49147 Wu Survey of Bouyei

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Survey of the Guizhou Bouyei Language

by

Prof. Wu Wenyi (Guizhou Province Nationalities Research Institute)

and

Wil C. Snyder (Summer Institute of Linguistics)

and

Liang Yongshu (Guizhou Province Nationalities Research Institute)

Senior Editors: Zhang Heping (Guizhou Province Nationalities Affairs Commission) and

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SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description

2007-001

Fair Use Policy

Documents published in the Language and Culture Documentation and Description series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes (under fair use guidelines) free of charge and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of Language and Culture Documentation and Description or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s).

Series Editor Mary Ruth Wise Managing Editor

Mae Zook Compositor

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iii

Preface

This province-wide language survey was conducted in order

• to determine the current state of phonological and lexical similarity among Bouyei lects, and

• to compare the data collected with that collected in the 1950s and published in Buyi Diaocha Baogao [abbreviated in this volume as BYDCBG, “Bouyei Language Survey Report”]. The project was managed by

• Mr. Wu Wenyi of the Guizhou Nationalities Research Institute

• Mr. Zhang Heping of the Guizhou Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Mr. Wil C. Snyder of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, and

• Dr. Lon Diehl of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.

The project was sponsored by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Project field work began in early 1996 and was completed in 1997. The 1950s survey included 40 data points. We selected a total of 24 data points for our survey, with as many of these overlapping with the original 40 points as possible. Five hundred lexical items were originally selected for our survey, with later revision to 503 words. In each data point that we visited, we planned to elicit the word list items from a male speaker 50 years of age or older and a male speaker 35 years of age or younger. In most data points visited, these criteria were met, though due to flooding and other factors we were not able to physically get to a few of the data points, so had to rely on speakers from that area as we could find them. Each speaker of every data point was a native Bouyei speaker from that area. In each county we visited, the local county Nationalities Affairs Commission

• hosted our work

• generally organized travel to and from the area, and

• helped select speakers.

For each data point, if possible we traveled to one of the representative villages and elicited data there. We separated into two groups: one group eliciting data from a group of older speakers and one group eliciting data from a group of younger speakers. The elicitation from each group was done at the same time in separate locations within the village or county seat. In each group of speakers, at least some understood Chinese well enough to fully understand the items we were eliciting. In addition, the two authors from the Guizhou Nationalities Research Institute are both Bouyei and speak the language well.

With each group of speakers, the data was elicited word by word. For each word, the group of speakers would come to a consensus on the correct Bouyei word(s). We then would elicit and transcribe the word(s) from one speaker chosen as the representative for that group. After the entire word list was transcribed, we re-checked our transcription with the speakers. Finally, we recorded the entire word list from the representative speaker of each group.

After the data was collected from one or more data points, the authors then listened to the data tapes of both older and younger speakers and re-checked our transcriptions. We made special effort to correctly transcribe the consonants while eliciting directly from the speaker. When listening to the tapes, we sometimes modified our transcription of vowels and tones. We also put many words on computer to more accurately view the pitch and vowel quality. When each list was transcribed and checked completely, we then entered the data into a database for analysis.

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and phonology. It is important, therefore, to have as accurate a picture as possible of the current state of Bouyei.

Our investigations include

• the phonology of each lect

• the lectal divergence and estimation of intelligibility

• historical changes of Bouyei initials

• comparison of our data with BYDGBG, and

• comparison of the speech of older speakers versus younger speakers.

Section 5, “Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data” and section 6, “Comparison of speech between younger and older speakers” was originally written in Chinese and translated into English by Wil Snyder. We hope these chapters will also be of use to various scholars in their own fields of research.

Any errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. We invite and encourage comments and discussion from all scholars who read and use this research.

Finally, we would like to thank the following people and entities for all their support and help in making this research project a reality:

• Guizhou Province Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Guizhou University Foreign Affairs Office

• Anshun District Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Qiannan Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Qianxinan Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Liupanshui Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Wangmo County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Fuxing Town Government

• Anlong County Government and Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Qinglong County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Zitang Town Government

• Xingyi City Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Bajie Town Government

• Zhenfeng County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Mingu Town Government

• Ceheng County Government and Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Shuicheng County Nationalities Affairs Commission and Fa’er Town Government

• Anshun City Nationalities Affairs Commission and Huangla Town Government

• Ziyun County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, Huohong Town Government, and Nonghe Town Government

• Changshun County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Guyang Town Government

• Huishui County Government and Nationalities Affairs Commission

• Longli County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Yangchang Town Government

• Guiding County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Gonggu Town Government

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and Nanzhai Town Government

• Pingtang County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, and Xiliang Town Government

• Luodian County Government, Nationalities Affairs Commission, Luokun Town Government, and Poqiu Town Government

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xiii

Abbreviations and conventions

BYDCBG Buyi Diaocha Baogao (Bouyei Language Survey Report)

excl. exclusive

incl. inclusive

p. person

pl. plural

p. pl. person plural

ps. person singular

s. singular

sth. something

UR underlying representation

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xiv

Names and abbreviations of data points

For each data point, we give the county name and town name from where we obtained the data. Each data point is within the Guizhou province border.

In Qiannan prefecture data points include

• Chuangshun Guyang

• Dushan Nanzhai

• Dushan Shuiyan

• Duyun Fuxi

• Guiding Gonggu

• Huishui Danggu

• Libo Fucun

• Longli Yangchang

• Luodian Luokun

• Luodian Poqiu

• Pingtang Xiliang, and

• Pingtang Zhangbu.

In Qianxinan prefecture data points include

• Anlong Pingle

• Ceheng Huarong

• Qinglong Zitang

• Wangmo Fuxing

• Xingyi Bajie, and

• Zhenfeng Mingu.

Data points in the Anshun district include

• Anshun Huangla

• Zhenning Banle

• Zhenning Shitouzhai

• Ziyun Huohong, and

• Ziyun Nonghe.

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Abbreviations of the data point names are as follows:

AL Anlong AS Anshun CH Ceheng

CS Changshun DSNZ Dushan NanZhai DSSY Dushan Shuiyan

DY Duyun GD Guiding HS Huishui

LB Libo LL Longli LDLK Luodian Luokun

LDPQ Luodian Poqiu PTXL Pingtang Xiliang PTZB Pingtang Zhangbu

QL Qinglong SC Shuicheng WM Wangmo

XY Xingyi ZF Zhenfeng ZNBL Zhenning Banle

ZNSTZ Zhenning Shitouzhai

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xvi

The Bouyei

The Bouyei are a relatively populous ethnic minority people of Guizhou province, China. According to the 1990 government census, there were almost 2½ million Bouyei living in Guizhou at that time. The large percentage of Bouyei reside in the

• Qiannan Bouyei-Miao autonomous prefecture

• Qianxinan Bouyei-Miao autonomous prefecture

• Anshun region, the Liupenshui city area, and

• Guiyang city area.

In addition, a small percentage of Bouyei reside in the

• Zunyi area

• Bijie area

• Qiandongnan Miao-Dong autonomous prefecture, and

• Yunnan province.

The Bouyei language is classified as a Northern Tai language, part of the Kadai language family. The Bouyei language has various lects, many being mutually unintelligible to a significant degree. However, the grammar and basic vocabulary of the various lects is quite similar. According to the Bouyei language survey done in the 1950s, there are three major lectal areas.

• The first lectal area is comprised of Wangmo, Ceheng, Luodian, Dushan, Libo, Duyun, Pingtang, Zhenfeng, Anlong, Xingren, and Xingyi counties.

• The second lectal area is made up of Longli, Guiding, Qingzhen, Pingba, Kaiyang counties, the Guiyang city area, and the Anshun area.

• Zhenning, Guanling, Ziyun, Qinglong, Pu’an, Liuzhi, Panxian, Shuicheng, Bijie, and Weining counties make up the third lectal area.

The Bouyei language is used by virtually all Bouyei people in the rural parts of these areas and by many in the towns and cities as well. Many Bouyei can also communicate in Chinese to some degree and some are completely bilingual.

Historically, the Bouyei have no script of their own. In many Bouyei areas, some Bouyei songs and Scriptures have been written with a kind of modified Chinese character script, though the script is often slightly different in each place. This practice most likely began sometime during the Song dynasty. In 1956, under the direction of the government of the People’s Republic of China, a Roman script was created for the Bouyei language.

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1

1. Phonology and word list

1.1. Introduction

The tones in the raw data were recorded using the Chao scale, and in order to translate these pitch representations into tone categories, we organized a total of 76 words into Gedney boxes1 for analysis. Each word was read into the computer from tape, and the pitch for each word was ana-lyzed using the SIL program WinCecil. In WinCecil, the pitch of an utterance can be measured at any point in the stream of speech. The pitch values were measured in semitones. These values were recorded for each Bouyei word in the Gedney boxes, and values in each box were averaged (excep-tional words were thrown out). These averages then served as an objective, but not absolute guide, in determining the tone categories of each word in each raw data list. For any particular tone category, some of the words of course will not have the exact pitch value that was arrived at by averaging the Gedney box examples. But if the tone on a word is close to the average, and that word is known to have that particular tone category in other Tai languages and lects, then it was given that tone category in our analysis.

Each phone of each transcribed word was organized into tables—one table for each phone per word list. In this way, the particular environments that the phone occurred in could be viewed. Phones could be easily compared with each other, and frames could be easily organized when it was necessary to re-check the data. Each occurrence of each phone was studied, and each phone was analyzed as to its phonemic status.

There are some generalities and characteristics to be noted regarding Bouyei phonology. One is palatalized and labialized consonants. Many Bouyei lects have _oi, _fi, _jv, _fv, and _Mv. It is often quite difficult to distinguish a palatalized or labialized consonant from a simple consonant-vowel series (i.e., oi- versus oh-). Nonetheless, we have tried to determine in each of the lects whether or not these consonant clusters function as phonemic units or not. It should be noted, however, that the phonemic status of these sounds is often based on what amounts to a judgment call. For those interested, for each lect there are notes regarding factors relevant to this decision. Other phono-logical methods (word games, etc.) would need to be used to arrive at a definite analysis for each lect.

A characteristic of some of the lects is aspiration, mainly occurring in the northwest lectal area. Some lects have random aspiration or aspiration on some Chinese loan words, but are not counted as having phonemic aspiration.

Another problem area is point of articulation of the coronal fricatives. Sometimes two phones as far apart in point of articulation as _S and _b are allophones of a single phoneme. Other times phones very close to each other are both phonemic.

There is a very limited set of syllable-final consonants in Bouyei. Typically found are _o, _s, _j, f, _l, _m, _M. However, some lects lack one or more of these. In general, each of these finals is phonemic. Sometimes it is very difficult to tell if the glottal stop is actually ever contrastive with each of the other final plosive stops.

1

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with [_f]. Exceptions to this are very rare and phonetically conditioned.

Vowel length is phonemic only for the [a] vowel. Though in some lects there are occurrences of lengthened vowels other than [a], they are never phonemic.

In section 2, for each point studied, we list the phoneme inventory (additional allophones are in brackets “[ ]”), minimal pairs, and any allophonic rules. Notes on the analysis of various phones are also given. The transcriptions of the world list are given last for each data point.

1.2. Word list

English - 英语 Chinese - 汉语

1 sunshine, sunlight 阳

2 lightning 闪电

3 thunder 雷名

4 moon 亮

5 star* 星星

6 sky 天·天空

7 cloud 云

8 wind 风

9 rain 雨

10 rainbow* 彩虹

11 mist, fog 雾

12 morning 早

13 afternoon 午

14 evening 晚

15 day (24 hours) 天·日子

16 year (calendar)* 年

17 early* 早来早

18 late 晚来晚

19 breakfast 早餐

20 lunch 午饭

21 afternoon meal 午的餐

22 dinner 晚饭

23 water* 水

24 well

25 earth (soil, dirt) 土

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27 sand 沙

28 dust 尘土路

29 gold 金子

30 silver 银子

31 iron 铁

32 river* 河

33 bank, shore 岸

34 lake 湖

35 sea 海

36 mountain* 山

37 road 路

38 small village* 村子

39 house 房子

40 roof 房顶

41 door 门

42 board 木子

43 table 桌子

44 stool 凳子

45 bowl 碗

46 chopsticks 筷子

47 broom 扫把

48 pig pen 圈

49 field (paddy)* 田稻田

50 field (dry) 地

51 paddy rice* 大米

52 cooked rice 米饭

53 glutinous rice (raw) 糯米

54 glutinous rice (cooked) 糯米饭

55 rice seedling 秧苗

56 grass 草青嫩

57 sugar cane* 甘蔗

58 tree* 树

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60 bamboo 竹子总称

61 forest* 森林

62 leaf (small, tree)* 叶子

63 thorn 刺名

64 flower* 花

65 seed 籽, 种子

66 fruit* 水果

67 vegetable* 菜蔬菜

68 animal* 动物总称

69 pig

70 sheep 羊

71 dog* 狗

72 horse* 马

73 water buffalo* 水牛

74 cow 黄牛

75 tail 尾巴

76 horn 角牛

77 tiger 老虎

78 bear 熊

79 monkey 猴子

80 bat 蝙蝠

81 rabbit* 兔子

82 mouse, rat 老鼠

83 bird* 鸟

84 bird nest 鸟窝

85 chicken* 鸡

86 cock’s crest 鸡冠

87 duck* 鸭子

88 goose 鹅

89 owl 头鹰

90 wing* 翅

91 feather 羽毛

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93 egg* 蛋

94 fish* 鱼

95 fin 鱼鳍

96 snake* 蛇

97 mosquito 蚊子

98 fly (insect) 苍蝇

99 ant*

100 spider 蜘蛛

101 flea 跳蚤

102 bedbug 臭虫

103 earthworm 蚯蚓

104 louse 虱子

105 body (human) 身体

106 head* 头

107 hair (on head) 头发

108 face* 脸

109 eye* 眼睛

110 nose* 鼻子

111 ear* 耳朵

112 mouth* 嘴巴

113 tooth 牙齿

114 tongue 舌头

115 chin 巴

116 beard 胡子

117 forehead 额头

118 neck 脖子

119 shoulder* 肩

120 hand* 手

121 leg*

122 knee 膝盖

123 foot 脚

124 chest* 胸

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126 goiter 甲状腺肿大脖子

127 heart 心

128 lungs* 肺

129 brain 子

130 liver* 肝

131 abdomen, belly 肚子

132 navel 肚

133 intestines 肠子

134 blood* 血

135 feces (cow dung)* 屎牛屎

136 bone* 骨头

137 skin (human) 皮

138 flesh, meat 肉

139 oil (pig) 油

140 garlic 大蒜

141 ginger 姜

142 salt 盐

143 bite, to* 咬

144 eat, to* 吃

145 drink, to

146 liquor 酒

147 drunk 醉酒

148 vomit, to* 呕

149 boil, to* 煮

150 sweet 甜

151 sour 酸

152 bitter 苦

153 salty 咸

154 hot, spicy 辣

155 hungry* 饿

156 cucumber 黄瓜

157 pumpkin 瓜

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159 bean 豆

160 taro 芋头

161 reed 芦苇

162 clothing 衣服

163 cloth* 布

164 cotton* 棉

165 pants 裤子

166 socks* 袜子

167 mat 席子

168 mosquito net 蚊帐

169 bamboo hat 斗笠

170 knife (for cooking)* 刀

171 CLASSIFIER for knife* 把刀

172 cooking pot

173 pot lid 盖

174 three-legged stand 脚架

175 straps for carrying sth. on one’s back 背带

176 fan 扇子

177 scales (steelyard type) 秤

178 awl 锥子

179 scissors 剪子

180 money 钱

181 umbrella 雨伞

182 lock 锁

183 key 钥匙

184 rod, stick 棍子

185 bamboo pole 竹竿

186 boat 船

187 axe 斧头

188 plough 犁

189 hoe 头

190 shoulder pole 扁担

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192 manure (fertilizer) 料

193 stone mortar 石臼

194 pestle 杵

195 sifter 筛子

196 dustpan 簸箕

197 weaving machine 织布机

198 paper 纸

199 ink 墨水

200 pen 笔

201 suona (musical instrument) 唢呐

202 net 网

203 hook 钩子

204 ghost 鬼

205 spirit, god 神

206 strength 力气

207 shadow 影子

208 dream 梦

209 story 故

210 gift 礼物

211 error 错误

212 spare time 闲空

213 direction 方

214 sew (by hand), to 缝

215 like, to 欢

216 love, to 爱

217 peel, to 剥果皮

218 hold (a child), to 抱孩子

219 carry on one’s back (a child), to 背孩子

220 add, to 加饭

221 split apart 裂开

222 weave a basket, to 编篮子

223 mend (clothes), to 补衣服

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225 taste, to 尝菜

226 wear (clothes), to 穿衣服

227 leak, to 漏水

228 nod one’s head, to 点头

229 hang (on a wall), to 挂在墙

230 roll, to 滚在地

231 cross (a river), to 过河

232 paddle (a boat), to 划船

233 continue, to 继续

234 borrow, to 借钱

235 chop (a tree), to 砍树

236 warm oneself (by a fire, etc.), to 烤火

237 cough, to 咳嗽

238 swell (a leg), to 肿

239 flow (water), to 流水

240 get up (from bed), to 床

241 lead (a cow) with a rope, to 牵牛

242 dry in the sun, to 晒

243 sift/sieve (rice), to 筛米

244 go up, to 楼

245 go down, to 楼

246 stretch out (hand), to 伸手

247 comb (hair), to 梳头发

248 be in pain, to 头疼

249 kick, to 踢

250 hold (a basket), to 提篮子

251 swallow, to 吞

252 take off (clothes), to 脱衣

253 ask, to 问

254 answer, to 回答

255 forget, to 记

256 rain, to 雨

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258 search, to 寻找

259 blink, to 眨眼

260 live/stay (somewhere), to 住

261 steam (rice), to 蒸饭〕

262 live, to 活

263 die, to 死

264 sick 病

265 breathe, to 呼

266 hear, to 听

267 see, to 看

268 speak/talk, to* 说, 讲

269 laugh, to 笑

270 scold, to 骂

271 weep, to 哭

272 blow (with mouth), to

273 yawn, to 打呵欠

274 sleep, to 睡觉

275 stand, to 站

276 sit, to

277 walk, to 走

278 crawl (of a child) 爬小孩

279 climb (a tree) 爬树

280 come, to* 来

281 go, to* 去

282 enter, to 入

283 return, to* 回来

284 fly, to* 飞

285 ride (a horse), to* 骑

286 swim, to 游泳

287 float (on water), to 浮

288 play, to 玩

289 sing, to 唱

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291 work, to 干活

292 carry (with pole), to 担

293 close (a door), to 关门

294 open (a door), to 开门

295 open (one's mouth), to* 开嘴

296 push, to 推

297 pull, to 拉

298 fall, to 掉

299 give, to 给

300 take, to 拿

301 select, to 选择

302 buy, to* 买

303 sell, to

304 steal (secretly), to* 偷

305 want, to 想要

306 have, to

307 know, to 知道

308 fear, to 怕

309 wash (hands), to* 洗手

310 wash (clothes), to 洗衣服

311 tie/bind up, to* 捆

312 wipe (table), to 擦桌

313 cut (meat), to 切肉

314 rope/string* 绳子

315 cut (grass, weeds), to 割草

316 split (wood), to* 劈开木头

317 board (wood)* 木头

318 dig, to 挖

319 person 人

320 Bouyei people 布依族

321 Han people 汉族

322 man 男人

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324 shaman 巫师

325 matchmaker 媒人

326 friend 朋友

327 ancestors 祖宗

328 father* 父亲

329 mother 母亲

330 child* 小孩

331 husband 夫

332 wife 妻子

333 elder sibling* 兄姐

334 younger sibling* 弟妹

335 only son 独子

336 grandson 孙子

337 paternal grandfather

338 paternal grandmother 婆婆

339 maternal grandfather 外

340 maternal grandmother 外婆

341 guest* 客人

342 family name 姓

343 first (given) name 名字

344 I 我

345 you (sg.) 你

346 he 他

347 we (incl.) 咱们

348 we (excl.)* 我们

349 you (pl.) 你们

350 they 他们

351 other people 别人

352 firewood 柴

353 fire 火

354 flame 火焰

355 burn (intransitive) 烧

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357 ashes 灰尘

358 smoke 烟

359 bow 弓

360 arrow* 箭

361 hunt, to 打猎

362 kill, to* 杀

363 fight (with fists), to 打架

364 one (ORDINAL) 一

365 two (ORDINAL)

366 one (CARDINAL) 一一个人

367 two (CARDINAL) 两两个人

368 three*

369 four 四

370 five*

371 six

372 seven* 七

373 eight

374 nine 九

375 ten 十

376 twenty 十

377 hundred*

378 thousand 千

379 all (“They all came”) 都都来了

380 some 一些

381 many 多

382 few 少

383 every, each 每

384 big 大

385 small 小

386 long 长

387 short (length)

388 tall 高

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390 round 圆

391 flat 扁

392 thick (paper)* 厚

393 thin/flimsy (paper) 薄

394 wide* 宽

395 narrow 窄

396 hard/stiff* 硬

397 soft 软

398 straight 直

399 crooked 弯曲

400 fast 快

401 slow 慢

402 heavy

403 light (weight) 轻

404 fat (person) 胖

405 thin (person) 瘦

406 black 黑

407 red* 红

408 white

409 yellow 黄

410 green 绿

411 blue 蓝

412 dry (clothes) 干的

413 wet (clothes) 湿

414 empty (bottle) 空的

415 full (bottle) 满

416 clean (clothes) 干净

417 dirty (clothes)* 衣服

418 new (thing)* 新

419 young 年轻

420 smart 聪明

421 stupid 傻

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423 old (person) 老

424 deaf 聋的

425 hot (weather) 热

426 cold (weather)* 冷

427 good* 好

428 bad

429 broken/torn* 破

430 deep 深

431 shallow 浅

432 slanted 斜

433 bright 亮

434 dark 暗

435 clear 清

436 muddy, cloudy 浑

437 strong 壮

438 weak 弱

439 tasteless 淡

440 tired 累

441 tight (of a rope, etc.) 捆紧

442 loose

443 smooth, slippery 滑

444 expensive 贵

445 inexpensive 便宜

446 tender 嫩

447 difficult 难

448 easy 容易

449 smelly 臭

450 fragrant 香

451 busy

452 poor 穷

453 wealthy 富

454 lively 热闹

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456 pretty (of a girl) 漂亮女

457 crafty 狡猾

458 brave 勇敢

459 lazy 懒

460 diligent 努力

461 far

462 near 近

463 in (side) 面

464 out (side)* 外面

465 right (side) 右边

466 left (side) 左边

467 above 面

468 below 面

469 here 这

470 there 那

471 this* 这个

472 that 那个

473 where? 哪

474 who?* 谁

475 what? 什么

476 how? 怎么

477 when? 什么时候

478 why? 为什么

479 at (LOC) 在

480 (he) just (arrived), a short while ago 他刚来

481 (go) immediately 马走

482 (go) quickly 快去

483 conjuction connecting two clauses, the first being the premise of the second

一看就知道

484 (you go) first 你去

485 often 他常常来

(33)

487 even more (meaning in English is often realized in the -er morpheme added to verbs, e.g., quick-er)

更快

488 together (do sth.) 一作

489 only 只买斤

490 word indicating repetition 又来了一个人

491 again, do sth. another time 再说一遍

492 also 我也去

493 or 个或者四个

494 it seems that 好象要雨

495 from 从这开始

496 and 他和我

497 because 因为

498 if 如果

499 reach, get to 到家了

500 be, is 是

501 not/no 不

502 no matter, doesn’t matter 没关系

(34)

18

2. Phonology of data points

2.1. Anlong Pingle

2.1.1. Phone and phoneme inventory

Initial consonants

BiLab LaDe InDe Alv PoAl AlPal Pal Vel Glo

Plos vl _o, _oi_s_j, _{jv f}, [_fi]

PreGlo _fa_fc

Aff vl _sb

Fric vl _{e S b} [_g]

vd _u_p, [pv] [Y] F G

Nas vd _{l m} ¯ _M, _Mv

Lat vd _k

Tap vl [_q]

App vd _v_i

Final consonants

o, _s, _j, _l, _m, _M

Vowels

Front Central Back

unrd unrd rd

Close _{h X} _t

Near-close [_H] [_T]

Close-mid [_d] _n, [_n:]

Mid ₌, [₌:]

Open-mid _D _B

Near-open _@

Open _`, `:

Tones

Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, 9 8, 10

(35)

2.1.2. Notes

• [v] only occurs in six items and it is tempting to lump it in with [w]. However, as these two sounds are often on a continuum of fricativeness and are one phoneme in many other lects, here they are distinct.

[w] only occurs a total of 18 times, and [v] and [w] are distinct phonemes. [v] is also contrastive with [f]. See minimal pairs.

• [_S], [_p], and [_b] are all clearly contrastive, and each phone occurs on a number of items. See minimal pairs.

[_Y] is somewhat of a problem. It only occurs on three lexical items, but it seems like it would be the voiced counterpart of [b]. However, as can be seen by the occurrence of the word ‘bird’ in three different items, [_Y], [_q], and [_p] are the initials for the three occurrences: 83 ‘bird’ [_st1_qBj6], 89 ‘owl’ [_YBj6_sb@t0_lDt4], and 84 ‘bird nest’ [_pnM1_pBj6].

[Y], [q], and [p] are all allophones for this word.

[_q] also only occurs on three items, and for some items [_q] was used during rapid speech, while [_p] was the initial during slower speech. Since [_Y] occurs only three times, and on one occurrence is clearly an allophone of [p], we consider it an allophonic variation of the phoneme /_p/, as is [_q].

• [h] occurs on only two morphemes: 113 ‘tooth’ [_gDt2] and 51–54‘grain’ [_g`t3]. Many of the words which in other lects are a voiceless glottal fricative have [_G] or [_F] instead.

[_F] occurs on 10 items, and it and [_G] seem to be on a continuum of fricativeness, being one underlying phoneme.

[h] and [F] are viewed as allophonic variations of [G].

• [_f] occurs on a number of items and [_fi] occurs on six items.

[_f] only occurs before [i] once (212 ‘spare time’ [_fht4_k`M4]), but that is on a morpheme that is realized as [_fi] on two other items: 260 ‘live/stay’ and 479 ‘at’. Both are [_fit4]. The degree of palatalization is not very strong. This shows that [_fi] can be viewed as [_fh] underlyingly. See rule below.

• [pj] occurs on 11 morphemes. The degree of palatalization is quite distinct, and most of the items with the [pj] initial have a *pj- proto-form. There are no occurrences of [pi] + V. [pj] could be viewed as [pi] underlyingly. However, since the degree of palatalization is clear, [pj] will be viewed as phonemic.

• [kw] occurs on 10 morphemes. The [ku] + V combination occurs only once. The degree of labialization is quite strong on [kw] and, for the same reason [pj] is considered phonemic, [kw] is also viewed as phonemic.

• [_pv] occurs on only one morpheme and [_pt] + V combinations occur a few times. The degree of labialization is weak, and generally has a vowel quality rather than a semivowel quality. Therefore, [_pv] is not considered phonemic.

(36)

[i] also occurs in this environment several times. The sounds [i] and [H] actually lie on a continuum between tense and lax and constitute the same phoneme. See rule below.

• [_B] occurs on only four morphemes, each time followed by [-k], except for one occurrence. However, [o] also is followed by [-k]. Because of the low frequency of occurrence, [_B] could be viewed as an allophonic variation of [o], but there are contrastive sets. Here, [_B] is phonemic.

• [_T] only occurs on three morphemes. Its relation to [u] is the same as [_H] and [i]. See rule below.

• [_X] occurs several times, mostly in syllable-final position or in a [_X=] combination. However, [₌] also occurs in syllable-final position.

[_X] is seen as contrastive with [₌]. See minimal pairs.

2.1.3. Minimal pairs

[_sb] and [t] 169 ‘bamboo hat’ [_sb@o6], 130 ‘liver’ [_s@o6] 462 ‘near’ [_sb@h2], 271 ‘to weep’ [_s@h2]

[v] and [w] 196 ‘dustpan’ [_fcnM1_uh4], 497 ‘because’ [_vh4_fcDh3] 229 ‘to hang’ [_uDm0], 319 ‘person’ [_vDm1]

[v] and [f] 9 ‘rain’ [_u=m0], 352 ‘firewood’ [_e=m1] 196 ‘dustpan’ [_fcnm1_uh4], 353 ‘fire’ [_eh1]

[_S], [_p], and [_b] 185 ‘bamboo pole’ [_mn1_S`t1],443 ‘smooth’ [_p`t1], 17 ‘early’ [_b`t1] 435 ‘clear’ [_S@h0], 133 ‘intestines’ [_p@h2], 188 ‘plough’ [_b@h0] [¯] and [n] 365 ‘two (ordinal)’ [¯_h5], 330 ‘child’ [_k=j7_mh5]

290 ‘drum (bronze)’ [¯Dm1], 98 ‘fly (insect)’ [mDM1S`4] [_M] and [n] 207 ‘shadow’ [_M`t1], 268 ‘speak, talk’ [_m`t1]

228 ‘to nod one’s head’ [_Mnj7], measure word in 184 ‘rod, stick’ [_mnj7_s=M3] [a:] and [_`] 232 ‘to paddle’ [_j`:_t0], 76 ‘horn’ [_j`t0]

408 ‘white’ [_G`:_t0], 449 ‘smelly’ [_G`t0_fi`4]

[a:] and [_@] 233 ‘to continue’ [_snM1_s`:_l0], 480 ‘just (arrived)’ [_s@l0] 381 ‘many’ [_k`:_h0], 239 ‘to flow (water)’ [_k@h0]

[a] and [_@] 334 ‘younger’ [_lt=M3_j`t4], 422 ‘old (thing)’ [_j@t4] 263 ‘to die’ [_s`h0], 495 ‘from’ [_s@h4]

[o] and [_B] 10 ‘rainbow’ [_M=1_knj7_v`4], 410 ‘green’ [_kBj7] 399 ‘crooked’ [_jnM1_jn1], 359 ‘bow’ [_jBM0] [_X] and [₌] 483 a conjunction [_kX2], 267 ‘to see’ [_k=2]

(37)

2.1.4. Allophonic rules

/_h/ → [j]/_f__

→ [_H]/C__C# (with exceptions) → [i]/elsewhere

/_t/ → [_T]/C__C (with some exceptions) → [u]/elsewhere

2.1.5. Transcription of Anlong Pingle word list

安龙平乐90 代与50 代语音糸统比较

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

1 阳 fc=m22fc`s24 _fc`m22fc`s24

2 闪电 k@o24oi`24 _k`l24oi`24

3 雷名 oi`24 _{oi`24 oi`24}

4 亮 fc`t22fcXDm22 _{fc`t24fchDm24}

5 星星 fc`t24fch13 _fc`t24fch22

6 天, 天空 fa=m22 _{fa=m22 faLm22}

7 云 vX=24 _{uL24 uL24}

8 风 pnl20 _{ptl20 ytl20}

9 雨 u=m23 _{u=m13 uLm22}

10 彩虹 M=20knj20v`12 _{ML20Ynj13v`24 ynj00u`22}

11 雾 k@o24ln13 _{k`o24ln13 ln13}

12 早 p`M13G`9s24 _{i`M22F`s24 gCs24}

13 午 ph`M13Mv`m20 _bX20phM20

14 晚 p`M13F`l02 _{i`M22F`l12 gLm20}, gCl00

15 天, 日子 Mv`m20 _{v@m20 uCm20}

16 年 _lh@t30, oh22 oh22 oh22

17 早来早 b`t31 _{jv`h20 bCt42}, ynl00

18 晚来晚 jv`9h20 _{jv`h20 kt9s24}

19 早餐 M`9h20pt`l13 _F`t31Yt`l12

20 午饭 g`t31M`9h20 _{F`t31M`9h20 M`h20}

(38)

22 晚饭 g@t31b`t20 _{F`t31b@t20 bCt20}

23 水 p`l31 _{y`M31 yCl42}

24 fc=m22fan13 _{fc=22fan13 fan13}

25 土 m`9l13 _{m`9l13 m`l00}

26 石头 phm22 _{fc`j24phm22 yhm22}

27 沙 b`22 _{b`22 yd13}

28 尘土路 lt23l`m14 _ft24l@m13, lX=m22 sCt00

29 金子 sbHl23 _{sbhl22 sb=l22}

30 银子 M`m20 _{M@m20 MCm20}

31 铁 e`20 _{e`20 e`20}

32 河 s`13 _{s`13 s`00}

33 岸 _o`M31, F`m20 o`M31 gCm20

34 湖 s`l20 _s`l20

35 海 F`9h24 _{fc=22F`9h24 g`h24}

36 山 on22 _{on22 on22}

37 路 p`m22 _{j`y`9m22 yCm22}

38 村子 fa`m31 _{fa`9m31 fa`m42}

39 房子 p`m20 _{y`m20 y`m20}

40 房顶 mDM20p`m20 _mDM20y`m20

41 门 st22 _{v`13st22 st22}

42 木子 s`o13 _{jDo24s`o13 odm13}

43 桌子 _fc=mbn9M20 _{bnM20 bBM20}

44 凳子 s`M13 _{fc=22s`M13 sCM13}

45 碗 sh31 _{sh31 sh42}

46 筷子 sX13 _{sL13 sL00}

47 扫把 ih31o`s24 _{ihm31o@s24 oCs24}

48 圈 jtnM13lt22 _jnM13lt22

49 田稻田 m`20 _{m`20 m`20}

(39)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

51 大米 g`t31p`9m22 _{F`t24r`m22 g`t22}

52 米饭 g`t31F`t13 _{F`t24F`9t22 gCt42}

53 糯米 g`t31b=s02 _F`t24bds13

54 糯米饭 g`t31fD13 _F`t31fD13

55 秧苗 sb`24 _{sb`24 sb`24}

56 草青嫩 _¯X24 _¯_L24, ¯`22ft=m13 ¯L24, ¯`22

57 甘蔗 fnh31 _{fnh31 fnh42}

58 树 e@h31 _{e`h31 eCh42}

59 树根 k`13e@h31 _{y`f13e`h31 y`00}

60 竹子总称 e@h31kt@h22 _e`h31kt`h22 _yBs00 金竹

61 森林 fcnM23 _{fc=22fcnM22 fcnM22}

62 叶子 fa@h22e@h31 _{fa@h22 faCh22}

63 刺名 ft@m13 _{ft=m22 fnm22}

64 花 fcn13v`22 _{fcn13u`22 u`22}

65 籽, 种子 v@m22 _{v@m22 uCm22}

66 水果 k=j20l`02 _{k=j13l`13 l`13}

67 菜蔬菜 oi@j24 _{oi`j24 oiCj24}

68 动物总称 st20s`M20i`9M13 _{st20s`M20iDM13}

69 s=j20lt22 _{lt22 lt22}

70 羊 it`M20 _{it@M20 it9M20}

71 狗 l`12 _{l`22 l`22}

72 马 l`31 _{l`31 l`42}

73 水牛 v`9h20 _{s=20u`9h20 u`9h20}

74 黄牛 bX20 _{bX20 bL24}

75 尾巴 pX=M22 _{yh=M22 yh9M22}

76 角牛 j`t22 _{j`t22 jCt22}

77 老虎 jTj24 _{jTj24 jtj24}

78 熊 lt=h22 _{lt=h22 lLh22}

(40)

80 蝙蝠 s=31u`9t20 _{s=20u`9t20 u`t20}

81 兔子 s`22kn13 _s`22kn13

82 老鼠 st20qt@m20 _{s=20Yt@m20 mt22}

83 鸟 st20qBj13 _{ynj13 ynj00}

84 鸟窝 pnM20pBj13 _ytM20Ynj13

85 鸡 j`h13 _{j@h24 jCh13}

86 鸡冠 pt24j`h13 _Yt24j@h13

87 鸭子 ohs24 _{s=20ohs24 ohs24}

88 鹅 F`9m13 _{F`9m13 g`m13}

89 头鹰 YBj13sb@t22lDt13 _{Ynj13sb@t24lDt13}

90 翅 et=9s13 _{eX=s13 eL9s00}

91 羽毛 o=m22ft@m13 _{o=m22fnm13 oLm22}

92 爪子 pho02 _yho13shm22

93 蛋 sb`h24 _{sb@h13 sbCh13}

94 鱼 oi`22 _{oi`22 oi`22}

95 鱼鳍 stj13fc`M22oi`22 _{fcnf22o@h13k`M22st20oi`22}

96 蛇 MX20 _{mL20 ML20}

97 蚊子 mDM20j`22p@h20 _{mD9M20 mdM20}

98 苍蝇 mDM20S`13 _mD9M20r`13

99 l`s02 _{s=20l@s13 lCs00}

100 蜘蛛 jnM13jv`t22 _{st20jnM13jv`9t22 ju`t22}

101 跳蚤 l@s24 _{s=20l@s24 lCs24}

102 臭虫 phDs20 _{yhDs13 yL9s00}

103 蚯蚓 fcX=m22 _{fcX=m22 fcL9m22}

104 虱子 m`m20 _{m@m20 mCm20}

105 身体 fc`9M22 _{fc=22fc`M22 fc`M22}

106 头 l@t20sb`t24 _{sb`t20 sbCt24}

107 头发 o=m23sb`t24 _{l`9t20 oiCl22}

(41)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

109 眼睛 _k=js`22 _{k=j13s`22 s`22}

110 鼻子 _fa@tfc`M22 _{l`t20fc@M22 fcCM22}

111 耳朵 _o`hpX=20 _{fa`L22yX20 yL20}

112 嘴巴 _bnMo`13 _{bnM13o`24 o`13}

113 牙齿 gDt24 _{fD9t24 gdt24}

114 舌头 khm31 _{khm31 khm42}

115 巴 k`22F`9M20 _{k`24F`M20 g`M20}

116 胡子 ltnl13 _{lTl13 ltl00}

117 额头 k`23oi`13 _{k`24oi`13 oi`13}

118 脖子 k`22Gn20 _r`24Fn20

119 肩 _j`tfa`13 _{jnM22fa`13 fa`13}

120 手 enM20 _{e=M20 eLM20}

121 j`22 _{j`22 j`22}

122 膝盖 l`t20Gn13 _{l`t20Fn13 gn13}

123 脚 shm22 _{shm22 shm22}

124 胸 _o`f`j24 _{o`13f`j24 fCj24}

125 背 _o`hk`M22 _{o@h13k@M22 kCM22}

126 甲状腺肿 Gn20f`h23 _Fn20f`923

127 心 S`l22 _{bX22 st9l13}

128 肺 o=s24s`o24 _{o=s24 oLs24}

129 子 ftj24 _{fTj24 ftj24}

130 肝 s@o24 _{s@o24 sCo24}

131 肚子 stM31 _{sTM31 stM42}

132 肚 fc=on24 _bnM13on24

133 肠子 p@h24 _{r@h24 rCh24}

134 血 khDs02 _{khDs13 kh9s00}

135 屎牛屎 fD31 _{fD31 fd42}

136 骨头 fcn13 _{jnM24fcn13 fcn13}

(42)

138 肉 mn13 _{mn13 mn00}

139 油 _it20, k`9t20 it20 k`t20

140 大蒜 k=j31Snh13 _{k=13btDh24 rnh13}

141 姜 ihM22 _{GihM22 ghM22}

142 盐 jvX22 _{jT=22 juL22}

143 咬 j@s24 _{j=s24 gCo00}

144 吃 j=m22 _{j=m22 jLm22}

145 fc=s24 _{fc=s24 fcCs24}

146 酒 k@t24 _{k@t24 kCt24}

147 醉酒 k@t24eh20 _k@t24fhl13

148 呕 Y=13 _yX13, fnj13 yuL00

149 煮 pnM13 _{ytM22 ytM22}

150 甜 _¯HDl13 _{mhDl13 u`m22}

151 酸 S`l24 _{r@l24 rCl24}

152 苦 G`l20 _{F`l20 gCl20}

153 咸 G`m13 _{F`m13 fcCM13}

154 辣 b`s13 _{b`s13 l`m00b`s00}

155 饿 snM31fi=13'si=13( _{snM31fh=13 fhL13}

156 黄瓜 k=j31sbh@M22 _{k=j13sbh@M22 sbh9M22}

157 瓜 k=j31e`j11 _k=j13e`j13

158 瓜 k=j31jvD22 _{mh`M13jtD22 jud22}

159 豆 st=13 _{k=j13sTL13 kLj00sL00}

160 芋头 _k=joX24 _{k=j13oX24 oL13}

161 芦苇 fDl22p`l31 _fDl22p@l31

162 衣服 oX13 _{oX13 oL=00}

163 布 o`M20 _{o`M30 oCM20}

164 棉 v`9h13 _{u`h13 u`h13}

165 裤子 v`13 _{u`13 u`13}

(43)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

167 席子 fahm31 _{ohm20fahm31 fahm42}

168 蚊帐 pDo24 _{yDo24 yh9o24}

169 斗笠 sb@o24 _{fc=22sb`o24 sbCo24}

170 刀 e`20s`9t22 _{e`s`t22 lhs00}

171 把刀 e`20 _{e`13 e`00}

172 b`9t13 _b`9t13

173 盖 v`22b`9t13 _{u`22b`t13 u`22}

174 脚架 sbh`M20 _{sbh@M20 sbh9M20}

175 背带 fc`22 _{fc`22 fc`22}

176 扇子 oDm24oh20 _{oDm13oh20 oh20}

177 秤 b`9M13 _{b`M13 bCM00}

178 锥子 Mvh31 _e`13Mth31

179 剪子 sbDt20 _{sbh`t20 s`t22}

180 钱 bhDm20 _{bDm20 bdm20}

181 雨伞 khDM13 _{kh@M24 kh9M24}

182 锁 kTM24 _{ktM24 ktM24}

183 钥匙 bh20kTM24 _bh20ktM24

184 棍子 mnj20s=M31 _sb`M13s=M31, mnj13s=M31

185 竹竿 mn20S`t31 _{mnj13r`t31 r`t42}

186 船 pv=20 _{yTX=20 yuL20}

187 斧头 e`20u`m22 _{e`20u`m22 u`m22}

188 犁 b@h22 _{ihm20b@h22 bCh22}

189 头 e`20fi`13 _{e`20fi`24 fi`13}

190 扁担 shDt20G`m20 _{sb@t20v`m20 g`m20}

191 麻 fc`h31 _{fc`h31 fc`h42}

192 料 o=m13 _{o=m13 oLm00}

193 石臼 ptl23stDh13 _{pT=l22st@h13 ytl22}

194 杵 jDm22bh20 _jDm22bh20

(44)

196 簸箕 fcnM31uh13 _{fcnM31uh13 fcnM42}

197 织布机 bnM20YB13 _{bnM20yn13 bnM20}

198 纸 S`22 _{r`22 r`22}

199 墨水 p`l31l`j02 _{l@j12 lCj00}

200 笔 oiDm22l`j02 _ohDm22l`j12

201 唢呐 fan13kD20 _fan13kD20

202 网 v=M31pDh20 _lt=M31y@h20

203 钩子 j`M22M`t13 _j`t22M@t22

204 鬼 e`9M20 _{e`M20 e`M20}

205 神 s=22bX31 _s=20bX31

206 力气 pDM20 _{yDM20 ydM20}

207 影子 M`t20 _{m@t20 MCt20}

208 梦 oX31G=m20 _ot31G=m20

209 故 oi`9M20 _s`j24oi`M20

210 礼物 k@h31 _{j`h24j`h24 kCh42}

211 错误 kh22 _kh22

212 闲空 fht24k`M13 _bX20kh`M13, fiX13kh`M13 u`M13

213 方 et=M30k`h20 _o`9h13k@h20

214 缝 _¯Ho13 _¯_Ho13 _¯_ho00

215 欢 f`9M13 _{f`M13 f`M13}

216 爱 sb`h20 _{l`h24 sb`h20}

217 剥果皮 fah24 _{fah13 sLm24}, fah13

218 抱孩子 ft=l31 _{fTl31 ftl42}

219 背孩子 f=22 _{f=22 fL22}

220 加饭 shl20 _s`j24

221 裂开 sD24F`h22 _{sD13 fato24}

222 编篮子 S`m22 _{r`m24 r`m22}

223 补衣服 uX@M22 _uX=M22, ot24 uL9M22

(45)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

225 尝菜 bhl20 _{bhl20 bhl20}

226 穿衣服 s@m24 _{s@m34 sCm24}

227 漏水 pn13 _{yn13 yn00}

228 点头 Mnj11 _M@o13

229 挂在墙 uDm22 _{uDm22 udm22}

230 滚在地 o`m13 _{s`j22jt=m24 yhM42}

231 过河 jv`13 _{jv`13 ju`13}

232 划船 j`9t22 _j`t22

233 继续 snM30s`9l22 _{bh20bDm13oh22k`24}

234 借钱 bh13 _{bh13 bh13}

235 砍树 p@l24 _{y@l24 eCm20}, yCl24

236 烤火 S`t22 _r`t24, sbh@M22 ydM22, rCt22

237 咳嗽 f@h22 _{f`h22 fCh22}

238 肿 jX13 _{jL13 enj00}

239 流水 k@h22 _{k@h22 kCh22}

240 床 p=m13 _{y=m13 yLm13}

241 牵牛 bhM22 _{bhM22 bhM22}

242 晒 s`13 _{s`13 s`13}

243 筛米 p`M22 _y`M22

244 楼 G=m24 _{F=m24 gLm24}

245 楼 pnM20 _{ynM20 ynM20}

246 伸手 _ih31, ihs24 ih31 fh9s24

247 梳头发 pth22 _{yt@h22 ynh22}

248 头疼 _f=m13, sbDs24 sbDs24 fhm22, sbds24

249 踢 shs24 _{sn24 shs24}

250 提篮子 ph`t24 _{yDt24 ydt24}

251 吞 fc=m31 _{fc=m31 fcLm42}

252 脱衣 st=s24 _{st@s24 st9s24}

(46)

254 回答 G`m22 _{F`m22 g`m22}

255 记 k=l20 _{kTl20 ktl20}

256 雨 s`t24 _{s`t24 sCt24}

257 休息 ihs24m`9h13 _iHs24m`h13

258 寻找 p`22 _{s`t13 y`22}

259 眨眼 fi@o24 _{k`o24 fiCo24}

260 住 fit13 _fit13

261 蒸饭〕 m@M24 _{m`M24 mCM24}

262 活 sb`t22 _{sb@t22 sbCt22}

263 死 s`h22 _{s`9h24 s`h22}

264 病 oHM02 _{odM13 ohM00}

265 呼 sb@t13bX22 _sb@t13bX22

266 听 _¯h22 _¯_h22 _¯_h22

267 看 k=24 _kX34, bHl22 bhl22, kL24

268 说, 讲 _m`t20, j`9M24 m@t20, j`9M24 mCt20, j`M24

269 笑 phDt22 _{yDt22 ydt22}

270 骂 fc`13 _{fc`13 fc`13}, sCm22

271 哭 s@h24 _{s@h24 sCh24}

272 on13 _on13

273 打呵欠 G`22qt=l20 _G`22ptl20

274 睡觉 pn24mhm20 _{m`t24mhm20 mhm20}

275 站 fc=m22 _¯_{`M22 fctm22}

276 m`M13 _{m`M13 yCM00}

277 走 oi`9h24 _{oi`9h24 oi`h24}

278 爬小孩 pt@m20 _o`m13, yt=m20 yt9m20

279 爬树 ohm22 _{oHm22 ohm22}

280 来 l`22 _l`22

281 去 o@h22 _{o@h22 oCh22}

282 入 _o@h22fc@h22, G@t13fc@h22

(47)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

283 回来 s`t13l`22 _{s`9t13l`22 s`t13}

284 飞 fahm22 _{faHm22 fahm22}

285 骑 jXDh13 _{jDh13 jLh00}

286 游泳 _khDt13p`l31, s=j22G`o24 s=j24f`o24

287 浮 khDt13 _{et20 et20}

288 玩 jt13b`l20 _{bdm20k`9t13 bCl20}

289 唱 jt13v=m22 _r`M13, jt13v=m22

290 鼓 _¯_Dm20, kt@h13 mhDm20, kt@h13 sbnM22, ¯h9m20

291 干活 jt13vnM22 _{jt20GnM22 gnM22}

292 担 p`9o24 _{y`o24 y`o24}

293 关门 f=o24 _{f`o24 fCo24}

294 开门 G`h22 _{G`9h22 g`h22}

295 开嘴 G`h22 _f`31, F`9h22 f`42

296 推 fDM22 _{fDM22 fcdM22}

297 拉 bt`9t13 _bv`9t13

298 掉 snj24 _{snj24 snj24}

299 给 G@h24 _{f@h24 gCh24}

300 拿 f`t22 _{yDt24 sL20}

301 选择 kD13 _{sDm24 kd00}

302 买 bX=31 _{bX=31 bL42}

303 j`9h22 _{j`9h22 j`h22}

304 偷 p`j13 _{y@j10 yCj00}

305 想要 sb@h20f`t22 _sb@h20f@t22

306 o@m20 _{o@m20 kh42}

307 知道 pn31sD13 _{yn31 yn42}

308 怕 k`9t22 _{k`9t24 k`t22}

309 洗手 _Sh13, SDh13 rhX13 rh00, y`13

310 洗衣服 S@j13 _{r`j12 rCj00}

(48)

312 擦桌 l`s13 _{b`s24 ft9s24}

313 切肉 b`o13 _{b`o12 ynm13}

314 绳子 b`13 _{b`13 b`00}

315 割草 jv=m22 _{jt@m20 jnm20}

316 劈开木头 o`24 _o`13

317 木头 e@h31 _e`h31

318 挖 o`13 _o`13

319 人 st20vDm20 _{st20v=m20 uLm20}

320 布依族 ot31fiD31 _{ot31fiDf31 oinh42}

321 汉族 ot31G`13 _ot31G`13

322 男人 ot31S`h22 _{ot31r`9h22 r`h22}

323 女人 l@h31fa=j24 _{l@h31fa=j24 faLj24}

324 巫师 ot31ln22 _ot31i`20, ot31ln22 ln22

325 媒人 ot31S=13 _{ot31jt13rX=M13}, ot31rX24 rL13

326 朋友 _Gn22F=m20, Gn22jh13 Gn24u=m20

327 祖宗 o@t24i`13 _o@t24i`13

328 父亲 on13 _on13, sh22 on00

329 母亲 lD13 _{lD13 ld00}

330 小孩 k=j31mh24 _k=j12MD20

331 夫 o@t24 _jt`m22

332 妻子 i`13 _{i`13 i`00}

333 兄姐 oh31 _oh31, sbh31 oh42

334 弟妹 lt=M31j`t13 _{mt@M31 mt9M42}

335 独子 k=j20sn13 _k=j12sn13

336 孙子 k`9m22 _{k`9m22 k`m22}

337 o`t24 _{ihD20 oCt13}

338 婆婆 i`13 _m@h22

339 外 s`22 _s`22

(49)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

341 客人 ot31GD13 _{ot31GiD24 gd24}

342 姓 sbnM24 _sbBM13

343 名字 bn13 _{bn13 bn00}

344 我 jt22 _{jt22 jt22}

345 你 l=M20 _{l=M20 lLM20}

346 他 sD22 _{sD22 sd22}

347 咱们 sbnM24p`t20 _{jDh13y@t20 yCt20}

348 我们 Gn24p`t20 _{jDh13y@t20 st22}

349 你们 _Gn24p=22, sbnM24p=22 j@h13yX22 rt22

350 他们 Gn24sD22 _Fn24sD22

351 别人 ot31f=m13 _{ot31f=m13 eL42}, fLm13

352 柴 e=m20 _{e=m20 eLm20}

353 火 eh20 _{eh20 eh20}

354 火焰 _k@h20eh20, pt24eh20 k@h20eh20

355 烧 oi`t22 _oiCt22

356 烧做饭 fc`M31 _{fc`M31 fcCM42}

357 灰尘 s`t13 _s@t13

358 烟 v@m20 _k`h20u@m20, u@m20fcnM22 uCm20

359 弓 _fcnMjBM22 _{fcnM22jn9M22 jnM13}

360 箭 m`l24m`13 _{m`l24m`13 m`13}

361 打猎 _s=j24on22, mDo20on22 s=j24on22, k`h13on22

362 杀 j`24 _{j`24 j`24}

363 打架 snM30s=j24 _stM31sh20, stM31s=j24, stM31r@j11

364 一 fhs24 _fhs24

365 ¯h13 _Mh13 ¯_h00

366 一一个人 fcDt22 _{fcD9t22 fcdt22}

367 两两个人 SnM22 _{rnM22 rnM22}

368 S`9l22 _{r`9l22 r`l22}

(50)

370 G`24 _{G`24 g`24}

371 pnj24 _{ynj24 ynj24}

372 七 b@s24 _{bD9s24 bCs24}

373 oDs24 _{oDs24 ods24}

374 九 jt24 _{jt24 jt24}

375 十 bho12 _{bHo11 bho00}

376 十 _¯h13bho22 _Mh13bHo11

377 o`13 _{o`24 o`j24}

378 千 pDM22 _yDM22

379 都 st24 _st24

380 一些 fa`M31 _fhs24fcD9t22

381 多 k`9h22 _{k`9h22 k`h22}

382 少 _pDt24, mtDh13 mt@h13 rdt24

383 每 iDM13k@h20

384 大 k`9t31 _{k`9t31 k`t13}

385 小 mD13 _mD13

386 长 p`h20 _{y@h20 yCh20}

387 _¯_=l13, sb=l13 sbnl24 shm24

388 高 S`9M22 _{r`9M22 r`M22}

389 s`l13 _{s@l13 sCl13}

390 圆 vn@l20 _{vt@l20 oCt42}

391 扁 o=9l24 _{oDl24 fado24}

392 厚 m`22 _{m`22 m`22}

393 薄 fa`M22 _{fa`M22 fa`M22}

394 宽 jv`M13 _{jt`M13 ju`M13}

395 窄 _b@m20, m`j11 bDm20 bCm20

396 硬 fcnM31 _{fcnM31 fcnM42}

397 软 ft@m13 _{ftBm13 ftm13}

(51)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

399 弯曲 jnM31jn20 _{jtM31jn20 jn20}

400 快 _khj24, G@m22 G@m22, khj24

401 慢 m@h31 _m`9h13, m@h31

402 m@j24 _{m@j24 mCj24}

403 轻 fa@t22 _{fa@t22 faCt22}

404 胖 ft@m13 _{ft@m13 oh20}

405 瘦 pn20 _{yn20 oi`l22}

406 黑 et=m31 _{eX=m31 eL9m42}

407 红 fchM22 _{fchM22 fchM22}

408 G`9t22 _{G`9t22 g`t22}

409 黄 GDm24 _{GDm24 gdm24}

410 绿 kBj12 _{GDt22 knj00}

411 蓝 ohj24 _knj12

412 干的 GX13 _{GX13 gL13}

413 湿 fcHj24 _{fcHj24 stl00}

414 空的 oit24 _oit13, f`t22lh20

415 满 pHl22 _{pHl22 yhl22}

416 干净 SDh22 _{r@h23 rCh22}

417 衣服 fc`M31 _fc`M31

418 新 ln13 _{ln24 ln13}

419 年轻 ot31pDM20 _{ot31yDM20 bn20}

420 聪明 khj24kDt13 _khj24kDt13, bX22jt`M13 ju`h22

421 傻 M@l31 _M@l31

422 旧 j@t13 _{j@t13 jCt13}

423 老 jD13 _{jD13 jd13}

424 聋的 mtj24 _{mtj24 mtj24}

425 热 _f`M22, fc`s24 fc`s24 fc`s24, yCt24

426 冷 bh@M31 _{bh`M31 mhs24}, bdM42

(52)

428 oiD13 _{u`9h13 u`h00}

429 破 _oD13, SHj24 oD24

430 深 k`o12 _{k@j11 kCj00}

431 浅 faDs24 _{faDs24 fanj24}

432 斜 faHs24 _{fa`s24 fahs24}

433 亮 pnM13 _{ynM13 ynM00}

434 暗 v@l31 _k@o24

435 清 S@h22 _r@h24

436 浑 mnM20 _{mBM20 mnM20}

437 壮 l`M13 _l`M13

438 弱 pn20 _yn20

439 淡 bTs24 _{bHs24 bLs24}

440 累 m`9h13 _{m`9h13 m`h13}

441 捆紧 fc@s24 _{fc=s24 fcCs24}

442 ot22 _{ot22 ytM13}

443 滑 p`t20 _y@t20

444 贵 oDM20 _{oD9M20 odM20}

445 便宜 s=j20 _s=j12

446 嫩 ft=m13 _ft@m13

447 难 m`9m20 _fi`24jt13

448 容易 fch22jt13 _fch22jt13

449 臭 G`t22fi`24 _{G@t22 gCt22}

450 香 _G`t22vnl22, G`t22fc`M22 G@t22Gt@l22 gnl22

451 G@m22 _j`m31, G@m22

452 穷 Gn24 _{Gn24 gn24}

453 富 o@m20fch22 _o@m20fch22

454 热闹 fch22l@h20 _{l@h20 lCh20}

455 安静 oi@j13 _oi`j12fc`l31

(53)

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

457 狡猾 vDh13jvDh13 _yDm13, y@t20, v@h13jt@h13

458 勇敢 fc`M24 _lh20k`t22, lh20khDm24

459 懒 jhj24 _{jhj24 jhj24}

460 努力 bnj24pDM20 _j@m31jt13, bTj24yDM20, jt13y`9h31

461 sb@h22 _{sb@h22 sbCh22}

462 近 sb@h24 _{sb@h24 sbCh24}

463 面 o`h13fc@h22 _{fc@h22 fcCh22}

464 外面 o`h13pn13 _{yn13 yn00}

465 右边 jv`20 _{jv`20 ju`20}

466 左边 StDh31 _{rt@h31 rnh42}

467 面 j=m20 _{o`9h13j=m20 jLm20}

468 面 k`24 _sbh24, k`24 k`24

469 这 o`h13mh20 _{jh20mh31 mh42}

470 那 o`h13sD22 _j@h13sD22

471 这个 j@h13mh31 _j@h13mh31

472 那个 j@h13sD22 _j@h13sD22

473 哪 j@h13k@h20 _{jh20k`h20 kCh20}

474 谁 ot31k@h20 _ot31k`h20

475 什么 _j@h13l`20, jt20l`20 jt31l`20

476 怎么 jt13fit24 _jt20l`20

477 什么时候 bX20k`h20 _bhX20k@h20

478 为什么 vDh24jt33l`30 _{u=h24jt24l`20 l`20}

479 在 fit24 _{fit24 fiht13}

480 刚来 _s@l11, k@M24 s@l13

481 马走 kh30l`22 _j@m31jh20

482 快去 jt13p`h31 _{o@h22jt13y`9h31}

483 就 _st13, kX24 bh20

484 jv`m13 _{jt@m24 jt9m13}

(54)

486 最(快 mtnh13 _G@22…

487 更快 j=m13 _j=m13

488 一作 jt13o@h20sn13jt13 _{jt13o@h20fcDt22}

489 只买斤 s`M20 _s@M20…sn13

490 又来 i@t13 _fit13, sbnj12…sDl22

491 再说一遍 sDl22 _fit13, s`l13

492 也 iD13 _ih22

493 或者 _Gn31m@t30, l@24m@t20, F`t13m@t20

l`24l@t20

494 好象 G`22k=l24 _{ktl23G`20 ktl24}

495 从 s@h24 _s@h24

496 和 _phDt30, sh31 fch31 yL9M20

497 因为 vh13fcDh31 _jt13l`20

498 如果 fh24m`t20 _fh24m@t20

499 到 s`M20 _{s`M20 sCM20}

500 是 sD22 _sD22, sh22 sdM22, sLj00

501 不 lh20 _{lh20 lh20}

502 没关系

49147 Wu Survey of Bouyei

Survey of the Guizhou Bouyei Language

Contents

Preface

Abbreviations and conventions

The Bouyei

1. Phonology and word list

1.2. Word list

一看 就 知道

2. Phonology of data points

Initial consonants

Tones

2.1.2. Notes

2.1.3. Minimal pairs

安龙平乐90 代与50 代语音糸统比较

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

汉语 90 代老 人 90 代青 人 依语50 代

一看就知道

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代

汉语 90 代老人 90 代青人依语50 代