3418c mikroprosesor sesi 01

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SEJARAH

MIKROPROSESOR

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Cikal Bakal Mikroprosesor

 1823 Baron Jons Jackob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the

basic component of processors.

 1903 Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or

"switches".

 1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first

transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.

 1958 The first integrated circuit is first developed by Robert Noyce of

Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. The first IC was demonstrated on September 12, 1958.

 1960 IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for

transistors in New York.

 1968 Intel Corporation is founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore.  1969 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) is founded on May 1, 1969.

 1971 Intel with the help of Ted Hoff introduces the first microprocessor, the

Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971. The 4004 had 2,300 transistors,

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Intel 4004



Tahun 1971



Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stan Mazor, Masatoshi

Shim



Data Spesifikasi:



Word width: 4-bit



2300 transistors



Clock: 108KHz/500/740



46 instructions



Registers: 16 x 4-bit



Stack: 12 x 4-bit

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Intel 8008



Tahun 1972



Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stan Mazor, Hal

Feeney



• Data



Word width: 8-bit



Clock: 800KHz



3500 transistors



48 instructions



Stack: 17 x 7-bit

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Intel 8080



Tahun 1974



– Federico Faggin (then to zilog), Masatoshi Shima,

Stan Mazor



• Data



Word width: 8-bit



4500 transistors



Clock: 2M-3MHz



Address space: 64KB



IO ports, Stack pointer

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Penggunaan Mikroprosesor Saat

Itu…



Intel 4004 dipakai pada mesin penghitung buscom.

_{Menjadi awal mula dimasukkannya kecerdasan buatan pada benda mati.}



Intel 8008

_{Bill Gates muda dan Paul Allen coba mengembangkan bahasa}

pemograman untuk chip tersebut,



Intel 8080

_{Menciptakan Pasar Mikroprosesor}

_{Munculnya Mikroprosesor dari berbagai produsen}

○ _{Motorola dengan tipe 6800 Signetic dengan tipe 2650} ○ _{Rokwell dengan PPS8 Zilog dengan tipe Z80}

_{Digunakan untuk komputer}

○ _{MITS Altair 8800} ○ _{Intel Intellec-8}



The Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor is released and is

later chosen as the processor for the Apple Macintosh and

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Intel 8086



Tahun 1978



First x86 family microprocessor



Source compatibility with 80xx lines



Followers: 8088 (1979), 80186 (1982)



6-bit: all registers, internal and external

buses



29,000 transistors, 5MHz initially



20-bit address bus - 4MB address space

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Intel 80286



Tahun 1982



134,000 transistors,

○

6M-8MHz initially (0.21 IPC)

○

10MHz



1.5MIPS



Designed for multi-tasking with MMU

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Intel 80386



Tahun 1985



Chief architect: John H. Crawfor



Intel first X86 32-bit flat memory model – 4GB space

_{275 ribu transistor}

_{80386 instruction set, programming model, and binary}

encodings are the common denominator for all IA-32, i386, x86

_{Paging to support VM, hardware debugging, first use of}

pipeline

_{Not necessarily a big performance improvement over 286} _{275,000 transistors}

_{12MHz initially, later 33MHz}__11.4MIPS



• Andy Grove decided to single-source

producing 386

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Penggunaan Mikroprosesor Saat

Itu…



IBM PC

_{PC/XT 8088, 1981} _{PC/AT 80286, 1984}

○ _{15 juta unit PC/AT dalam 6 tahun}



Compaq:

_{first PC using 386, 1985}

_{legitimize PC “clone” industry >> IBM} _{Am486, 1992}



SUN

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Intel 80960/i960



Tahun 1985



Intel first RISC microprocessor



Best-selling embedded microcontroller at the time



After BiiN project, which was for end

high-reliability processor jointly with Siemens



Lead: Glenford Myers



Dropped after acquiring StrongARMin late 90’s

2013/02/10



Price/perf/power no longer competitive

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Intel 80486



Tahun 1989



1,2 juta transistor



Atomic instructions



On-die 8KB SRAM cache



Tightly coupled pipelining: 1 IPC

_50MHz__{40MIPS on average and 50MIPS at peak}



Integrated FPU (no longer need x87)



First chip exceeds 1M transistors

_{Gaming is critical}



486 ended DOS games (Later, 3D ended 486)



More manufacturers,

_{AMD Am5x86,} _{Cyrix Cx5x86,}

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Intel i860



Tahun 1989



Entirely new RISC microprocessor



VLIW and high-performance FP operations

_{32-bit ALU core, and 64-bit FPU (adder, multiplier, GPU)} _{Register sets: 32 x 32-bit integer, 16 x 64-bit FP}

_{GPU uses FP registers as 8 x 128-bit, with SIMD (Influenced}

MMX)

_{64/128-bit buses, fetch 2 x 32-bit instructions}



Dropped in mid-90’s

_{Compiler support was mission impossible}

_{Context switch took 62 - 2000 cycles  Unacceptable for GPCPU} _{Incompatible with X86, confusing the market with Intel 486 CISC}



• Used in some parallel computers, graphic workstations

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Intel Pentium



Intel Pentium, 1993

_{Pentium means “5”, because court disallowed numberbased trademark} _{Later “Pentium” was used in many Intel processors, no longer an}

micro-architecture branding – vs. “Celeron”



P5 micro-architecture

_{1,3 juta transistor}

_{First X86 superscalar micro-architecture}

○ _{Dual integer pipelines, separate D/I caches, 64-bit external data-bus}

_{60M-300MHz (75 MHz}__{126.5 MIPS)}

○ _{60/66MHz 0.8um in 5v called “coffee warmer”}



Competitors

_{X86: AMD K5/K6, Cyrix 6x86, etc.}

_{Risc: M68060, PPC601, SPARC, MIPS, Alpha}



• Pentium Overdrive pack

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Intel Pentium Pro



Intel Pentium Pro, 1995



P6 (or i686), completely new apart from Pentium (P5)



• #transistors: Pentium 3.1M, Pentium MMX 4.5M,

Pentium Pro 5.5M



Out-of-order execution



Speculative execution, RISC-like micro-ops



Three pipelines, 2 integer, 1 fp



Innovative

on-package level-2 cache



• Manufacturing did allow on-die L2 cache



• Same CPU clock rate, non-blocking, SMP advantage



• Dies had to be bonded early  Low yield rate and high price



36-bit address bus (PAE). 16-bit performance was low



Performance better than best RISC with SPECint95,

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AMD K5



Tahun 1996, AMD Original Design



Max. CPU clock rate 75 MHz to

133 MHz



FSB speeds 50 MHz to 66 MHz



Instruction set: IA-32/x86



1 L1 cache 8 KB + 16 KB (Data +

Instructions)



4.3 million Transistors in 500 or 350 nm

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Intel P6



Pentium II, Tahun 1997



7.5M transistors



Slot replaced Socket with a daughterboard

_{Solved the issues of off-package L2 cache in PPro with half CPU}

clock



Implemented MMX, improved 16-bit performance



Dikembangkan menjadi Celeron and Xeon, 1998

_{Celeron: no on-die L2-cache, 66MT/s FSB} _{To win low-end and to justify Xeon}

_{Pentium II Xeon: L2-cache, 100MT/s, SMP}



Pentium III, 1999



Introduced SSE for FP and vector processing



On-die L2 cache with .18um Coppermine

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AMD K6



Available speeds: 166, 200 and 233 MHz



Front Side Bus: 66 MHz



L1 Cache: 32 + 32 kB (Data + Instructions)



Instruction set: MMX



8.8 million transistors in 0.35 micron



Release of the first chips: April 1997



K6-2



Instruction set: MMX, 3DNow!



Available speeds: 200, 233, 250, 266,

300, 333, 350 MHz

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Intel Itanium



Tahun 1999



64-bit architecture



Originated from HP

_{EPIC: explicitly parallel instruction computing}

_{1994, worked with Intel on IA-64, to release product in 1998}



All believed EPIC would supplant RISC and CISC

_{Compaq and SGI gave up Alpha and MIPS} _{Microsoft and SUN etc developed OSes for it}



• Data

_{Speculation, prediction, predication, and renaming}

_{128 integer registers, 128 FP registers, 64 one-bit predicates,} and eight branch registers

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Intel P68



Intel Pentium 4, 2000



NetBurst microarchitecture



Pursue higher frequency, smaller IPC

_{Hyper Pipelined: 20-stage Willamette, 31-stage Prescott (vs. 10 in}

P6)

_{Rapid Execution Engine: Two ALUs in the core are double-pumped} _{Execution Trace Cache, SSE2, L3-cache (Extreme Edition)}

_{Hyper-Threading Technology}



Prescott: 90nm, SSE3, HT, Intel-64 (64-bit), 2004

_{But performance worse than Northwood with similar clock} _{Designed to be 10GHz, only achieved 3.8GHz}



TDP: Core-based:27W, Pentium 4 :115W, Pentium 4 M:88W



Abandoned in 2006:

_{High power consumption and heat intensity}

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AMD Opteron



First Release: April 22, 2003



First AMD 64-bit architecture



L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)



L2-Cache: 1024 KB, fullspeed



MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64



Socket 940, 800 MHz HyperTransport



Registered DDR SDRAM required, ECC possible



VCore: 1.50 V - 1.55 V



Max Power (TDP): 89 W

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AMD Athlon64



First World X86/64 processor



L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KB (Data + Instructions)



L2-Cache: 1024 KB, fullspeed



MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64



Socket 940, 800 MHz HyperTransport (HT800)



Registered DDR-SDRAM required



VCore: 1.50/1.55 V



Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max

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Intel 64



Intel implementation of X86-64, the 64-bit extension of X86

ISA

_{AMD released spec in 2000, and first implementation in 2003, as a} response to Itanium (was IA-64)



Intel adopted X86-64 due to AMD’s success over Itanium,

released first X86-64 processor in 2004



Different names: AMD64 (official AMD name), Intel 64 (official

Intel name), X86-64 or X64 (community names), etc.

_{Maintains 32-bit mode binary compatibility}



• 64bit vs. 32bit

_{Bigger virtual space, wider operation, more registers}

_{Not necessarily better performance, usually bigger code size}



• X32: an ABI, not ISA, nor processor mode

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