PENDAHULUAN PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME PERANAN MIKROORG

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2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME

4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME

6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME

7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME

8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME

MIKROBIOLOGI

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I. PENDAHULUAN

II. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA

III. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI

IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI

V. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM

TAKSONOMI

VI. PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA

VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME

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A. ARCHAEA

B. BACTERIA

C. FUNGI

D. ALGAE

E. PROTOZOA

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X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

D. ALGAE

1.

1. PENDAHULUAN

PENDAHULUAN

2.

2. DISTRIBUSI

DISTRIBUSI

3.

3. STRUKTUR

STRUKTUR

4.

4. NUTRISI

NUTRISI

5.

5. REPRODUKSI

REPRODUKSI

6.

6. PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE

PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE

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

_{Algae-not a monophyletic group; instead the term is used to describe a group}

of organisms that lack roots, stems, and leaves, but that have chlorophyll and

other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis

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2. DISTRIBUSI

D. ALGAE



_{Primarily aquatic}

 Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment _{Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment}

 _{Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants}_{Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants}

 _{Zooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protists}_{Zooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protists}

 _{Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water}_{Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water}  _{Neustonic-living at the air-water interface}_{Neustonic-living at the air-water interface}



Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil

_{Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil}



Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants

_{Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants}



Some associate with fungi to form lichens

_{Some associate with fungi to form lichens}

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

Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell

_{Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell}

 Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also have an outer matrix) _{Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also have an outer matrix)}  Some are motile by flagella _{Some are motile by flagella}

 _{The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with pores}_{The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with pores}

 _{Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the site of photosynthetic light}_{Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the site of photosynthetic light}

reactions; may also have a dense proteinaceous pyrenoid that is associated with

the synthesis and storage of starch

 _{Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar cristae, or tubular cristae}_{Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar cristae, or tubular cristae}



Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)

_{Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form)}

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4. NUTRISI

D. ALGAE



_{Most are autotrophic-require only light and inorganic compounds for energy;}

use CO

2₂

as carbon source



Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and

_{Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and}

carbon

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

Asexual-occurs only with unicellular algae

_{Asexual-occurs only with unicellular algae}

 FRAGMENTATION_{FRAGMENTATION}-thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new thallus _{-thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new thallus}  _Spores_Spores_{formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium}_{formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium}

 _{Zoospores are flagellated motile spores}_{Zoospores are flagellated motile spores}  _{Aplanospores are nonmotile spores}_{Aplanospores are nonmotile spores}

 _{Binary fission-}_{Binary fission-}_{nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division}_{nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division} 

Sexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algae

_{Sexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algae}

 _Oogonia_Oogonia_{-relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed}_{-relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed}  _Antheridia_Antheridia_{-specialized structures in which sperm are formed}_{-specialized structures in which sperm are formed}

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6. PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE

D. ALGAE



_{In the Whittaker system}

 _{Divided into}_{Divided into}_{SEVEN DIVISIONS}_{SEVEN DIVISIONS}_{within two different kingdoms}_{within two different kingdoms}  _{Primary classification is based on cellular properties}_{Primary classification is based on cellular properties}

 _{Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology}_{Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology}  _{Storage food and photosynthetic products}_{Storage food and photosynthetic products}  _{Number of flagella and their insertion location}_{Number of flagella and their insertion location}  _{Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body)}_{Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body)}  _Habitat_Habitat

 _{Reproductive structures}_{Reproductive structures}  _{Life history patterns}_{Life history patterns}



_{Molecular systems have reclassified the algae as polyphyletic;}

they fall into five different lineages

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1)

CHLOROPHYTA

(GREEN ALGAE)

2)

CHAROPHYTA

(STONEWORTS/BRITTLEWORTS)

3)

EUGLENOPHYTA

(EUGLENOIDS)

4)

CHRYSOPHYTA

(GOLDEN-BROWN, YELLOW-GREEN

ALGAE, DIATOMS)

5)

PHAEOPHYTA

(BROWN ALGAE)

6)

RHODOPHYTA

(RED ALGAE)

7)

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D. ALGAE

1)

CHLOROPHYTA

(green algae)-molecular classification places these with plants

 _{Are extremely varied}_{Are extremely varied}

 _{Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are}_{Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are}

made of cellulose

 _{Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms}_{Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms}  _{Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular}_{Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular}  _{Exhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction}_{Exhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction}

 _{Genus Chlamydomonas}_{Genus Chlamydomonas}_{- Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at}_{- Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at}

anterior end; have single haploid nucleus, a large chloroplast with conspicuous pyrenoid for

starch production and storage, a stigma (phototactic eyespot), and contractile vacuole (acts as

osmoregulator); exhibit asexual reproduction (zoospores) and sexual reproduction

 _{Genus Chlorella}_{Genus Chlorella}_{- members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in}_{- members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in}

aquatic habitats and in soil; only reproduce asexually; lack flagella; have eyespots, contractile

vacuoles, and a very small nucleus

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2)

CHAROPHYTA

(stoneworts/brittleworts)

 Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution _{Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution}

 Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a _{Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a}

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D. ALGAE

3)

EUGLENOPHYTA

(euglenoids)-molecular classification places these with

amoeboflagellates



Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh

_{Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh}

and brackish waters and in moist soils



_{Genus Euglena-members of this genus:}

 Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma _{Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma}

membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape

to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape

 Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir _{Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir}

 _{Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the}_{Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the}

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4)

CHRYSOPHYTA

(golden-brown and yellow-green algae and diatoms)-

(golden-brown and yellow-green algae and

diatoms)-molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles

molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles

 Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms _{Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms}  Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin _{Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin}

 Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma _{Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma}

membrane; diatoms have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a frustule; have membrane; diatoms have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a frustule; have zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length)

zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length)

 Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally _{Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally}

sexual sexual

 _{Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells}_{Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells}

(epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half) (epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half)

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D. ALGAE

5)

PHAEOPHYTA

(brown algae)-molecular classification places these with

stramenopiles

 Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear dimensions known in _{Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear dimensions known in}

the eucaryotic world the eucaryotic world

 _{Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex species (kelps) are}_{Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex species (kelps) are}

differentiated into flattened blades, stalks, and holdfast organs that anchor them to differentiated into flattened blades, stalks, and holdfast organs that anchor them to rocks

rocks

 _{Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and}_{Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and}___-

-carotene carotene

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6)

RHODOPHYTA

(red algae)-molecular classification gives these a separate

lineage

 Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular, filamentous seaweeds; comprise _{Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular, filamentous seaweeds; comprise}

most of the seaweeds most of the seaweeds

 _{Carbohydrate reserve is floridean starch}_{Carbohydrate reserve is floridean starch}

 _{Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin (blue pigment), and can}_{Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin (blue pigment), and can}

therefore live in deeper waters therefore live in deeper waters

 Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of microfibrils and a _{Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of microfibrils and a}

mucilaginous matrix consisting of sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many mucilaginous matrix consisting of sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many also deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to coral reef also deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to coral reef formation

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D. ALGAE

7)

PYRRHOPHYTA

(DINOFLAGELLATES) - molecular classification places these

with the alveolates

 Unicellular, photosynthetic protists _{Unicellular, photosynthetic protists}

 Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are responsible _{Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are responsible}

for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides

 _{Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive}_{Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive}

 _{Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae)}_{Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae)}

 _{Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that causes organism to}_{Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that causes organism to}

spin

 _{Contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls}_{Contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls}

 _{Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are endosymbiotic,}_{Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are endosymbiotic,}

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