T H O C D G M : O R I T S B A : U - S N O M P I C : C S A A Z N T, W J

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P   I C: C  S A  A Z N  T, W J T S B A: U-  S    N O M Yanwar Pribadi T H O  C  D G  M: O  R  I Yuki Shiozaki

ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﺭ :ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ (١٨٨٨-١٩٥٠) ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﻤﺣﺃ ﺝﺎﺤﻟﺍ

ﻦﻴﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ

ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ

ﻲﺸﻛﺭﺯ ﻡﺎﻣﺇ ﺝﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ

ﺎﻧﺎﲪﺭ .ﺃ ﺞﻧﺎﺟﺎﺟ

٢٠١٥ ،٢ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ،ﻥﻭﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﺪﻌﺳﺃ ﺱﻭﺮﳏ

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STUDIA ISLAMIKA

Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Vol. 22, no. 2, 2015

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Azyumardi Azra

MANAGING EDITOR

Ayang Utriza Yakin

EDITORS Saiful Mujani Jamhari Jajat Burhanudin Oman Fathurahman Fuad Jabali Ali Munhanif Saiful Umam Ismatu Ropi Dadi Darmadi

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

M. Quraish Shihab (Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta, INDONESIA) Tau k Abdullah (Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), INDONESIA)

Nur A. Fadhil Lubis (State Islamic University of Sumatera Utara, INDONESIA) M.C. Ricklefs (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA)

Martin van Bruinessen (Utrecht University, NETHERLANDS) John R. Bowen (Washington University, USA)

M. Kamal Hasan (International Islamic University, MALAYSIA) Virginia M. Hooker (Australian National University, AUSTRALIA) Edwin P. Wieringa (Universität zu Köln, GERMANY)

Robert W. Hefner (Boston University, USA)

Rémy Madinier (Centre national de la recherche scienti que (CNRS), FRANCE) R. Michael Feener (National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE)

Michael F. Laﬀan (Princeton University, USA)

ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS

Testriono

Muhammad Nida' Fadlan

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR

Shirley Baker Simon Gladman

ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR

Nursamad Tb. Ade Asnawi

COVER DESIGNER

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Editorial Oﬃce:

STUDIA ISLAMIKA, Gedung Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (PPIM) UIN Jakarta, Jl. Kertamukti No. 5, Pisangan Barat, Cirendeu, Ciputat 15419, Jakarta, Indonesia.

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Islamic studies in general, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. is journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All submitted papers are subject to double-blind review process.

STUDIA ISLAMIKA has been accredited by e Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia as an academic journal (SK Dirjen Dikti No. 56/DIKTI/Kep/2012).

STUDIA ISLAMIKA has become a CrossRef Member since year 2014. erefore, all articles published by STUDIA ISLAMIKA will have unique Digital Object Identi er (DOI) number.

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Articles

205 Yuki Shiozaki

e Historical Origins of Control over Deviant Groups in Malaysia:

Oﬃcial Fatwá and Regulation of Interpretation 233 Yanwar Pribadi

e Suramadu Bridge Aﬀair: Un-bridging the State and the Kyai in New Order Madura

269 Mikihiro Moriyama

Poet in an Islamic Community: Cultural and Social Activities of

Acep Zamzam Noor in Tasikmalaya, West Java 297 Jajang A. Rohmana

Al-Qur’ān wa al-Isti‘mār: Radd al-Shaykh al-Ḥājj Ahmad Sanusi (1888-1950)

‘alá al-Isti‘mār min Khilāl Tafsīr Mal’ja’ al-Ṭālibīn 333 Mahrus As’ad

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369 Suryadi

Isra Mikraj dalam Naskah-Naskah Indonesia Document

377 Muhamad Ali

e Muhammadiyah’s 47th_Congress

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Al-Qur’ān wa al-Isti‘mār: Radd al-Shaykh al-Ḥājj Ahmad Sanusi (1888-1950)

‘alá al-Isti‘mār min Khilāl Tafsīr Mal’ja’ al-Ṭālibīn

Abstract: K.H. Ahmad Sanusi played an important role in developing the

intellectual traditions of pesantren in Priangan, West Java, Indonesia. Scholars have already gone some way in describing this role. However, Sanusi’s response to colonialism has, in comparison, almost gone unnoticed. Generally, Sanusi’s works were published while he was in exile, which happened shortly after his return from Mecca. For example, one of his critical works of colonialism was Malja’ Al-Ṭālibīn, a Sundanese Qur’anic exegesis in pegon script which circulated in 1930-1931. In focusing on Sanusi, this article argues that the

‘ulamā’ of pesantren played an important role in embedding in uential

anti-colonial sentiment in Priangan. is was achieved not only through physical resistance but also through religious publications. Sanusi’s anti-colonial spirit would later in uence his interpretation of the Qur’an. His experiences reveal the in uence of his pilgrimage to Haramayn in growing a sense of Indonesian nationhood in the early 20th century.

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Abstrak: KH. Ahmad Sanusi diakui memiliki peranan penting dalam

mengembangkan tradisi keilmuan pesantren di Priangan, Jawa Barat. Banyak kajian yang sudah dilakukan, tetapi tanggapannya terhadap penjajahan Belanda belum mendapat perhatian. Padahal karyanya kebanyakan diterbitkan saat ia diasingkan di Batavia dan menjadi tahanan kota di Sukabumi. Ini terjadi tak lama setelah kepulangannya dari Mekah. Salah satu karyanya yang memuat kritik anti penjajahan adalah Malja’ Al-Ṭālibīn. Sebuah tafsir berbahasa Sunda dengan aksara pegon yang beredar sekitar tahun 1931-1932. Kritik anti penjajahan dari Sanusi terutama diarahkan pada masalah pengasingan dirinya, larangan berhaji dan belajar ke pesantren, serta upaya mawas diri atas kekalahan kaum Muslim. Tulisan ini menegaskan bahwa ulama pesantren memiliki peran sangat penting dalam menanamkan pengaruh anti-penjajahan di Priangan. Tidak saja melalui gerakan perlawanan sik tetapi juga melalui karangan keagamaan. Semangat anti penjajahan Sanusi sangat berpengaruh terhadap penafsirannya atas Alquran. Pengalamannya menunjukkan kuatnya pengaruh perjalanan ke tanah suci dalam menumbuhkan rasa kebangsaan di Indonesia pada awal abad ke-20.

Kata kunci: Tafsir, Sunda, Ulama, Pesantren, Penjajahan.

ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﰲ ﻡﺎﻫ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻠﻟ ﻥﺎﻛ:ﺺﺨﻠﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰿﺎﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺩﺪﻌﺗﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺇ – ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﲜ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﰲ (ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺑ) ﺎﻫﺮﺸﻧ ﰎ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻢﻈﻌﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻣ ،ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﺎﺑ ﻆﲢ ﱂ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺩﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺩﻮﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺙﺪﺣ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ .ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﰲ ﺎﻨﻴﺠﺳﻭ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺒﺑ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻣﻭ .ﺓﲑﺼﻗ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﺑ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ -١٣٩١ ﻡﺎﻋ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ ﺓﺮﺸﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﺠﻴﺑ ﻑﻭﺮﲝﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻮﻫﻭ ، ،ﺞﳊﺍ ﻚﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻊﻨﻣﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻔﻧ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﱃﺇ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺖﻬﺟﻭﻭ .٢٣٩١ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﳝﺰﳍﺍ ﺮﺛﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺲﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﳏ ﰲ ﻲﻌﺴﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺏﺎﻫﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺛﺇ ﰲ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﰲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻢﳍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺪﻛﺆﺗﻭ .ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺎﺑ ﺖﻘﳊ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺲﻴﻟ ،ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﱪﺑ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ،ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻠﻟ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﲑﺒﻛ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻤﳊ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﻹﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻘﺗ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻲﺿﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺘﻠﺣﺭ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺓﻮﻗ ﻯﺪﻣ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺸﺗ ﻪﺑﺭﺎﲡ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﻱﺩﻼﻴﳌﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﻭﺃ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺈﺑ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ .ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ،ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ،ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ :ﺔﻴﺣﺎﺘﻔﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ

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ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺩﺭ :ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍﻭ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ

ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ (١٨٨٨-١٩٥٠) ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﻤﺣﺃ ﺝﺎﺤﻟﺍ

ﻦﻴﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ ﺮﻴﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ

ﺪﺣﺃ (١٩٥٠-١٩٨٨) ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻚﺷ ﻻ ﺎﳑ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ (ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺪﻬﻌﳌﺍ) Pesantren ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﰲ ﺍﲑﺒﻛ ﺎﻣﺎﻬﺳﺇ ﺍﻮﻤﻬﺳﺃ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺲﺳﺆﻛ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،(Umar, 2001: 153-180) ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﲜ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻣ ﻪﻟﻭ ،«ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﲢﻻﺍ» van Bruinessen (1990: 237) ﲔﺴﻧﻭﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻤﺴﻳ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻪﻟ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﻥﻮﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻔﻟﺆﻳ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﺃ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺙﻼﺛ ﻯﺪﺣﺇ ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ) ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗ ﰲ ﺍﺯﺭﺎﺑ ﱪﻋ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺲﻴﻟ ،(ﻞﻴﺒﺧﺭﻷﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﺖﻴﻈﺣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺷﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ ﻪﺘﻛﺭﺎﺸﻣ ﺔﻋﺎﲨ ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺟﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﺎﻻﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﰲ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ،ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ

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(Iskandar, 2001; ﲔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻪﺋﻼﻣﺯ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﰲ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺩﺪﺠﳌﺍ ﲏﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺲﻓﺎﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺑ ﻭﺃ ،Basri, 2003; Darmawan, 2009) (ﺔﻴﺴﻛﺫﻮﺛﺭﻷﺍ) ﺔﻟﺎﺻﻷﺍ ﲔﺑﻭ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺎﺒﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﺎﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻓ ﲔﺑ .ﺮﺧﺁ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻣ (ﺔﻘﻃﺮﳍﺍ ) ﺓﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺎﺑ ﻆﲢ ﱂ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺩﻭﺩﺭ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍﻭ .ﺎﻬﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺷﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺮﻐﺻ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ .ﺎﺀﺍﺮﻗ ﺐﻌﺼﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ Pegon ﻥﻮﺠﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﺣ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎ ﺖﺒﺘﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﻪﺗﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺪﺟﻭ ﺎﻤﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﻼﻄﺑ ﻪﻓﺍﺮﺘﻋﺍ ﺖﻠﻗﺮﻋ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﲟﺭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻩﺎﲡ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻥﺃ ﲑﻏ ،٢٠٠٧ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺬﻨﻣ ﺎﻴﻨﻃﻭ ﻼﻄﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻ ﺎﻴﲰﺭ ﻪﺣﺍﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﰎ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ .ﻼﺟﺆﻣ ﻝﺍﺯ ﺎﻣ ﺮﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﺼﺑﻭ .ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻝﺍﻮﻃ ﻪﻧﺃ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺑﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﺑﻭ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻳﺩﺪﺠﳌﺍ ﲔﺑﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﺑ ﺕﺮﺟ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺷﺎﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻁﺭﻮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻸﻟ ﺍﺪﻳﺪ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺛ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺎﻨﺳﺃ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣﻭ ،(1919)Afdeeling B ﺏ ﺞﻨﻴﻠﻳﺪﻓﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﰲ ،(١٩٢٧) ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺴﺑ ﻒﺗﺎﳍﺍ ﻙﻼﺳﻷ ﻩﲑﻣﺪﺗﻭ (١٩٢٦) ﱳﻨﺑ ﺲﻴﻨﻴﻣ ﺪﻗ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻬﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﳌ ﻪﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﻛ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻔﻧ ﰒ ،(١٩٢٧-١٩٢٨) ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳﻭ ﺭﻮﳒﺄﻴﺸﺗ ﰲ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﰎ ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻪﻨﺠﺳ ﰎ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ ،(١٩٢٨-١٩٣٤) ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﻻ ﺎ ﺮﻣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ .(Falah, 2009: 65-80) (١٩٣٤-١٩٤٢) ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻼﻜﺷ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻌﻨﲤ ﺖﺒﺘﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﱪﻋ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﻞﺘﺤﳌﺍ ﺐﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﲑﺼﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺪﻟﺍ .ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻈﻌﻣ ﺕﺮﺸﻧﻭ

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ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺠﳊﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻮﻫﻭ ،«ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ١٩٣١- ﻡﺎﻋ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺸﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﺠﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ﺎﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻳﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﻦﻤﻜﺗﻭ .١٩٣٢ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﳜ ﻻ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﻌﺷﻭ .ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻓﻮﻔﻠﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻮﻫﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﻮﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﺭﺪﺤﻨﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻬﻓ ﰲ ﻼﻴﻬﺴﺗ ﻡﻷﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ،ﻱﻭﺎﺗﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺭﻮﻏﻮﺑﻭ ،ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳﻭ ،ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏﻭ ،ﺎﻳﻻﺎﻣ ﻚﻴﺳﺎﺗﻭ ،ﺞﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ .(Sanoesi, n.d.b: 84) ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺍﻭﺭﻮﺑﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻠﻟ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺪﺗ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻣ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ .ﺎﻬﻬﺟﺍﻮﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﻚﻠﺘﺑ (ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ) ﺱﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺗ ﲔﺑ ﻂﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺪﺣﻷ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻧ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺄﺸﻧ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﻬﻋ ﰲ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﱵﻟﺍ .ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻩﺎﲡ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻛﺆﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ (Burhanudin, ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ (Penghulu ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺯ) ﻡﺎﻜﳊﺍ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﰲ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺔﻳﺮﳊﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﳝ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺚﻴﺣ ،2007: 117) ﻥﻭﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺐﻳﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ .ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻱﺩﺆﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﺱﺮﻐﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻓﺮﻃ ﻢﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻢﻮﻤﻬﺘﻳ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻑﺪﻭ .(Benda, 1980: 37) ﺓﺭﻮﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﱃﺇ ﻑﺎﻄﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﱃﺇ ﻲﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺒﻧﺎﺟ ﻻ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻜﻟ ﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ .ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﺤﻠﻟ ﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ﻢﺷﺎﻫ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﺑ ﺩﺎﻬﳉﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺇ ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﰲ ﻞﺼﺣ ﺎﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺔﻠﺜﻣﺃ ﻦﻣﻭ

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(Bizawie, ﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺓﲑﺼﻗ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ،(١٨٧١-١٩٤٧) ﻱﺮﻌﺷﺃ ﻒﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺗ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ .2014: 1; Amiq, 1998: 77-124) ﻦﻣ ﺍﻭﺀﺎﺟ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﲔﻠﺿﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺪﺣﺄﻛ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻪﺒﻌﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ .(Sulasman, 2014: 173-85) ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﻮﻀﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻟﻹ ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺎﳍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻊﺳﻭﺃ ﻕﺎﻄﻧ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻘﻠﻐﻨﻣﻭ ﺓﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﻦﻜﺗ ﱂ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺪﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻒﻠﺘﳜ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﺸﻟﺍ ،(1960a: 180) Geertz ﺰﺗﲑﻏ ﻪﻤﻋﺯ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﲑﻴﻐﺗ ﰲ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ﺔﺴﺳﺆﻤﻛ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻥﻭﺮﻈﻨﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ .(Dho er, 1980: 215-16; Ziemek, 1986: 2) ﻱﺭﺬﺟ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻱﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺰﻛﺮﺗﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻼﺧ «ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻪﺣﺮﻃ ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟ ﻱﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﻄﳋﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﻡﺍﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ١٩٣١-١٩٣٢ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻷﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﰲ ﺔﻳﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻞﻤﳉﺍ ﺺﻨﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﲏﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﳘﺇ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ .(Eriyanto, 2001: 7; Azra, 2002: 4) ﺔﻴﺷﺎﳊﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺏﻮﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺠﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻪﺘﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﺖﲤ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺮﻤﻋﻭ ﻱﺮﺼﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺪﻗﻭ .ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺎﺑ ﻆﲢ ﱂ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﰲ «ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺸﲤ» ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻤﳛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺘﺑ ﻪﺘﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣﻭ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﺈﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﲣﻭ .(Umar, 2001; 153-80؛ Basri, 2006: 361-87) «ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﻱﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺩﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺎﻮﻜﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﺪﻌﻳ ﱂ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﺑﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ «ﺍﺩﺪﳎ» ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ (ﺕﺎﻣﺮﺤﳌﺍ) ﺕﺎﻫﻮﺑﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ

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ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻞﺼﻔﻨﻳ ﻻ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،(Darmawan, 2009: 221) ﱵﻟﺍ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﰲﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺭﺎﺗﺎﺳﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ .ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﻭﺃﻭ ﺮﺸﻋ ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺮﺧﺍﻭﺃ ﰲ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﺕﺪﻬﺷ ﺪﻘﻟ (Lubis ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﺍﺮﻄﺿﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻋﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﻞﻜﺸﺗ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ .et. al., 2003: 280-94، 364-436) ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﻩﺎﲡ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺩﺮﻛ ﺕﺮﻬﻇ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﱳﻨﺑ ﰲ ﻥﻮﺣﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺿﺎﻔﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﻭ .ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ «ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺠﺘﺣﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ» ﻲﻫ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻲﻠﻋ ،١٩٨٨ ﻡﺎﻋ (Kartodirdjo, ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺩ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﻩﺎﲡﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺭﻮﻄﺗ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻲﳝﺭﺎﻤﻴﺸﺗ ﺓﺎﺳﺄﻣ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﻮﻬﺸﳌﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣﻭ .1984a: 14-15) ﻒﺸﻛ ﺪﻗﻭ .١٩١٩ ﻡﺎﻋ SI-Afdeeling B ﺔﻴﻀﻘﺑ ﻑﺮﻌﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻭﺃ Cimareme ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣﻭ ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ (Regent) ّﻲﺻﻭ ﻪﺳﺭﺎﻣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻒﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺗﺃﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻋ ﻦﺴﺣ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺬﺌﻨﻴﺣ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﺔﻳﻻﻮﻟ ﻲﻣﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﺪﻨﳌﺍ (Oates, 1968: Sarekat Islam ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺸﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﰲ ﰲ ﲔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﺑﺩﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .107-16; Hajati, 1996: 59-84) ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺮﻛﺫﻭ .ﻒﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺬﻫ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻗ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﻚﻟﺫ «Garut Genjlong» ﺓﺎﺳﺄﻣ ﻮﻫ ﺙﺪﺣ ﺎﻣ ﻥﺃ (ﺔﻳﺮﻌﺷ ﺔﻴﻨﻏﺃ) ﺔﻳﺮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺑﺃ

ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻌﺑ Parikesit ﺖﻴﺴﻴﻜﻳﺭﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺮﺨﺳ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،(ﻒﲡﺮﺗ ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ) .(Rosidi, 2011: 66-73) (ﺀﺎﻳﺮﺑﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﻀﻏ) «Meupeus Keuyang»

ﰲ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺒﻛ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﳍ ﻲﳝﺭﺎﻤﻴﺸﺗ ﺓﺎﺳﺄﻣ ﻥﺃ ﲔﺒﺗﻭ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺎﻬﺧﻮﻴﺷ ﺕﺎﻨﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ

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ﰎ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻤﻓ .SI-Afdeeling B ﺔﻛﺮﺣ ﰲ ﻁﺭﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﺘﺑ ﻦﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﳍﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﺓﺮﻳﺰﺟ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﻭﺃ ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﱃﺇ ﻢﻬﻴﻔﻧ ﰎ ﻢﻬﻨﻣﻭ ،ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ ﰲ ﻢﻬﻨﺠﺳ ﻢﻬﺋﺎﻨﺑﺃ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺈﺑ ﻥﻭﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻢﳍ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﻻ ﺦﻳﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ .ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻞﺼﺣ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺩﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺻﺍﻮﳌ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﺒﻴﺸﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻱﲑﺟﻭﺎﺗ ﻢﻋﺩ ﰲ ﻁﺭﻮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﺘﻣ ﻦﻳﺎﻣﺭﺎﺣ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻷ ،ﺮﺼﲟ ﺮﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ .(Iskandar, 2001: 151; 1997: 10; Horikoshi, 1987: 83-84) ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺓﲑﺜﻛ ﺕﺎﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺖﺒﺛﺃ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﲜ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﺃ ﰲ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻱﲑﻣﺎﻤﻴﺸﺗ ﺓﺎﺳﺄﻣ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻲﺣﻼﻓ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣﻭ ،١٨٨٦ ﻡﺎﻋ Ciomas ﺱﺎﻣﻮﻴﻴﺸﺗ ﻲﺣﻼﻓ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺜﻣ Gedangan ﻥﺎﳒﺍﺪﻴﻏ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺃﻭ ،١٨٨٨ ﻡﺎﻋ ﱳﻨﺑ - Cilegon ﻥﻮﻐﻴﻠﻴﺸﺗ ﻁﺎﳕﺄﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﺗ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻜﻟﻭ .١٩٠٤ ﻡﺎﻋ (Kartodirdjo, ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺪﻳﻷﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﺃﻭ ،ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﱀﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﻞﻫﺎﲡ ﲏﻌﻳ ﻻ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .1984b: 76-77) ﱃﺇ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺧﺃ ﺖﻠﺻﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﺸﺗﺃ ﺏﺮﺣ ﰲ ﺙﺪﺣ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﲟ ﺞﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑ Cicalengka ﺎﻜﻨﻴﻟﺎﺸﺘﻴﺸﺗ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱴﺣ ،ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻉﱪﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﺤﳌﺍ ﻊﲨ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﻲﻌﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﻲﻋﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﺣ .ﺭﺎﺒﺧﻷﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﺮﺸﻧ ﰲ ﺍﻮﻤﻬﺳﺃ ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،(Iskandar, 2001: 56) ﺀﺎﳓﺃ ﻊﻴﲨ ﻦﻣ ﻱﻭﺎﳉﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻒﻴﻛ Snouck ﻙﻮﻨﺳ ﻞﺠﺳ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻥﻮﻛﺭﺪﻳﻭ ،ﺍﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻪﻴﺸﺗﺃ ﺐﻌﺷ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﻥﻮﺛﺪﺤﺘﻳ ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺖﲢ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺏﻮﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﳊﺍ .(Ibrahim, 1996: 159-60) ﻲﺴﻧﺮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﱐﺎﻄﻳﱪﻟﺍﻭ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﻕﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺗﺃﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺜﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﻭ ﺖﻠﻌﺟ ،«ﷲﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﰲ ﺩﺎﻬﳉﺍ» ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺪﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ

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ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺎﺪﻋﺎﻘﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻦﻳﺭﺬﺣ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻟﻭﺎﳛ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛ ﻢﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ .ﺎﻬﺋﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻧﻭﺮﻏﺭﻮﻫ ﻙﻮﻨﺳ ﺀﻲﳎ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ،ﺪﻳﺎﳏ ﻒﻗﻮﻣ ﺫﺎﲣﺍ ﻢﺎﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﰲ C.A.J. Hazeu ﻭ ،١٨٨٩-١٩٠٦ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﰲ (١٨٥٧-١٩٣٦) ﺪﺿ ﻙﻮﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،١٩٠٧-١٩٢٠ ﻡﺎﻋ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ (١٩٢٩-١٩٧٠) .(Benda, 1958: 340-42; Suminto, 1985: 126-27) ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﺖﻟﺍﺯﺎﻣ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺎﺑ ﺎﻜﺴﲤ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻢﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻥﻭﺮﻈﻨﻳ ﺍﻮﻧﺎﻛﻭ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻧﺎﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﲔﻟﺪﺘﺴﻣ ﲔﻳﻭﺎﳉﺍ ﻊﻣ .(Soejana, 2008: 651-52) ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﳍﺍ ﺢﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﻗﺮﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺘﺑ ﻥﻭﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ١٩٢٢ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣﻭ ،١٨٥٩ ﻡﻮﺳﺮﻣﻭ ،١٨٢٥ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﺻﺇ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ،ﻢﺎﻛﺮﲢ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣﻭ ،ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﺔﺼﺣ ﺾﻴﻔﲣ ﺎﻬﺒﺟﻮﲟ ﰎ (Majid, ﺞﳊﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﱘﺪﻘﺗﻭ ،ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﻻﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺇﻭ ،ﺭﻭﺮﳌﺍ ﺓﲑﺷﺄﺗ ﺽﺮﻓﻭ ،ﺞﳊﺍ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺞﳊﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ .2008: 83-84, 102) ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﺑﺎﺗﺮﻳ ﺍﻮﻟﺍﺯ ﺎﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺳ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺠﺘﻳ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ «ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺟﺭ» ﻢﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﻘﻠﻄﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻨﻜﻤﺘﻳ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺀﺍﺪﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺐﺼﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺮﻐﻟ ﻢﻫﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻦﻣ .(Vredenbregt, 1962: 97-98) ﻢﻫﺪﺿ ﺓﺭﻮﺜﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﲑﻧ ﻝﺎﻌﺷﺇ ﻪﺳﺎﺴﺣﺇ ﺮﻬﻇﻭ .ﺔﻀﻣﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻂﺳﻭ ﰲ ﺄﺸﻧﻭ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﻟﻭ ﺪﻗﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺗﺩﻮﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺓﲑﺼﻗ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺪﻳﺍﺰﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﲏﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻧﺎﻌﻳ ﺎﲟ ﺲﳛ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .١٩١٤ ﺕﺎﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ،ﻲﳝﺭﺎﻤﻴﺸﺗ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺃ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﺻﻮﺼﺧﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺧﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﺿ ﻥﻭﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻪﻠﻌﻓ ﺎﻣﻭ .ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﲡﻭ ﻪﻫﺎﲡ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻢﻬﻓﻭﺎﳐ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻮﳍ ﲔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺸﻌﻟ ﻪﻴﻔﻧﻭ ﻦﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻪﻟﺎﺧﺩﺇ ﻦﻣ

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ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻡﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﻦﻳﺩﺪﺠﳌﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻪﺗﺮﻇﺎﻨﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻱﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﱪﻌﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ .ﻦﻣﻸﻟ ﺍﺪﻳﺪ ﻪﻧﻭﱪﺘﻌﻳ .ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺪﺿ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺎﳑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻌﻓ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﻮﻌﺷﻭ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻥﻭﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ١٨/ﻩ ١٣٠٦ ﻡﺮﳏ ﻦﻣ ٣ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﺘﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺣ ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﻟﻭ ،ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺋﺍﺭﻭ ﻞﺿﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﻘﻠﺑ ﺮﻬﺘﺷﺍﻭ .ﻡ ١٨٨٨ ﱪﻤﺘﺒﺳ (Basri, 2006: ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻤﻈﻌﻣ ﺐﺘﻛ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﻟﺆﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻣ ﻪﻟﻭ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﻩﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻪﻣﻮﻠﻋ ﻰﻘﻠﺗﻭ .366; Matin, 2009: 147-64) ﻪﺗﺎﻔﺼﺑ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋﻭ ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻮﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﺑ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﻻﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﲤ ﺍﺮﻣﺎﻐﻣﻭ ﻼﻘﻨﺘﻣ ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻃ ﺦﻳﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻱﺪﻳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻖﻤﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺮﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﻠﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﰲ ﻊﻘﺗ ﺕﺎﻨﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺑ ٩ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻫﺩﺪﻋ ﻞﻘﻳ ﻻ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﰲ (Iskandar, 2001: ﺎﻳﻻﺎﻤﻜﻴﺳﺎﺗﻭ ،ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏﻭ ،ﺭﻮﳒﺄﻴﺸﺗﻭ ،ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﰲ ﲔﺑﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﺑ ﻂﺑﺮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫﻭ .85-86; Kusdiana, 2013: 338) ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﳏ ﻦﻋ ﺎﻬﻠﺼﻓ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﻱﻭﻮﻧ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ (١٨٣٤-١٩٢٥) ﻥﻻﺎﻜﳒﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻠﺧ Johns ﺰﻧﻮﺟ ﻩﱪﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺪﻴﺳﻭ (١٨١٥-١٨٧٩) ﲏﺘﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺦﻳﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛﻭ .(Johns, 1984: 119) ﻱﻭﺎﺟ ﱂﺎﻋ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻟ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ،ﻞﻴﻠﺧ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺬﻤﻠﺘﺘﻳ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻢﻬﻨﻣ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺸﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻪﻠﺼﻓ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ .(Gobee, 1991: 641) ﺍﺭﻭﺩﺎﻣﻭ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﰲ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺒﺷ ﻊﻣ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﻭﻼﻋ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﺑ ﺔﻠﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻠﻌﺟ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ

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١٩٠٩-) ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ ﺕﺍﻮﻨﺳ ﺲﲬ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻩﺮﻔﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،(١٩١٤ ﱀﺎﺻ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺩﺭﺎﻄﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ ﻦﻣ (ﻱﺪﻴﻧﻮﺟ) ﺪﻤﳏ (Iskandar, 2001: ﻱﺯﺍﻭﺯ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍﻭ ،ﲏﳝ ﺪﻴﻌﺳ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻞﺿﺎﻔﺑ ﱂﺎﻋ ﺐﺴﻧﺃ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .86; Sulasman, 2008: 62) ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﳍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﲜ ﺔﻳﺪﻨﺒﺸﻘﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻠﻟ ﻼﺜﳑ ﻥﻮﻜﻴﻟ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻡﺎﻳﺃ ﻪﺗﺍﺮﻛﺬﻣ ﰲ ﻙﻮﻨﺳ ﺎﻫﺮﻛﺫ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲﺳﺎﺒﻣﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻴﻄﺧ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺎﺑ (Hurgronje, 2007: ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣﻭ ﺍﻭﺎﺟ ﲔﺑ ﻞﺻﻭ ﺓﺰﻤﻬﻛ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﲟ ﷲﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ .(Laﬀan, 2011: 153) ؛(Laﬀan, 2008: 113-31) ؛286-87) ﰲ ﺔﻳﺪﻨﺒﺸﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺥﻮﻴﺷ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻮﻫ (ـﻫ ١٢٦٦-١٣٤٣) ﻱﺯﺍﻭﺯ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬﳌﺍ ﱵﻔﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﲔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻜﻟ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ (Bruinessen, 1992: 72-73; Al-Jabbar, 1982: «ﲔﺒﻏﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ» ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻟﺃ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑﻭ .140-42; Al-Mu’allimi, 2000: 488) ﺕ) ﻲﺴﻴﻣﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻅﻮﻔﳏ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻢﻠﻌﺗ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺱﺎﳝﺮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺪﺤﻨﻳ ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﱂﺎﻋ ﻮﻫﻭ ،(Wanta, 1991: 3) (١٩١٩ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﰲ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺔﻴﳌﺎﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺴﺑ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺍﻭﺎﲜ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﺞﺘﻧﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﱂﺎﻋ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺪﺣﺃ .(Mas’ud, 1998: 27-48) ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﻨﻃﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻪﻧﻮﻜﺑﻭ ،ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﲟ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋ ﻊﻣ ﻞﺻﺍﻮﺘﻳ ،ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺓﺮﻄﻴﺳ ﺖﲢ ﻥﻮﺸﻴﻌﻳ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﳘﻷ ﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ،ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻦﻣ ﺍﻭﺅﺎﺟ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻟﺩﺎﺒﺘﻳﻭ ﻥﻮﻌﻤﺘﳚ ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﻢﻬﻓﻮﻔﺻ ﺪﻴﺣﻮﺗ (Bruinessen, ﻝﻼﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺖﲢ ﻥﻮﺸﻴﻌﻳ ﻢﺇ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻢﻫﲑﺼﻣ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺰﺟ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﺟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺴﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺍﺬﻟ .1997: 131)

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ﺮﻧﲑﺗ ﻞﻴﻠﲢ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻧﺮﻛﺬﻳ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺔﻴﳘﺃ ﺎﳍ ﺔﻳﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻛ ﻪﻔﺼﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺩﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻳﺰﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺞﺤﻠﻟ Turner ،(antistructure community) «ﻲﻤﻴﻈﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﻴﳍﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻊﻤﺘﳎ»ـﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﱴﺣ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺮﻘﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﻥﻮﺿﺭﺎﻌﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻱﺃ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺒﻛ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﻪﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻒﻠﺘﳐ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﺢﺘﻓ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑﻭ .(Turner, 1974: 167) ﻥﻮﺒﺤﺴﻨﻳ ﻢﻫﻭ ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﳚ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﳌﺍ ﺞﳊﺍ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ ﺪﻘﻓ ،ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻪﺒﺟﻮﲟ ﰎ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺣ ﻪﻌﺿﻭ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺳ ﻦﻣ (Vredenbregt, 1962: ﺔﺳﺪﻘﳌﺍ ﻲﺿﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﻝﻮﺧﺩ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻴﺴﻴﻧﻭﺪﻧﻹﺍ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ .105; Bianchi, 2004: 43) ﺕﺍﺭﻮﻄﺘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﻳ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﲟ ﻪﺘﻣﺎﻗﺇ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻥﺎﻛ ،ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ ﻰﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ .ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﰲ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﲟ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻪﻘﻳﺪﺻ ﻮﻫﻭ ،(١٨٨٧-١٩٦٢) ﻢﻴﻠﳊﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﺝﺎﳊﺍ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﺍﺭﺎﺘﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﲢﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﺲﻴﺳﺄﺗ ﰲ ﻪﻌﻣ ﻮﻀﻌﻛ ﻪﲰﺍ ﻞﺠﺳ «ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ» (ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ) ﺀﺎﺸﻧﺇ ﻊﲰ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋﻭ .ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺔﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﱃﻭﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ .(Hernawan, 2014a: 44; 2014b: 70) ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻖﻠﻃﺃ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﺆﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ (Neil, 1984: 120; Jaylani, ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﻭﺃ ﰲ ﻢﳒ ﻊﳌﺃ van Neil ﻞﻴﻧ .1959: 149) ﺔﻛﺭﺎﺸﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ «ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ» ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺔﻳﻮﻀﻋ ﺕﺩﺃ ﺪﻗﻭ ﺖﻟﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻱﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﻬﻇﻭ .ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻛﺮﳊﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺖﲨﺎﻫ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﻮﻬﳎ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﲟ ﺝﺎﺠﳊﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﰲ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻢﻋﺯﻭ ،ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻓﺍﺪﺗ ﻻ ﺎﺃ ﺔﺠﲝ ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﻞﺻﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻱﻭﺎﺘﻴﺑ ﱵﻔﻣ ،(١٨٢٢-١٩١٤) ﻥﺎﻤﺜﻋ ﺪﻴﺳ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻛ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ

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(Iskandar, 2001: 137- ﺔﻳﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﺪﻋﺎﺳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﰊﺮﻋ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻢﻏﺭ ،(Kaptein, 1997: 85-102) ؛(Azra, 1995: 14) ؛38) ﻊﻓﺍﺪﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺪﻛﺆﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﺓﺮﺜﻜﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺻ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﻌﺼﻳ ﻢﻋﺍﺰﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺣﺎﺘﺘﻓﺍ ﰲ ﺍﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﺃ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ .ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻋ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻩﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﳌﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ،ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺍﺭﻮﺴﺑ ١٩٢٣ ﺱﺭﺎﻣ ٢٣ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﻣ ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﳝ ﻮﻫﻭ .C.A.J. Hazeu ﻦﻣ ﺡﺍﺮﺘﻗﺎﺑ ﻑﺍﺮﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﳍﻮﺼﺣ ﱃﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ،(ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ) ﺔﻳﻮﻋﺩ (Kaptein, ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺀﺰﺟ ﻪﺘﻔﺼﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ .2008: 112; Steenbrink, 1995: 195) ﰲ ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺈﺑ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻥﺃ ﺪﻛﺆﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻝﻭﺎﺣ ﺚﻴﺣ ،(١٩١٣) «ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺮ» ﺐﻠﻃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﺮﻳﺮﲢ ﻦﻣ ﺍﻮﻨﻜﻤﺘﻳ ﻲﻜﻟ ﻪﺘﻣﺃﻭ ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺿﺎﻨﺗ :ﻪﺗﺎﳛﺮﺼﺗ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ .ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻋ ﻞﺟﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻞﺿﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﻢﺳﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻥﺇ ﺍﺪﺟ ﺪﻴﺟ ﺔﻤﻈﻨﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﰲ ﻚﺷ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺲﻴﻟ .ﻪﻟﻮﺳﺭﻭ ﷲﺍ ﺓﺩﺍﺭﻹ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ،ﻡﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻢﻴﻈﻌﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻑﺪﻭ ،ﺪﻴﳉﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻨﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﻼﺗ ﺎﻷ ،ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺅﺮﻟﺍ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻯﻮﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌﺎﺑ ﻢﻫﺪﻳﻭﺰﺗ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻋﺎﺿﻭﺃ ﺮﻳﻮﻄﺗﻭ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ ﲑﺼﻣ ﲔﺴﲢﻭ ﺮﻳﺮﲢﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻭﺪﻴﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﳊﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻡﺪﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ،ﺓﺎﻴﳊﺍ ﻁﻮﻐﺿ ﺔﻬﺟﺍﻮﳌ .(Falah, 2009: 248) ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﺐﻠﻃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﺴﻔﻧﺃ ﻦﻋ ﻊﻓﺍﺪﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﺣﻭ ﻮﻫ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺪﻛﺃ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻞﺑ .ﺎﻮﻤﻋﺪﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺮﻜﳌﺍ ﺔﻜﻣ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺜﻛ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻡﺎﻧﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ» : ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺭ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻬﻨﻣﻭ ﻭ ،ﺐﻴﻄﺧ ﺪﲪﺃ ﺦﻴﺸﻠﻟ «ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺽﻮﳋﺍ ﻦﻋ ﻡﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﻛ (ﺩﺭﺎﻄﻋ) ﺭﺎﺘﳐ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺦﻴﺸﻠﻟ «ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﺃ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﰲ ﻡﺎﻈﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺋﺎﻋﺩ» .(Iskandar, 2001: 138)

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ﻥﺃ ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺪﻠﻟ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺚﻴﺣ ،«ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺟﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺟﺎﲝ ﺔﻴﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺔﻣﻷﺍ» ﻥﺃ ﻭﺪﺒﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ .ﻪﺒﻌﺷ ﺮﻳﺮﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻮﻘﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺕﺮﻬﻇﺃ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻬﻌﻓﺩ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺖﻠﺻﻭ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ .١٩١٤ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻦﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺗﺩﻮﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﰲ ﺖﺨﺳﺮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺡﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﲡ ﻖﻠﻘﺑ ﻥﻭﺮﻌﺸﻳ ﻥﻭﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﺑﺍﺮﻏ ﻼﻓ ،ﺍﺬﻟ .ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺪﻳﺍﺰﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ،ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺲﻔﻧ ،SI-Afdeeling B ﺔﻴﻀﻗ ﰲ ﻁﺭﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻪﻨﺠﺳ ﰎ ﺪﻗ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﺔﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻡﻼﺳﺇ ﺔﻛﺮﺷ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻢﻏﺭ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ .(Falah, 2009: 36) ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻁﺭﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﺘﺑ ﻉﻮﺒﺳﺃ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺣ ﻪﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﺠﻋﱰﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻞﺑ ،ﺐﺴﺤﻓ ﺎﻬﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻀﻗ ﻯﻭﺎﻋﺩ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻣﺪﻗ ﺎﲟ ﺔﺠﺿ ﺭﺎﺛﺃ ،ﺩﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻫﺃ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻟﻭﺆﺴﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻛﻭ (Penghulu ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺰﻟﺍ) «ﻡﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ» «ﺎﻧﻻﻮﻣ ﻙﺍﺪﺑﺃ» ﺓﻭﻼﺗﻭ ،ﺀﺍﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻢﺳﺍﺮﻣ ﺔﻗﺪﺻﻭ ،ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺯ ﺔﻌﻳﺩﻭ :ﻞﺜﻣ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺿﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﳝ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ّﻲﺻﻮﻠﻟ ﺀﺎﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﳉﺍ ﺔﺒﻄﺧ ﰲ (Iskandar, ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﻥﻮﻴﻋ ﰲ ﻢﻬﺘﺒﻴﻫ ﻦﻣ ﻂﳛ ﻪﻧﺃ ّﺪَﻌﻳ ﱴﺣ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ .2006: 308-10) ﱵﺣ ﻱﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺪﻳﺍﺰﺗ ﻭﺪﺒﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻙﺭﺩﺃﻭ ،ﻪﺘﻤﻗ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻞﺻﻭﻭ .ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺍﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﻪﺋﺎﻘﺑﻹ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺍﻮﺜﺤﺒﻳ ،١٩٢٦ ﻡﺎﻋ ﱳﻨﺑ ﲔﺠﻨﻳﺭﺎﺸﺗ ﻱﻭﺎﻨﺳﺃ ﺦﻴﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺞﻧﻭﺪﻧﺎﺑﻭ ﺭﻮﻏﻮﺒﺑ ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﻂﺑﺮﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻒﺗﺍﻮﳍﺍ ﻙﻼﺳﺃ ﲑﻣﺪﺗﻭ ﻚﻠﺗ ﰲ ﻁﺭﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻬﺘﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻦﻣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻠﻟ ﻪﺿﺮﻌﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻣ ،١٩٢٧ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻘﻧ ﰒ ،ﺮﻬﺷﺃ ﺔﻌﺴﺗ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺭﻮﳒﺄﻴﺸﺘﺑ ﻦﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﺧﺩﺄﻓ .ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺪﺻ ١٩٢٨ ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ ﰲﻭ .١٩٢٨ ﻮﻳﺎﻣ ﰲ ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﻦﺠﺳ

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ﻲﻐﺠﻨﻴﺗ ﻩﺎﻧﺎﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺇ ﻪﺒﺟﻮﲟ ﰎ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻣﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﳊﺍ ﺔﺠﲝ (ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺎﺟ) ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﰲ Tanah Tinggi .ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﳓﺃ ﻊﻴﲨ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺸﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺮﺸﻧ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲﻭ ﻦﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻩﺪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ .ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺙﺪﺟ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻦﻋ ﻩﻭﱪﺧﺃ ﻪﺗﺭﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﺍﻮﻣﺎﻗ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻪﺑﻼﻃﻭ ﻪﺋﻼﻣﺯ ﻯﻭﺎﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺭ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﺪﻌﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺏﺎﺠﺘﺳﺎﻓ (Sanoesi, 1928a; ﻪﻴﻟﺇ ﺖﻠﺻﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻥﻭﺩﺪﺠﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻱﻮﺘﳛ ﺎﻤﻛ ،1928b; 1931d) .ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻣﺪﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻚﻟﺎﲤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﲑﻏ ﻪﺘﻠﻌﺟ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﻭ ﺔﻳﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻦﻣ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺸﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ،ﲑﺒﻛ ﺫﻮﻔﻧ ﺍﺫ ﻪﻧﻭﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﲑﺴﻔﺗﻭ .ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺡﻭﺭ ﺱﺮﻏ ﰲ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﻮﺘﻳ ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺍﺬﻟﻭ .ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﰎ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺪﺣﺃ ﻮﻫ «ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺩﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﻫﺃ ﻦﻣ ﲔﻟﻭﺆﺴﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﻛﻭ ﻝﻼﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻪﺗﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﻔﻗﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑﻭ .ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ .ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺎﺣﻮﺿﻭ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻭﺪﺒﺗ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ «ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﻦﻋ ﺔﺤﳌ ﰲ ﺎﻫﺯﺎﳒﺇ ﰎ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻝﺍﻮﻃ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎ ﻡﺎﻗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻟﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﺸﻧﻷﺍ ﻥﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺠﻛ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻝﺍﻮﺣﺃﻭ ﺔﻋﻮﻨﺘﻣ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺭ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺱﻭﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻟﺇ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺘﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ،ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑﻭ .ﺎ ﻚﺴﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﻊﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﲣ ﱵﻟﺍ

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ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﲑﺴﻔﺗﻭ .(Manshur, 1992: 109) ﻦﺠﺴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﱃﺇ ﻲﻔﻧ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻱﺃ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﰲ ﻪﻔﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﰎ «ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ .(١٩٢٧-١٩٣٤) ﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋﻭ ،ﺮﻬﺸﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺓﺮﻣ ﺭﺪﺼﻳ ﻱﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ (ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺱﻭﺭﺩ) Pengajaran dengan Bahasa Soenda ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻞﻤﳛ

ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺪﻋﺃ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳﻭ .(ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ) Tapsir ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﺑ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃﻭ ﺢﺿﺍﻭ ﺐﺒﺳ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ،«ﲔﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺭ ﻡﻼﻛ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ Darmawan ﻥﺍﻭﺎﻣﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﻛﺫﻭ .ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﲑﻐﺗ ﰲ ﻪﺑﻼﻄﻟ ﺎﺳﻭﺭﺩ ﻡﺪﻘﻳ ﺎﳕﺇﻭ ﺮﺴﻔﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻯﺮﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﱃﺇ ﺩﻮﻌﻳ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﲑﻏ ،(Darmawan, 2009: 127) ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻋ ﻼﻘﻧ ﺎﻧﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻪﻠﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ «ﺱﻭﺭﺩ» ﻆﻔﻟ ﻥﻷ ،ﻪﺘﺤﺻ ﰲ ﻙﻮﻜﺸﻣ ﻱﺃﺮﻟﺍ ﺎﲟﺭﻭ .(Sanoesi, 1934) ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺲﻴﻟﻭ ،ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﻟ ،ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺭﺮﻘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺸﻨﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﺟﻹﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ،ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﳝ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﺔﺿﺭﺎﻌﻣ ﻙﺭﺪﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﺒﻗﺍﺮﲟ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﻳﻮﲤ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﳏ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺀﺰﺟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻭﺃ .ﻱﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ .ﺔﻳﺮﺠﳊﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﺠﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﲝ ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺖﲤ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ ﻪﺒﺗﺎﻛﻭ ﻪﺒﻟﺎﻃ ،ﺡﺎﺒﺼﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺎﻬﺒﺘﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ﻪﺒﺷﺃ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟﺍﻭ .ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺮﻄﺳﻷﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﲨﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻂﳕ ﻡﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﲟﻭ .ﲔﻟﻼﳉﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﺑ ﻞﻤﳛ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻞﺼﺣ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺓﲑﻐﺻ ﻦﻜﺗ ﱂ ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺀﺰﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻱﺃ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﺔﻌﺴﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍﻭ .«ﻥﺎﻓﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺿﻭﺭ» ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻢﺠﲝ ﺍﺪﻠﳎ ٢٠ ﻭ ،(٢٠٦ :ﻑﺍﺮﻋﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ) ﻊﺳﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺰﳉﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻠﺠﳌﺍ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻒﻠﺘﳜﻭ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ﲑﻐﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ ﻪﻴﻓﻭ .ﻖﻴﻗﺭ

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ﺔﻌﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ،ﻮﻴﻟﻮﻳ-ﻮﻴﻧﻮﻳ ٣٥-٣٦ ﻢﻗﺭ Maanblad :ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ) ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻝﻭﺃ «ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ّﺪﻌﻳﻭ .(Sanoesi, n.d.e) (١٩ ﺪﻠﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻝﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ .ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺍﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻔﻴﻟﺄﺗ ﰎﻭ .ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻪﺒﺘﻛ ﰲ ١٩٣١ ﺮﻳﺎﻨﻳ ٢٨ ﰲ ﻪﻨﻣ ﱃﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺪﺻﻭ .ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﰲ ،ﻥﺎﳒﺎﻳﺮﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﰲ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻪﻘﻳﻮﺴﺗ ﰎﻭ .ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﺩﺎﲢﻻﺍ ﺐﺘﻜﲟ ٢٠ ﻥﺎﻛ ،ﺎﻫﺮﺸﻧ ﰎ ﺍﺪﻠﳎ ٢٨ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣﻭ .ﺎﺗﺮﻛﺍﻭﺭﻮﺑ ﱴﺣ ﱳﻨﺑﻭ ،ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑﻭ ﺪﻠﳎ ﻞﻛﻭ .ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ ﰲ ﺕﺮﺸﻧ ﺔﻴﻗﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ،ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﰲ ﺕﺮﺸﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ٥٠ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻳﻭ ،ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻒﺼﻧ ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﻳ ﻻ ﺎﻣ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﳌ ﺭﺎﻬﺷﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻑﻼﻐﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺘﻜﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛﻭ .ﺔﺤﻔﺻ ،ﲔﻛﺮﺘﺸﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﻮﺗﺎﻣ ﻦﳌ ﺀﺎﻋﺪﻟﺍ ﺐﻠﻃﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺩﺪﺠﳌﺍ ﺔﲨﺎﻬﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﲤ ﱵﻟﺍ ١_{.ﺕﺎﺒﻳﻮﺼﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺪﻋﻭ} ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺫﻮﺧﺄﻣ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺪﻠﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺮﻛﺫ ﺪﻗﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻴﺼﻔﺗ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﻛﺬﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻢﻏﺭ ،(Sanoesi, 1931a: 2) ﺓﺪﻤﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻪﺿﺮﻋ ﻝﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﲔﺒﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣﻭ ،(ﻡ١٢٠٦ / ـﻫ ٦٠٣ .ﺕ) ﻱﺯﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﺨﻔﻟ ﺐﻴﻐﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺗﺎﻔﻣ ﻭﺃ ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻒﺸﻜﻟﺍﻭ ،(ﻡ١٠٧١ / ـﻫ٤٦٤ .ﺕ) ﻱﻮﻐﺒﻠﻟ ﻞﻳﱰﺘﻟﺍ ﱂﺎﻌﻣﻭ .ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ،ﻲﺸﻛﺰﻠﻟ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻫﱪﻟﺍﻭ ،ﱯﻠﻌﺜﻠﻟ ﻢﺘﻴﺳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﺡﺮﺸﺑ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻡﺎﻗ ﰒ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻋﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺃ ﺓﻭﻼﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ .(Zarkasyi, 2008: 99-101) ﻚﻟﺫ ﲑﻏ ﱃﺇ ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﲨ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗﻭ ،ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻠﲨﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﻛ ﻞﻛ ﱐﺎﻌﻣ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﺽﺮﻋ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﰲ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ ﻻ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺮﻣﻷﺍ ،ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺡﺮﺷ ﱃﺇ ﻕﺮﻄﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺧ ﱃﺇ ﻚﻟﺫ ﰲ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺮﻳﻭ .ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺳﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ

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ﻚﻴﺳﲑﻏ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺑ ﰲ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﰲ ﻖﻤﻌﺗ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻖﺒﺳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻢﻬﻓﺪﻬﺘﺴﻳ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺎﺑ ﺐﻧﺎﳉﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﺇ ،ﺕﻭﺭﺎﻏ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ،ﺍﺬﻟ ،(ﻱﺮﺘﻧﺎﺳ) ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺏﻼﻃ ﻢﻫﻭ ،ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ ﺡﻭﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ﻢﳍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻫﺃﻭ ﺐﺴﻧﺃ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻣ ﻻﺇ .(Basri, 2000; 2006: 361-87) ﺎﻬﻔﻟﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺐﺘﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺍﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻻﺇ ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻜﻳ ﱂ ﻪﻧﺄﺑ ﺮﻬﺘﺷﺍ ﺮﺧﺁ ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻒﻴﻟﺄﺘﺑ ،ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﱃﺇ ،ﻡﺎﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ .ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻮﻫﻭ .«ﲔﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺭ ﻡﻼﻛ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺸﲤ» ﺏﺎﺘﻛ ﻮﻫﻭ ﻻﺪﺟ ﺭﺎﺛﺃ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﺔﻳﻮﻳﻼﳌﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺐﺘﻛﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺗﻼﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﳊﺎﺑ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻪﻧﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ .(Nazarudin, 2007: 28) ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻤﻬﻔﻳ ﻻ ﻑﻭﺮﺣ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺎﺑﻭ ﺔﻳﻭﺍﺪﻧﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻮﻫﻭ ،«ﻥﺎﻓﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺿﻭﺭ» ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻒﻟﺃ ﻭﺃ (ﺪﻠﳎ ﻞﻜﻟ ﺍﺀﺰﺟ ١٥) ﻦﻳﺪﻠﳎ ﰲ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻪﻐﺿﻭ ﰎ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻥﻮﺠﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺘﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .ﻪﻌﺒﻃ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﻼﺼﻔﻨﻣﻭ ﺎﻘﻴﻗﺭ ﺍﺪﻠﳎ ٣٠ ﰲ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺘﻜﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺳﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻴﻬﻔﺷ ﺎﻫﺎﻘﻟﺃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺱﻭﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻩﺎﺒﺗﺎﻛ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﺩﺎﻋﺃ ﰒ ،ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻃ ٣٠ ﱄﺍﻮﺣ ﻢﻫﺩﺪﻋ ﻎﻠﺑ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻪﺑﻼﻃ (Manshur, 1992: 117-18; 1995: ﻲﳛ ﲔﺑ ﺪﻤﳏﻭ ﻯﺮﺸﺑ ﺪﻤﳏ ﺎﳘﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﺧﻵﺍ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﰿﺎﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻙﺎﻨﻫﻭ .9-16) ﺔﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﱰﻛ» ﻭ ،«ﻥﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻠﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺗ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﻞﻀﻓ ﰲ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﻫ» :ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻌﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﺸﻛ» ﻭ ،«ﻒﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻒﻄﻠﻟﺍﻭ ﰲ ﲔﻨﻣﺆﳌﺍ ﺏﻮﻠﻗ ﺢﻳﺮﻔﺗ» ﻭ ،«ﺔﲢﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﻞﺋﺎﻀﻓ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻓﻮﻟﺍ» ﻭ ،«ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻮﻟﺍ ،«ﻥﺎﺧﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻥﺍﲑﳊﺍ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ» ﻭ ،«ﺲﻳ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ .(Umar, 2001: 164; Darmawan, 2009: 85) ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﺽﺮﻋ ﰲ ﻞﻴﳝ ،ﺎﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺗ ﺎﳌﺎﻋ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ﻞﻫﺃ ﻢﻴﻟﺎﻌﺘﺑ ﻚﺴﻤﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﻒﻗﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﱃﺇ ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ

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ﻪﻘﻓﻭ ،ﻱﺮﻌﺷﻷﺍ ﺓﺪﻴﻘﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺩ ﺐﻫﺍﺬﻣ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﳉﺍﻭ ﺍﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺩﺪﺠﳌﺍ ﻯﻭﺎﻋﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺩﺭ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﱄﺍﺰﻐﻟﺍ ﻑﻮﺼﺗﻭ ،ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻓﻼﳋﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﺣ ﻻﺪﺟ ﺭﺎﺛﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻪﺑﺎﺘﻛ ﰲ ﺙﺪﺣ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺇ .ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﱀﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻈﻓﺎﳏ ﻪﻧﻮﻛ ﻦﻣ ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻪﻔﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﻬﻇﺃ ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻲﻗﺮﺷ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﰲ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺳﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺟﺫﻮﳕ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﳑ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻲﻌﻓﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺐﻫﺬﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﻃﺇ ﰲ ﻉﻭﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﲟ ﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ .ﻝﻮﺻﻷﺍ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﲟ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻴﲤ ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﳌﺍﻭ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ ﺡﺮﺷﻭ ﺺﻴﺨﻠﺗ ﻮﻫ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺐﻠﻏﺃﻭ .ﱄﺎﲨﻹﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﳌﺍ ﻮﻫﻭ .ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺎﻣﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﺎﻣﺇ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺎﳍﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﻢﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ .ﺎﻫﲑﺴﻔﺘﺑ ﻡﻮﻘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﰲ «ﲔﺳﻮﻗ ﲔﺑ» ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﺔﻳﺁ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻳﺁ ﺎﻫﺮﺴﻔﻳ ﱘﺪﻘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻤﺘﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻖﻴﻀﻟ ﺍﺮﻈﻧﻭ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .«ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺸﲤ» ،ﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻞﺼﻔﻣ ﺡﺮﺷ ،(ﺭﻮﺛﺄﳌﺎﺑ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ) ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﲎﻌﻣ ﺡﺮﺷ ﰲ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺔﺑﺎﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺁﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻴﺋﺍﺮﺳﻹﺍﻭ ،ﻝﻭﱰﻟﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺳﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻮﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺚﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺸﻴﻌﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﳊﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ .ﺀﺎﻣﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﲑﺴﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﲔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻩﺎﲡ ﺀﺍﻮﺳ ،ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﳊﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﻪﻠﻌﺟ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ .ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﰐﺄﻴﺳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺣ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻊﺿﺍﻮﻣ ﺓﺪﻋ ﰲ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﻬﺟﻭ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻙﺭﺪﻳ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺒﺑ ﻰﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺎﻬﺳﺭﺎﳝ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺑﺭﺎﲡ ﻦﻜﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻧﺁﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻵﺍ ﻪﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺍﺬﻬﻓ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﲡ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﻪﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﱃﺇ ﻪﺘﻌﻓﺩ

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،ﻥﻮﺴﻛﺎﺟ ﻩﺍﺮﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﺎﺨﻴﺷ ﻪﺘﻔﺼﺑ ﺔﻴﻗﻼﺧﻷﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻴﻟﻭﺆﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻠﻟ ﺔﻟﻮﻬﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ ﻪﻠﻌﺟ ﺎﳑ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺎﺑ ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ .(Jackson, 1990: 3) ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻄﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻣ ﺩﺪﲢ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﺎﻤﺋﺍﺩ ،ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺩ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻛ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ «ﺎﻣﺰﻳﺭﺎﻜﻟﺍ» ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ (Dijk, 1995: xxiv-v; Kartodirdjo, ﺎﻬﻠﻫﺎﲡ ﻦﻜﳝ ﻻ ،ﱪﻳﻭ ﲑﺒﻌﺗ ﺪﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .1984a: 443; Dho er, 1980: 97; Bruinessen, 1994: 121-46) ﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻢﻜﺤﺘﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﰲﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻛ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺇ ﻝﻭﺎﳛ ﰲ ﺪﺋﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﺑ ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻡﻮﻘﻳﻭ ،ﺏﻼﻄﻟﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺑ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻖﻓﺪﺗ ﰲ .(Geertz, 1960b: 250-56; Horikoshi, 1987: 241) ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﲑﻐﺘﻟﺍ ﻙﺮﺤﺘﻳ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻟﺍ ﻲﺸﻳﺍﲑﺷ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺢﻠﻄﺻﺍ ﺎﻣ ﱄﺇ ﺔﻳﺪﻘﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺎﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺕﺭﺎﺷﺃﻭ .(Shiraishi, 2005: xi) ﻦﻳﺮﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺋﺍﻭﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻮﺜﻟﺍ ﻂﺳﻭ ﺔﻳﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﺳﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﺿ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﺎﻬﺣﺮﻃ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛﻭ ﺔﺿﻭﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺩﻮﻴﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺩﺮﻄﺑ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻪﺠﺘﺗ ﺔﳝﺰﳍﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﻴﻠﻌﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻛﻭ ،ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺞﳊﺍ ﻚﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ .ﺔﻠﺘﳏ ﺔﻣﺄﻛ ﻥﻮﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺎ ﲏﻣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻪﺳﺃﺭ ﻂﻘﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻰﻄﺳﻮﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﰲ ﻲﻔﻨﻠﻟ ﺽﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﺎﺷﻹﺍ ﺖﻘﺒﺳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺎﻣ ﺓﺮﺘﻔﻟﺍ ﰲ «ﲔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺄﺠﻠﻣ» ﺮﺸﻨﺑ ﻡﺎﻗﻭ .١٩٣٤ ﱃﺇ ١٩٢٨ ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ ﻦﻣ ﻩﺩﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﻪﺒﻀﻏ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺏﺮﻐﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻴﻠﻓ .١٩٣١-١٩٣٢ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺍ ﺪﻘﺘﻧﺍﻭ .ﻩﲑﺴﻔﺗ ﰲ ﺔﻳﺎﻏ ﺢﺒﺻﺃ (ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺳ) ﻪﺳﺃﺭ ﻂﻘﺴﻣ ﻢﻴﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﻞﺜﻣ ،ﲔﻴﻃﺍﺮﻗﺍﲑﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺀﺎﻴﺻﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ﺓﺪﺸﺑ ﻢﻬﻴﻧﻭﺎﻌﻣﻭ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻲﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﻮﺴﻟ (hoofd panghulu) ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ

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ﺍﻭﺩﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﺀﻻﺆﻫ ﱪﺘﻋﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻞﺑ .ﻪﻴﻔﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻮﻘﻓﺍﻭ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻧﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻮﺳ ﺮﺴﻓ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋﻭ .ﲔﻟﺎﺟﺪﻟﺍﻭ ﲔﻃﺎﻴﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻟﺎﺑﻷﺍ ﻪﻠﺜﻣ ﲔﻨﻣﺆﳌﺍ :ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻪﺒﻀﻏ ﻦﻋ ﱪﻋ ٢_{،٥٢-٥٣ :[٦]}

Lantaran éta ngusir ka batur, atawa wungkul samata2 ngahinakeun jeung mikabenci ka éta jalma padahal sakabéh jalma anu iman anu Islam éta misti kudu diaku jeung kudu diagungkeun jeung kudu dihormat, jadi lamun aya jalma anu sok ngusir ka jalma Islam iman éta samata2 iblis sétan, komo lamun éta jalma téh maké aya ngaran guru, éta lain guru Islam, tatapi guru iblis sahakékatna Dajjal Ajajil... Jadi kacida belegugna lamun jalma dipaparin kabeungharan dipaparin kamulyaan di dunya maké tabéat gumedé pelegig dolim kanu hina kanu pakir (Sanoesi, n.d.c: 16061-).

ﲔﻨﻣﺆﳌﺍ ﻊﻴﲨ ﻥﻷ ،ﻢﻬﻫﺮﻛﻭ ﻢﻬﺘﻧﺎﻫﺇ ﺩﺮﳎ ﻭﺃ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﻵﺍ ﺩﺮﻃ ﺯﻮﳚ ﻻ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ .ﻢﻬﻣﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍﻭ ﻢﻬﻤﻴﻈﻌﺗﻭ ﻢﻬﻓﺍﺮﺘﻋﺍ ﺐﳚ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﺻﺎﺧﻭ ،ﺎﻧﺎﻄﻴﺷﻭ ﺎﺴﻴﻠﺑﺇ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻥﺃ ﻭﺪﻌﻳ ﻻ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ،ﲔﻨﻣﺆﳌﺍﻭ ﲔﻤﻠﺴﳌﺍ ﺩﺮﻄﺑ ﰲ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﺎﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﺲﻴﻟ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ﻢﻠﻌﳌﺍ ﺐﻘﻟ ﻞﻤﳛ ﺺﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﻷﺍ ﻲﻄﻋﺃ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻗﺎﻤﳊﺍ ﻦﻤﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟﻭ .ﻝﺎﺟﺩ ﻪﺘﻘﻴﻘﺣ .ﺀﺍﺮﻘﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻔﻌﻀﻠﻟ ﱂﺎﻇﻭ ﺱﺮﻄﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻨﻜﻟﻭ ﺎﻴﻧﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﰲ ﻑﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺎﳉﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺻﺃ ﻊﻨﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺙﺪﺤﺘﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻵﺍ ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺘﺑ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻡﺎﻗ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺩﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﺡﻮﺿﻮﺑ ﺮﻛﺫﻭ .ﻪﺴﻔﻧ ﺔﺑﺮﲡ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻨﻣﺆﳌﺍ ﺩﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺍﻮﻣﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﻃ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﻰﻄﻌﻳ ﺐﻘﻟ ﻮﻫﻭ ،«ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ» ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻢﻴﻋﺰﻟﺍ ﺐﺼﻨﻣ ﺍﻮﻠﻐﺷ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺟﺭ ﻭﺃ ،ﺀﻼﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﰲ ﻢﻫﻭ .ﺔﻴﻨﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻢﻛﺎﺤﳌﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃﻭ ،ﻯﱪﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺪﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺪﺟﺎﺴﳌﺍ ﻥﻭﺆﺷ ﺔﻳﺪﻨﻟﻮﳍﺍ ﺔﻣﻮﻜﳊﺍ ﻢﻬﺘﻨﻴﻋ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﲔﻳﺪﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﺟﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺣﻷﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻪﻟ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ّﻲﺻَﻮﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺡﺍﺮﺘﻗﺎﺑ ﰎ ﲔﻴﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫﻭ .ﺐﺗﺍﻭﺮﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﺿﺎﻘﺘﻳﻭ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻛﺎﻣﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﺩﺎﺣ ﻉﺍﺮﺻ ﺙﺪﺣ ﺎﻣ ﺍﲑﺜﻛ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ .ﻢﻬﻌﻣ ﺔﺑﺍﺮﻘﻟﺍ .(Steenbrink, 1991: 107) ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻧﺎﺴﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋﻭ ﺀﺎﻤﻋﺰﻟﺍ .ﻡﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﻣ ﻉﺍﺮﺻ ﰲ ﻞﺧﺩ ﺪﻗ ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺗﺎﺑ ﱃﺇ ﻪﻴﻔﻧ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻲﺳﻮﻨﺳ ﻥﺎﻛﻭ ،ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻛﺯ ﺹﻮﺼﲞ ﻯﻮﺘﻓ ﺭﺪﺻﺃ ،ﻝﺎﺜﳌﺍ ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ،١٩٢٠ ﻡﺎﻋ ﰲﻭ