TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i
PREFACE ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
ABSTRACT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
LIST OF TABLES ... ix CHAPTER I ... Error! Bookmark not defined. INTRODUCTION ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.7.3. Data Analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.8. Classification of Terms ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.9. Organization of the Paper ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER II ... Error! Bookmark not defined. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1. Orientalism ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2. Orient and Occident ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3. Representation ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4. The Kurds as Ethnic Groups ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5. Synopsis of the Novel ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.6. The Author ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER III ... Error! Bookmark not defined. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV ... Error! Bookmark not defined. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1. Representation of Non-Western Culture ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.1. Non-Western Characters Attitudes ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.2. Representation of Non-Western in Various Events and Setting ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.3. Representation of Non-Western in Physical Appearance ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2. Discussion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER V ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2. Suggestions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. REFERENCE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The notion of Orientalism has been spread in the nineteenth century and is
mystifyingly used to legitimize colonization and imperialism of Westerners toward
East/Orient (Oldmeadow, 2004). Orientalism itself, as Said (2003, p.202) puts it,
refers to the Occident‟s imperatives, perspectives, and ideological biases that
misleadingly describe and explain the Orients in the form of regularized writings,
visions, and studies. In this case, Said uses the term Occident to explain the West,
while the term Orient is used to explain the Middle East and Far East. Therefore,
Orientalism can be defined as western people‟s representations of the eastern people
in which the representations often times regard the eastern people as inferiors.
Regarding the issue of Orientalism, Gifford (1999) says that the authors such
as novelists or the poets become the vehicle of the creation and the perpetuation of
Orientalism that is commonly served through the construction of binary opposition
between the Orient and the Occident. The authors (novelist and poet) have power to
happens in the story and construct a kind of hegemony that align the readers,
consciously or unconsciously, to what the authors tell and construct. In the works of
fiction by Westerners that represents East (Orient) culture; the westerners are the side
who hold the power over it, this is in line with what Said (2003, p.40) believes that
the westerns, in Orietalism‟s manner, is the source of knowledge about the Orient due
to the fact that they create the Orient, the Oriental and their world. In this way, the
western authors can construct, manipulate and control the representation and
description of the eastern people, even if they are created in misleading ways.
The term “Orientalism” started to spread since Edward Said published his
book entitled Orientalism in 1978 and has been applied to many aspects of society, philosophy, and culture. Said, in his book concerns on how European Colonialism constructs knowledge, “truth” and beliefs on identities between colonizers and the colonized. The book is written to criticize the objective that West have in seeing the East. In writing the book, Said examines some of British and French scholarly works, political tracts, religious and philological studies, journalistic texts, travel books and works of literature to see how these texts construct and represent the East/Orient. Said found that these representations constitute a Western discourse that has traditionally served hegemonic purposes: to legitimize the imperialism to the government and to
entitled Gardens of Waters which is constructed by a western author, Alan Drew, within the theoretical framework of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1978).
Several studies have been conducted within the theoretical framework of Orientalism. One study had been conducted by Addison (1993) entitled Saving Other
Women from Other Men: Disney’s Aladdin that analyzes the representation of
Arabians in the movie Aladdin which is produced by Disney. She uncovers that many ideologies of Orientalism are presented in the movie. For example is the representation of Aladdin who is illustrated as a non Arab people/occident that comes as a hero to save Jasmine, an Arabian woman from the Barbarian Arab. She also uncovers that in Aladdin, Arabian people are portrayed and stereotyped as bad people. Another study had been conducted by Winegar (2005) entitled Aspects of
Orientalism in J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings. In her study, Winegar finds
1.2. Reason for Choosing the Topic
In this study, the writer tries to analyze the representation of the East (The Orient) in the novel written by an American author, Alan Drew, entitled Gardens of
Water. The novel is chosen because the setting of the story in the novel is in Turkey
and puts Kurdish as the main characters and as the representative of non-western culture. The author in this novel also uses the point of view of Kurdish characters; Sinan and Irem in representing what happened in the novel rather than using the point of view of Americans. The representation of the characters and the culture might be different in which Alan Drew does not experience the culture by himself, but rather uses his imagination and research in representing it. The novel also brings about binary opposition between the orient and the occident.
In this study, the writer tries to find the representation of non-western culture and characters which are constructed by a western author in the novel. The writer is interested to uncover binary oppositions between the East as the Orient and the West as the Occident that are represented in the text.
1.3. Research Question
1. In what way(s) does the western author represent non western culture in the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew?
1.4. Aims of The Study
In conducting the study, the writer tries to:
1. Find out the way(s) in which the western author represents non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew.
1.5. Scope of the Study
1.6. Significance of the Study
The results of the study are expected to give some positive impact both on
English Department‟s students and the larger society. Since novel is representative of real life, the analysis of the study also expected to give positive impact as it can give lessons to the readers.
1.7. Research Methodology
1.7.1. Research Design
1.7.2. Data Collection
The data are compiled by reading the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew (2008). It is because the study mostly deals with narrative text analysis. Several major characters of both non-western and western, events, settings and physical appearance in the novel will be chosen. Each finding will be put in some forms of table. Then, by leaning on the information obtained from reading the novel and literary research, the stury tries to meet the research objectives.
1.7.3. Data Analysis
The data that the writer collected from the novel then will be compiled and categorized in to three general illustrations of the attitudes, various events and settings and physical appearances. Then the data findings which are collected will be analyzed and interpreted using Orientalism theory proposed by Edward Said.
1.8. Classification of Terms
2) Orientalism : a style of thought based upon an ontological and
epistemological distinction between „the orient‟ and (most of times) „the
occident‟. (Edward Said‟s Orientalism,2003)
3) The Orient : the depiction of non-European people (the Eastern), its outlook, places and appearance (Edward Said‟s Orientalism, 2003) which are represented by Westerns. In this study, this term is pinned in to the non-western characters such as the Kurds or the Turks in the novel.
4) The Occident : The Western in the opposite of the Eastern (Edward
Said‟s Orientalism, 2003). In this study this term is pinned in to the western characters in the novel.
1.9. Organization of the Paper
The paper will be organized as follows:
CHAPTER I
This chapter contains background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.
The chapter covers some related theories which stand as the foundation of the study.
CHAPTER III
This section provides the research methodology, discussing the steps and procedures of the study, and the data resources in conducting the study.
CHAPTER IV
In this part the result of the study will be presented. This chapter contains the research findings and discussion.
CHAPTER V
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains the methodology of the study which explains the method used in this present study. The purpose of the methodology is to lead the study to find the answer of the research questions. It includes the subject of the study, research question, research methodology, technique of data analysis, source of the data, and data presentation.
3.1. Subject of the Study
In this study, the writer conducted an analysis of a novel entitled Gardens of
Water written by an American author, Alan Drew. This novel was published in 2008
and presents some issues of Orientalism. The study was conducted by analyzing the representation of non-western culture such as Kurds and Turks in the novel. The writer also analyzed the binary opposition of both orient and occident in the novel using Orientalism framework theory proposed by Edward Said (1978).
3.2. Research Questions
1. Find out the way(s) in which the western author represents non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew.
3.3. Research Methodology
This present study is a qualitative study that uses descriptive analysis where the data are in the form of words or text. Bogdan and Taylor (1984, as cited in Moloeng, 1999) says that qualitative study is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words of people and behaviour that can be analyzed.
Using qualitative approach, the writer explores, describes and analyzes the data findings gained from the text in the novel and presented it through descriptive data analysis. This is line with what Satori and Komariah (2009) argue that in qualitative study, the writer should uncover the meaning through exploration of the data since the data is not in form of numbers but in form of words and pictures. In addition to that, Maxwell (1996) says that qualitative study only focuses on certain events or people that emphasized not on numbers, but more on words.
guide the writer to answer research question of the way the author represents the culture in the novel.
The second basic concept is hypothesis. According to Alwasilah (2002), different from quantitative study, in qualitative study, a hypothesis is only used to make the writer sensitive to the topic which is studied. He adds that hypothesis in qualitative is presented based on some propositions or theories which is applied in the study. Thus, in this present study, since the author of the novel is a western author, and based on the theory of Orientalism proposed by Said (1978), it is believed that there will be some misleading representations of the Kurds in the novel.
Meanwhile, two other basic concepts are methodology and technique. The methodology of this present study, as mentioned earlier is qualitative that uses content analysis technique to analyze the data. Musthafa (2008) mentions that content analysis is used to uncover messages that contained in a literary works. Therefore, content analysis is appropriate in this present study to uncover some messages related to the way the western author represent non western culture in the novel, which is based on an assumption of the framework theory of Orientalism proposed by Said (1978).
Firstly, reading the novel thoroughly in order to find some textual evidences of the way the author represents non western culture in the novel. The close reading strategy is employed in this part to understand to find any traces of Orientalism that can be found in the story.
Secondly, highlighting and writing every suspicious word, phrases, utterances or expressions related to the way the author represents the culture of the East and the representation of the West characters in the novel to be served in data presentation.
Thirdly, categorizing some findings found in the novel in a form of tables to be presented as the textual evidences in analyzing the data and choosing some textual evidences that would be analyzed deeper based on the framework theory of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1978).
Fourthly, analyzing and interpreting the data findings using content analysis technique which is framed within the framework theory of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1978) that was already presented in chapter II.
3.5. Data Source
The source of the data of this study is gathered from the novel entitled
Gardens of Waters written by Alan Drew, (2008). This novel tells about a life of
two families that have different culture; Kurdish and American, Muslim and Christian that lives in a little city in Turkey. The novel is chosen because the setting of the story in the novel is in Turkey and represents Kurdish as the main characters. Some traces of Orientalism are found such as the distinction between the Kurdish characters and the American characters in the novel. Besides that, the author of the novel is an American and uses the point of view of the Kurd characters in telling what happens in the story. Some selected words, phrases, expression and utterances will be served as textual evidences to answer research question in this study.
3.6. Data Presentation
Table. 3.1
[image:19.612.106.520.148.560.2]Example of Non-Western Attitudes
Table 3.2
Example of Representation of Non-Western in Various Events
No Event Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis
No Character(s) Attitudes Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis 1 Sinan Anti-America "I'm going to invite
them," Nilufer said, standing in the hallway now. "No." It was bad enough they lived above him, but he didn't want the Americans inside
his house,
especially on this day.
"Sinan," Nilufer said.
"It's wrong. They're our neighbors." He shook his head, but she was already coming toward him with a smile on her face. P.11
1 Earthquake evacuation
People in town said the government would take care of them and when the government didn't they said the military would and now that the military hadn't arrived no one spoke anymore about being cared for. P. 59
"I'm sorry," he said, pressing a handkerchief to his nose. "I'm sorry, but we must bury them now." He poured lemon kolonya over his already soaked handkerchief and pressed it again to his nose. "Where's the government? Where's the Red Crescent?" Touching a mourner's shoulder, he said, "I'm so sorry, but we must do this." P. 71
"Where's the
government?" Nilufer said. "This boy's sick." P.83
This passage shows how powerless is the government of Turkey in evacuating the victims of earthquake. Many times, some
characters are
[image:20.612.107.521.83.544.2]questioning the help from the government but it never come. In another case, America is coming to help the victims in Turkey. However, there are two possibilities in this textual evidences, the first is the disability of the government to help the victims. And the second is the disability of the Kurds to help themselves, so that they need help from others.
Table 3.3
Example of Representation of Non-Western in Setting
No Setting Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis
1 Turkey “Too many men,” the
man said. He lit a cigarette, the smoke flying away from his face. “Too many men, not enough city” (p.4)
enough to provide the living for the citizens. the problem of population is somehow one of the characteristics of the developing country. Thus, this text wants to imply that Turkey is a developing country.
Table 3.4
Example of Representation of Non-Westerns Physical Appearance
The complete data presentation is available in the appendices section. No Character(s) Physical
Appearance Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis
1 Sinan Sinan is
illustrated as a disabled man
Now Sinan shoved through the crowd to get to the boy, but his foot made it difficult. p.4
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the conclusion of the present study based on the findings and discussion that have been presented in the previous chapters. The second part is the suggestions for the further study related to the present research.
5.1. Conclusion
This present study is aimed to unearth the ways in which a western author, Alan Drew, represents non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Water. After conducting the study and analyzing the findings, it is discovered that the author represents non-western culture in such ways that confirms Orientalist’s stereotyping.
The stereotyping are evident in the narrative through characters’ attitudes, the
different settings and the characters’ external appearances
events that are important to the depiction of the East in the novel: the earthquake evacuation and the post-earthquake. From those two events, it is revealed that the East is presented as inferior to the West due to the stereotyping of weak, powerless, slow responsive and dependant people. Meanwhile, in the setting of place, the East is represented as developing country that needs to be helped by the West to manage the country. In physical appearance, the eastern woman is described as wearing hijab/abaya as their Islamic dress-code in which the outfit gives a sense of restricting woman in doing various activities. The author also illustrates the Easterners as dirty
and rough that can be seen in the illustration of Sinan’s family and the Kurdish boys
in Haydaparsa train station.
5.2. Suggestions
The present study has revealed the ways in which the western author represents the non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Waters using the theoretical framework of Orientalism which is proposed by Edward Said (1978). Afterwards, in this section the writer would like to give some suggestions that hopefully would be useful for future studies in the same field. The suggestions can be seen as follows:
1. Regarding the novel, it is would be better to discuss some issues deeper in the novel, such as the issue of oppression towards Eastern women in patriarchal culture in the Middle East.
2. Related to the issue of Orientalism, the writer also recommends other researchers to conduct further researches within the theoretical framework of Orientalism in various literary works such as poems, short stories, or drama scripts.
3. Further study on Orientalism is suggested to not only analyze the works made by western author, but also made by eastern author that also contain the issue of Orientalism.
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