to be useful to the man. Maydina’s heart seemed to stoop, but then the blood rushed though her boy and there was a roaring in her head (1985 : 51).

Finding this fact, Maydina and Takari manage to run away, but this becomes disaster for Takari for she is shooed by Alf who always hands his gun with him. Takari is death and Maydina with her daughter can escape from Alf who run after her but fails. Later Maydina and her daughter are saved by a man name Muller and taken to a Christian mission in Balambool which is ru by a woman name Mrs McPhee.

From the story above it can be concluded that Alf and Joe have the colonizer characteristic as they enslave two native women and Alf colonizes sexually to Maydina. Alf also killed Maydina’s husband. Alf and Joe oppress the women as their slave and treat them as they are means to help them running their business.

3. Mrs Mc Phee

In this story Mrs. McPhee is described as a widow who runs a Christian mission in Balambool together with his son. She takes care any none who needs her help especially woman and children. She and her son are the only whites in the mission.

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Christian mission. She took in many people who were without a home; she specially cared for women and young girls. There were no white men at Balambool except her son-and he was known to be kind to her people (1985 : 56).

Mrs McPhee is very strict in enforcing the rule of the mission. She will not allow any native languages to be used in the mission. She also tries to eliminate any native culture in her mission, even a native name for she will change the name into Christian name.

Does she speak English? Mrs McPhee turned to Mueller. ‘Yes, she does.’

‘That’s good. We all speak English here. I won’t have them talk in their native tongues……’

‘Her name’s Maydina.’

‘…..Maydina? We shall give her good Christian one. We shall call her May.’

‘And the child’s name?’ ‘That’s little Biri.’

Mrs. McPhee smiled unexpectedly; she liked children and for a moment one could see that she once must have been pretty, even beautiful. Biri looked back at her, round-eyed and serious.

‘We’ll call you Emily.’ She wrote Emily Brown into her book (1985 : 59-60).

Mrs McPhee loves to take care the children and Mrs McPhee tries to minimize to time for Maydina to spend the day with her children, Biri. She always teaches the children the story from the bible. The children are also taught about housekeeping. Biri seems so happy to be taught about the story in bible. She is very good in accepting the story which is told by Mrs McPhee.

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31

From the story above it can be seen that Mrs McPhee has the quality of character as colonizer. She tries to end the culture of the natives. She does not allow any native culture to exist in her mission. She does not allow native language and even native name to be used in her mission. Mrs McPhee also teaches the native with the new culture, in this case is Christian. She teaches the people with bible and tells the native kids with bible story.

4. Mr and Mrs Felton

This part is telling about a white couple, Mrs and Mr Felton, who run a mission camp in Koomalah. Mr Felton is the manager of this camp. He is an ex soldier who is drown in alcohol and he seems to be careless person who never gives attention to his surrounding situation.

He was middle-aged and there were signs that he was on the bottle. There was a redness around his nose and the pores in his were large. Sure enough, in the corner next to the filling cabinet was a case with beer. A dirty glass stood on the desk; two flies had drowned in the dredgs (1985 : 101).

Mr Felton can do anything he wants to the native, especially the position in which a native will be placed. There is no such thing from the native to state they want or their capability. Mr Felton is the decision maker in the mission, everything he says will be followed by the people in the mission, especially the native.

Her eyes narrowed slightly as she stood there and lookeddown on him. ‘I’ d rather do book keeping, Mr Felton.’He gaped for a moment, then checked his notes.Book-keeping? I’ve got you down as a domestic.

‘I did a course in evening classes.’

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have someone bringing them up to date. On the other hand, he hadn’t always been strictyly honest…..he’d have to make sure she kept her nose out of them (1985 : 102).

People here in Koomalah feel that Mr Felton is uncapable in manage the mission. With him running the mission, everything seems to be useless. Mr Felton can be classified into stubborn as he can not accept any suggestion from the people who live in

the mission camp and the people has no power to state their needs as Felton is the one who is in charge.

On their way home Ron filled Nerida in about Felton. It was obvious that he had no qualification to run the mission; he didn’t know the first thing about agriculture. The place was going to ruin; nothing was being done.the machinery was rusting and idle, the cows gave no milk, the pasture was nothing but weeds. The people were powerless; Felton was not prepared to listen. He blamed the whole state of affairs on the weather (1985 : 102).

Mr Felton is also described as an immoral person as he tried to rape Nerida on one day when Mrs Felton is out of the mission. He put Nerida in a position that she can not reject the offer from Mr Felton for Nerida’s famili’s goodness especially her brother who was having problem with Mr Felton. But then the attempt to rape Nerida does not succedd when suddenly Mrs Felton comes.

He had moved closer, as if to look over her shoulder and now she could feel his hand on the nape of her neck. She moved away, got to her feet, but he barred her way. With one hand he was undoing his trouser belt, with the other he was leaning against the wall to stop her from getting past. His face was red and sweaty and very close. ‘you can do your family a lot of good-or a lot of harm- especially your brother….’(1985 : 108).

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thinks that this is not good for a manager to sit in the same cabin with a native. Native is not equal with him, he thinks.

At last the lights of the mission truck appeared; then the truck itself lumbered up through puddles and driving rain. It pulled up. Ivy ran to the other side of it to open the cabin door, but felton pulled it shut. They looked up at him. He got out on his side.’ You and Bill ride in the back,’he said, and stated to undo the sideflap of the truck.

‘Not in this rain!’ Ron couldn’t believe his ears.’

‘No blackfeller rides in the cabin with the manager. You know the rules.’ He made to pull himself up, back into the cabin. ‘if you don’t, learn them now.’(1985 : 117).

Another story of the Feltons is from Mrs. Felton. She is the wife of the manager and she is a bossy woman. She is kind of discipline person who always inspect all the works done in the mission and like her husband, she thinks that the natives are not equal with her or her race.

When Mrs Felton turned up, Nerida’s brother and father made themselves scarce. Mrs. Felton is the manager’s wife. Every fortnight she came round, checking all the houses-to see if the furniture had been dusted, sheets washed, blankets aired (1985 : 98).

Mrs. Felton is not better in treating the natives. She considers them as slaves who have to follow what they are commanded to do.

In the background they could hear Mrs. Felton’s voice: Dusted all these on top? She spoke as if talking to a child- a half-deaf one at that. They heard Ivy replying, but they couldn’t make out the words (1985 : 100).

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tried to rape Nerida. The quality of an oppressor strongly arises from himself as he makes Nerida as sexual object.

5. Doug Cutler

Doug Cutler is a white man who had a special relationship with a native woman, Alice Wilson when they were young. Young cutler really loved Alice. He didn’t care about the status that he is white and Alice is black.

The rain showed no sign of stopping, and Alice sat in the car and steeled herself for the ordeal. She knew the place. Long ago, she and Cutler had come here for lunch once or twice. He hadn’t worried in those days to be seen with an Aboriginal girl…… (1985:152).

From this relationship they got a daughter in which Alice never knows that the baby is alive at the beginning, rose up by her father and grows up among the whites.Felton separated his daughter from the mother and saying nothing about the real Lo-arna’s (the baby) mother.

She found it hard to speak, almost choking on the rage that threatened to overpower her. ‘You stole her from me!-you!’ she spat the word. Her eyes were burning in her face. .’It was you!. How could you this to anyone?’ (1985 : 154).

Cutler thinks that he gives the best for Lo-arna (the baby) by raising her in the whites’ community and separating Lo-arna (the baby) from her mother. He determines what is good for Lo-arna.

He stared into his glass and she felt she could not get through to him. Didn’t you ever, think of me? Didn’t you think I loved my daughter?You didn’t care for her! You dumped her on old granny!’ His voice rose in self-defence.

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35

‘Anyway, we’ve given her a proper home, a good education. What did you have to offer? (1985 : 154-155).

From the story above it can be concluded that Doug Cutler has the quality of colonizer in the way he exploited a native woman and separated the baby from her own mothers. He also gives west education to his daughter in which she inherits Aboriginal-blood from her mother.

B. The way the Whites impose colonialization in the story

In this part the way of the whites enforce colonialization will be discussed. Each white major character in the story enforces colonialization in different way even situation. The colonialization enforcement will be described in this discussion.

1. Hair -of- fire and Man-from-the-Sea.

Hair-of -fire and Man-from-the-sea are white men who were saved by the natives when they were dumped in the seashore. At first they try to adapt with the native’s customs but then they turn into colonialist characters because Man-from-the-sea tries to subdue Coonara, a native woman, and Hair- of-fire tries to occupy the land of the natives.

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natives when his white companions want to settle on the land of the natives or in the other words conquer the native’s land.

It was obvious he was not afraid of Goodman and his companions and soon he was sitting with them once again, explaining to them and the elders what both sides were saying. When the men had eaten, Goodman looked about, got to his feet, stretched himself, and walked to a place from where one could see the distant hills. Hair- of- fire and others followed. (1985 : 32).

And it is stated clearly that Hair-of-fire wants to conquer the land of the natives. He states to the natives what he wants and he tries to avoid any violence attempt even though he knows that the land has been the belonging of the natives from long time before.

The other men stared at Towradgi and asked questions of Hair- of- fire, but he didn’t answer. Instead he spoke to Towradgi in a choking voice: ‘This place is ours now; it was given to us by the elders of our own nation.’

And she said: ‘it is not theirs to give.’

He forced himself to be firm and quiet and he spoke to her as if she were a child: we shall build our Mia-mias here, Mother and we shall live here and this place will be for our children and our children’s children and their children after that. And there is nothing you can do.’(1985 : 38-39).

As a colonialist character Hair- of- fire is very clear in stating his intension. But unlike the other colonialists who prefer to face the natives with battle, Hair- of- fire try to avoid violence by negotiating with the natives using his knowledge about the natives. He believes that he can make the natives leave their land without battle.

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Man –from-the-sea also represent the idea of colonialism since he tries to subdue Coonara, a native woman even though it fails. He wants to make Coonara, the native woman as the object of the colonialization sexually. He is arguing that this is normal for a man to want a woman.

Man-from-the-sea was trying to subdue Conara. He had his hands around her throat in a desperate attempt to silence her. She still struggled feebly, trying to kick and claw. The women struck Man-from-the-sea with their fists and their digging sticks, and the air was filled with their screams and shouts of anger and abhorrence (1985 : 23).

This can be symbolized as the conquest of the native’s land. The idea of colonialization arises in this story because woman is becoming the object of colonialization by man. Women are often regarded having same level of the land in which the colonialization undergoes. As stated by Ania Loomba:

Conversely, native woman and their bodies are described in terms of the promise and the fear of the colonial land……….Thus, from the beginning of the colonial period till its end (and beyond), female bodies symbolize the conquered land. This metaphoric use of the female body varies min accordance with the exigencies and histories of particular colonial situations (1998 : 151-152).

2. Alf and Joe.

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They were forced to live here on this wild and rugged shore with two sealers; Alf and Joe. Their true husbands were dead: Maydina’s had been shot by Alf when he was in drunken rage; Takari’s had been killed by squatters who had caught him spearing a sheep (1985 : 48).

Alf believes that he can control the two native women because he regards them as his belongings. He can do everything he wants to the women, including handing over the women or her child to another sealer. It emphasizes the colonialization quality as human especially native regarded as commercial good.

It was then that Maydina heard Alf tell his mate that he would hand over Biri to another sealer; she was big enough now to be useful to the man. Maydina’s heart seemed to stoop, but then the blood rushed through her body and there was a roaring in her head (1985 : 51).

Chinua Achebe in his “Colonialist Criticism” significantly implies this idea that a colonialist has great control to his native. Chinua Achebe said:

To the colonialist mind it was always of the outmost importance to be able to say: ‘I know my natives’, a claim which implied two things at once: (a) that a native was really quite simple and (b) that understanding him and controlling him went hand in hand – understanding being a precondition for control and control constituting adequate proof of understanding (1974: 58).

Psychologically and physically, Alf and Joe are pressing the two native women. They exploit the women and make the women as the object of their interest. Alf and Joe force the two native women to work harder so that they will be safe from the harsh temperament of Alf.

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3. Mrs. McPhee.

Mrs. McPhee is considered as colonialist character because she tries to introduce the new culture in this case is Christianity from the colonialist and destroys the culture of the Native. She won’t let any Native’s language and culture to be used in the mission. And she is very strict woman in putting this rule. Mrs Mcphee teaches the natives and put a side the culture of the native. She tries to seize the culture and the customs of the natives and fills the native’s brain with her teaching.

‘Does she speak English?’ Mrs McPhee turned to Mueller. ‘Yes, she does.’

‘That’s good. We all speak English here. I won’t have them talk in their native tongues…….’

‘Her name’s Maydina.’

‘……Maydina? We shall give her a good Christian one. We shall call her May.’(1985 : 59).

This character represents the quality of colonialist because a colonialist likes to seize the native’s culture and empty the native’s brain. A colonialist will not let any native’s culture to exist. That is why a colonialist tries to destroy native’s culture and introduce the new one. Frantz Fanon in his National Culture

states that a colonialist will not only control the native but a colonialist will also disfigure and destroy native’s culture. He said:

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Mrs. McPhee also represents the quality of colonialist by exploiting the natives to work in the mission. She employs them but she never gives them anything that they deserve to get it. Or in the other words she enslaves the natives. Balamboll employed blacks for nothing more than rations largely distributed by the government. They sanctimoniously complained that Mrs. McPhee used slave labor on her property, and made submissions to the government that this kind of thing be stopped (1985 : 60).

Ania Loomba in her book “colonialism/postcolonialism” states that there is a distinctive difference between labor under capitalism and slave. A labor must get repayment for he had done something good, meanwhile a slave will never get anything for the things he had done. She says:

The slave, unlike worker under capitalism, does not own his or her labor power. Thus she/he is not a worker in the same way as the free wage laborer. The slave’s relations between the master are markedly different than those between the worker and the capitalist (1998 : 131).

4.Mr and Mrs. Felton.

Mr. and Mrs. Felton are considered having the quality of colonialist because they have full control of the natives in their mission camp. Mr. Felton considers himself having full control on every natives living in the mission. He will set his natives into particular job in which it doesn’t need intellectual capability such as domestics.

Her eyes narrowed slightly as she stood there and looked down on him. I’d rather do book- keeping, Mr. Felton.’

He gaped for a moment, then checked his notes.’ Book-keeping? I‘ve got you down as a domestic.’ I did a course in evening classes.’

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nice to have someone bringing them up to date. On the other hand, he hadn’t always been strictly honest…..He’d have to make sure she kept her nose out of them (1985 : 102).

The passage is very clear in describing the colonial practice. Mr. Felton considers himself knowing his natives and it gives him a kind of awareness that the natives are under his control. Chinua Achebe stated that a colonialist has two things in dealing with the natives, knowing and understanding. He said in his Colonialist Criticism:

To the colonialist mind it was always of the outmost importance to be able to say: ‘I know my natives’. A claim which implied two things at once: (a) that the native was really quite simple and (b) that understanding him and controlling him went hand in hand – understanding being a precondition for control and control constituting adequate proof of understanding (1974: 58).

Beside Mr. Felton, Mrs. Felton also has the quality of colonizer. She acts bossy as if the natives are her slave. For her, controlling the natives is a simple thing since she is the wife of the manager of the mission.

Mrs. Felton stared at Nerida.’ Have you a permit to come onto the mission?

‘No.’

‘You go and see the Manager straight away.’

‘I’ll have a bit of a rest first, Mrs. Felton,’ Nerida said icily, but as calmly as she could. But Mrs. Felton sensed her hostility, her defiance.

‘You must know the rules, Nerida…..’she was threatening now, though her voice too was quiet.Ivy hastily intervened. ‘Yes, she does,’ she said, I’ll make sure she comes hup.’(1985 : 99).

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5.Doug Cutler.

Doug Cutler is a white man who had a relationship with a native woman and he is considered having the quality of a colonizer. He gets a daughter from his relationship with a native woman and he will never allow the woman to have a kind of contact with the daughter. He separates the daughter from the mother and teaches the daughter the way the whites live.

She found it hard to speak, almost choking on the rage that threatened to overpower her.’ You stole her from me! - you!’ she spat the word. Her eyes were burning in her face. It was you! How

could you? How could you do this to

anyone?’……….

He stared into the glass, and she felt she could not get through to him.’ Didn’t you ever think of me? Didn’t you think I loved my daughter?’

‘You didn’t care for her! You dumped her on old granny!’ His voice rose in self-defence.

‘I had to go to work!’ She was almost inarticulate. ‘We would have starved!’

‘Well at least I didn’t shirk my responsibilities- which most of the blokes would have done.’ H e sounded like the injured party. ‘I didn’t want a child………

‘Anyway, we’ve given her a proper home, a good education. What did you have to offer?’ (1985 : 154-155).

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A hierarchy of cultural importance and value is imposed by the colonizing power, both on the conquered indigenous societies, and on the white agents of colonial oppression themselves. The white colonizing society removes the indigenous culture to an inferior level by virtue of the superiority of the metropolitan culture it is establishing (1995 : 443).

As stated by the passage above, it is very clear that the whites regard their culture into the level of superiority and they always try to introduce it to the society in which they consider it’s culture in the level of inferior.

C. The reaction of the Natives against the colonialization

In this part the reactions of the Natives against colonialization will be discussed. This novel is consisted of five different stories so the resistances of the native represent different way. Each story will bring different native character representing the resistance of colonialization. The way the native resist will be e discussed in this part.

1. Towradgi.

Towradgi is one of the Nyari people. She is very powerful and she has knowledge that is handed from the ancestors who walked the earth at the beginning of the creation. (p.1). Spiritually, the relationship between Towradgi and the nature is so close so that Towradgi can send her spirit to the eagle to see the land of her people.

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Towradgi can find out what will happen in the next time. The nature will tell her what is coming to her people. She will listen to the wind and the wind will tell her when the rain is coming, warn her of men approaching. The wind is considered as the messenger of things to come. (p.3)

Towradgi is aware what is coming to her people. Towradgi feels that there is a great fear coming from a distant place. She knows that there is something threatening her people. She can not find out what the creature in her vision is talking about because the creature in her vision speaks in different language.

This time there was a great fear in the wind himself. He came from a distant place, far beyond the land of the Nyari people and the neighboring nations, and he spoke of things to come that could not be explained because there were no words for them (1985 : 3).

Towradgi is so worry about the things coming to her people. She can not figure out what to do in protecting her people. All she can do is to remind her pupil that the earth is sacred and they are made from this earth.

Towradgi felt a great wave of sorrow and compassion as she looked at the two young girls whose faces were full of the innocence of youth. How could she protect them from what was to come? How could she give them strength that could help their spirits to survive in the lives ahead of them?

‘Feel this earth,’ she said. ‘It is your flesh, your blood, your sinews. You are the earth, and the earth is you. Your ancestors were made from this earth, and this earth is sacred. Whatever happens, remember that.’(1985 : 5).

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the threatening things coming to her people. She teaches her pupil the sacred of the Nyari land and the dignity over it.

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