UNDERWATER HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
AND MARINE TOURISM IN INDONESIA:
Potentials and Challenges
by:
Supratikno Rahardjo
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
“MARINE TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENMT”
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Actual Issues
3. Management of Underwater Cultural
Heritage in Indonesia
4. Cultural Heritage for Marine Tourism
5. Integrated Management
PART 1. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
The territory of Indonesia largely consists of waters (seas,
straits, rivers, swamps, lakes)
History of the formation of Indonesian nation was interrelated
with the migration and marine activities of the ancestor
throughout the Southeast Asian Islands from about 5.000
years ago.
The important achievements of ancient Indonesian civilization
were related with mastering the peoples in maritime
activities.
Collapse of the great kingdoms in Indonesia was related to
the declining the people in mastering maritime activities.
Archaeological evidence found underwater is one of important
information for understanding the past and we can learn from
that for the future.
Underwater archaeological site can be developed as an
PART 2. ACTUAL ISSUES
Limited access of underwater cultural heritage for the benefit of general public
. Maritime
history sources provide information about the existence of thousands of sunkenship in the
Indonesian waters, many of which are not accessible for public interest due to the
restriction of utilization allowed by the government.
Underwater cultural sites in Indonesia are critically endangered
. This phenomenon is not
only due to various illegal activities, but also legal activities that can not be supervised
effectively, such as exploration of valuables object from the sunkenship (known as BMKT)
that has been done since 1989.
The drive of economic interest is stronger than the interests of culture
. The findings of VOS
that have important values for the history, science and culture in general and also they
have high economic values, therefore these items are highly vulnerable to the possibility of
commercial use, whether done legally or illegally. In fact more exploration activities are
conducted for commercial purposes rather than for cultural development
The ambiguity of the government in the management and utilization of underwater cultural
heritage
. On the one hand the government intends to protect, but on the other hand
intends to commercialize them. Both can run with the different directions and often
colored by conflict situation without significant solution,
The government has not been firm in addressing the UNESCO convention on the protection
of underwater cultural heritage (PUH)
. Until now, Indonesia has not been able to decide
whether the UNESCO convention should immediately be ratified or not.
6.
Various government institutions have proposed to build maritime museum
. This
enthusiasm does not only arise from the central government, but also form the local
governments.
PART 3a.
MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER
CULTURAL HERITAGE (UCH)
(conducted by Dit Gen History and Archaeology
UCH is treated as cultural goods and being used for
the benefit of cultural development (history, science,
education)
Focuses of the management are: conservation,
development, and utilization
Scope of utilization are for social, religious, touristic,
educational, scientific, and cultural purposes.
Technically conducted by the Directorate of
Underwater Archaeology, Dit. Gen. Hist and Arch,
Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
Legally supported by State Law No. 5/1992, then
replaced by State Law 11/2010 concernig the cultural
heritage.
MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM
Board of Research and Development for Culture and Tourism
Archaeological Research and Development Center
Directorate General of History and Archaeology
Other RD Center
Other Directorate General
Directorate of UCH Directorate of CH CH Protection Agency Archaeological Research Agency Other Directorates
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION RELATING TO RESEARCH
AND PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY
Significance Values of of Underwater
Cultural Heritage
Academic values
(Information for scientific development).
> It has potential as a source of data for solving scientific problems
in various disciplines (archeology, history, technology, politics,
economics etc.)
Cultural/ideological values
(Raising awareness as a maritime nation)
> Maritime values: open minded, braveness, egalitarian, respect to
cultural diversity etc.
> Encourage for the citizen for mastering maritime affairs and issues:
maritime technology, astronomy, navigation, maritime resources
and its problems etc.
Economic Values
: resource of revenue (for profit orientation)
UNESCO CONV ON PUCH, 2001,
Article 1: Definition
Underwater
Cultural Heritage
all traces of human existence
having a
cultural, historical
or archaeological character
which have been partially or
totally under water, periodically or continuously,
for
at least 100 years
such as:
(i)
sites, structures, buildings, artefacts
and
human remains
,
together with their archaeological and natural context;
(ii)
vessels, aircraft, other vehicles
or any part thereof,
their
cargo or other contents
, together with their
archaeological and natural context; and
PART 3b.
MANAGEMENT OF UNDER WATER
CULTURAL HERITAGE
(conducted by PANAS-BMKT)
UCH is treated as an economic asset known as Valuable Objects
from Sungkenship (VOS/BMKT)
Focuses of the management are surveys, removal from
underwater, and economic utilization.
Implementation of the management of UCH is under the
National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of Valuable
Objects from Sunkenship (PANNAS-BMKT/NCSU-VOS), headed
by the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
Legally supported by the Presidential Decree and Ministerial
BMKT
Valuable
object from
Sunken ship
Keppres 19/2007
(Presdt decree)
Values of history,
culture, science,
and economic
U
T
I
L
I
S
A
T
I
O
N
ECONOMIC GOODS
resource of national
income
CULTURAL
GOODS:
resource of nat
education and
culture
(small part)
Note:
Presidential decree No. 19/2007 replaced
Presidential decree No. 12/2009.
State Law No. 5/1992 replaced by State Law
No. 11/ 2010 Concerning Cultural Property
UU RI No. 5/1992
(State Law)
PP No. 10/1993
(Government
MODUS OPERANDI OF ILEGAL EXPLORATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION
(SEARCHING, SPOT COMMERCIALITATION, LIFTING, SELLING)
FISHERMAN
DUAL PROFESION
(Fisherman &
Treasure hunter
Lokasi BMKT didapat dengan
Tidak sengaja, misal jaring
Tersangkut BMKT
PENADAH/
PENAMPUNG BMKT
SMALL TRADER
SMALL & MEDIUM
COLECTOR
INVESTOR OR
SPOT BUYER
BIG COLLECTOR/
FOREIGNER
OTHERS
Lokasi didapat dengan sengaja
Menggunakan GPS
KEGIATAN SURVEI BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM PERIODE
2000-2010
PT.TORR
Per.Sel.Mare Kab.Halmahera 00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001 PT. Ake Lamo Pratama
Per.Ternate, Maluku Utara 00º 53' 00" LS - 127º 20’00" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Tricom Promosindo
Per.Krg Koka, Sulawesi Tenggara 06º 05' 66" LS - 124º 19' 45" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001 PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya,
Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel
telah dilakukan survei tahun 2005 PT.Devatech Indonesia,
Per. P.Numbing, Kep.Riau 00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002
PT.Adikencana Salvage, Per. Krg Heluputan, Kep.Riau 00º 36' 25" LS - 105º 08' 50" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2003 PT.Jasa Kelautan Sentosa,
Per. P.Mantang, Kep.Riau 00º 43' 26" LS - 104º 29' 20" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Tricom Promosindo, Per. P.Bintan Utara, Kep.Riau 01º 19' 00" LU - 104º 24' 00" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Matra Satya Osiana, Per. Krg.Savren (L.Natuna) 01º 37' 00" LS - 106º 31' 00" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002
PT.Tripang Arta Salvage, Per. P.Panjang, Babel 02º 03' 20" LS - 106º 19' 30" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PD.Bangka Global Mandiri, Per. Krg Kapal, Babel 02º 06' 00" LS - 106º 12’00" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Selat Karimata
01º 03' 333" LS - 108º 19' 373" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2007
PT. TORR
Per. Utara Selat Karimata 01º 03' 00" LS - 108º 27' 40" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001 PT. Sula Gading Sakti
Per. Selat Karimata
01º 42’738" LS - 108º409’881" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002 PT. Karya Prima Nusa Karimun
Per. Laut Jawa,Kab Jepara,Jateng 05º 44' 20" LS - 110º 15' 08" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001 PT.Matra Satya Osiana,
Per. Jepara, Jateng
06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004 PT.Matra Satya Osiana,
Per. Jepara, Jateng
06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004 PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa 05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004 PT.Comexindo Usaha Mandiri
Per. Sebelah Utara,Kep.Seribu 05°26’ 15” LS - 106°18’ 45” BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT. Jasa Kelautan Sentosa , Per.Krg. Kait, tahun 2001
Koperasi Serba Usaha Biliton Undersea,Per.Tg.Pandan, tahun 2001 PT. Sena Dwisentosa, Per.P.Simedang, tahun 2001
PT. Bangun Bahari Nusantra, Per.Bangka Selatan, tahun 2007
PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Timur Gosong Beting Raja, tahun 2002
PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Belitung Timur, masih dalam tahap survei tahun 2008 PT. Bangun Bahari Nusantara Per. Tanjung Menjangan, Prov. Sumsel telah dilakukan survei PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera
Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa 05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah PT. Marindo Alam Internusa
Per. Gosong-gosong Bunga Kab. Serdang Bedagei, Prov. Sumut
PT. Bangun Bahari
Per. Bangka Tengah, Prov.
Bangka Belitung
PT. Comexindo Usaha Mandiri
Per. Pamanukan, Kab. Subang
KEGIATAN PENGANGKATAN BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM
PERIODE 2000-2010
PT.Adi Kencana Salvage, Per. Tl. Sumpat Bintan Utara, telah dilakukan pengangkatan Tahun 2005 PT.Adi Kencana Salvage, Per. Kr. Heliputan, Kep. Riau 00°36’-25’’ LU - 105°08’-50’’ BT telah dilakukan pengangkatan tahun 2004
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Karawang, Jawa Barat 05°30’200’’ LS- 107°44’200’’ BT telah dilakukan pengangkatan Tahun 2008
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa 05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah dilakukan pengangkatan Tahun 2004 yang seluruhnya berjumlah 232.672 pcs
PT.Adi Kencana Salvage, Per. Jepara, Jawa Tengah telah dilakukan
pengangkatan Tahun 2007 PT.Tuban Oceanic Research & Recovery (PT.TORR), Per.Krg Cina Selat Karimata telah dilakukan ppengangkatan Tahun 2001, hasil pengangkatan 11.000 buah
PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya, Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel
Belum dilakukan pengangkatan Karena alasan cuaca & teknis
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Belitung Timur
Prov. Bangka Belitung Tgl 4 Mei s.d 15 Juli 2009
