APPENDIX 1
Steps OF Numerical Simulation
After planning a CFD analysis on the model. Common step in the completion of Fluent CFD analysis as follows:
1. Create geometry and mesh on the model
2. Choosing the right solver for the model (2d or 3d) 3. Importing mesh model (grid)
4. Pass the examination on the mesh models 5. Choosing a solver formulation
6. Selecting the basic equations used in the analysis, such laminar, tubulen, chemical reactions, heat transfer, etc.
7. Determining the material properties 8. Determining the boundary conditions 9. Set the parameters of the control solution 10. Initialization the flow field
11. Calculation / iteration
12. Double check the results of the iteration 13. Saving iteration results.
Start
Constract the geometri and
meshing
Identify of boundary area at geomestri
Cheking mesh
Good meshing
No Yes
Determine the boundary
condition
Numerical Process. The chemical reaction eq. 2.1-2.6.
Converged itteration Or Error of Itteration ? (volume monitor is pressure) Properties
of Data
Plotting of pressure distribution, temperature ect.
APPENDIX 2
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00 394.08 0.00 304.00 0.00 305.57 0.00 304.05
3.18 394.07 3.18 304.00 3.18 305.57 3.18 304.05
6.35 394.07 6.35 304.00 6.35 305.58 6.35 304.05
9.53 394.08 9.53 304.00 9.53 305.60 9.53 304.05
12.70 394.08 12.70 304.00 12.70 305.63 12.70 304.05
15.88 394.08 15.88 304.00 15.88 305.67 15.88 304.05
19.05 394.09 19.05 304.00 19.05 305.73 19.05 304.06
22.23 394.10 22.23 304.00 22.23 305.82 22.23 304.06
25.40 394.12 25.40 304.00 25.40 305.98 25.40 304.06
28.58 394.17 28.58 304.00 28.58 306.46 28.58 304.06
31.75 394.18 31.75 304.00 31.75 306.79 31.75 304.06
34.93 394.13 34.93 304.00 34.93 306.16 34.93 304.06
38.10 394.10 38.10 304.00 38.10 306.00 38.10 304.07
41.28 394.09 41.28 304.00 41.28 305.97 41.28 304.07
44.45 394.08 44.45 304.00 44.45 305.99 44.45 304.07
47.63 394.08 47.63 304.00 47.63 306.05 47.63 304.07
50.80 394.08 50.80 304.00 50.80 306.13 50.80 304.08
53.98 394.09 53.98 304.00 53.98 306.24 53.98 304.08
57.15 394.10 57.15 304.00 57.15 306.41 57.15 304.09
60.33 394.12 60.33 304.00 60.33 306.70 60.33 304.09
63.50 394.15 63.50 304.00 63.50 307.52 63.50 304.10
66.68 394.12 66.68 304.00 66.68 306.98 66.68 304.10
69.85 394.10 69.85 304.00 69.85 306.90 69.85 304.11
73.03 394.09 73.03 304.00 73.03 306.98 73.03 304.11
76.20 394.08 76.20 304.01 76.20 307.15 76.20 304.12
79.38 394.08 79.38 304.02 79.38 307.38 79.38 304.13
82.55 394.09 82.55 304.04 82.55 307.70 82.55 304.13
85.73 394.10 85.73 304.08 85.73 308.14 85.73 304.14
88.90 394.11 88.90 304.15 88.90 308.77 88.90 304.15
92.08 394.14 92.08 304.29 92.08 309.83 92.08 304.16
95.25 394.19 95.25 304.83 95.25 312.61 95.25 304.17
Continuance
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature 98.43 394.18 98.43 305.61 98.43 313.25 98.43 304.18 101.60 394.14 101.60 306.15 101.60 313.08 101.60 304.20 104.77 394.13 104.77 307.29 104.77 314.53 104.77 304.21 107.95 394.14 107.95 309.52 107.95 317.15 107.95 304.22 111.12 394.16 111.12 312.96 111.12 321.26 111.12 304.24 114.30 394.19 114.30 318.84 114.30 327.39 114.30 304.26 117.47 394.25 117.47 328.09 117.47 336.30 117.47 304.28 120.65 394.32 120.65 341.20 120.65 349.27 120.65 304.32 123.82 394.43 123.82 362.92 123.82 367.78 123.82 304.36 127.00 394.55 127.00 394.13 127.00 394.30 127.00 304.42
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 400 S
APPENDIX 3
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00 540.55 0.00 304.00 0.00 311.46 0.00 305.72
3.18 540.55 3.18 304.00 3.18 311.47 3.18 305.72
6.35 540.55 6.35 304.00 6.35 311.52 6.35 305.72
9.53 540.55 9.53 304.00 9.53 311.60 9.53 305.73
12.70 540.56 12.70 304.00 12.70 311.72 12.70 305.74
15.88 540.57 15.88 304.00 15.88 311.90 15.88 305.75
19.05 540.58 19.05 304.00 19.05 312.14 19.05 305.77
22.23 540.61 22.23 304.00 22.23 312.49 22.23 305.79
25.40 540.64 25.40 304.00 25.40 313.02 25.40 305.81
28.58 540.71 28.58 304.00 28.58 314.58 28.58 305.83
31.75 540.73 31.75 304.00 31.75 315.65 31.75 305.86
34.93 540.65 34.93 304.00 34.93 313.77 34.93 305.89
38.10 540.60 38.10 304.00 38.10 313.29 38.10 305.92
41.28 540.58 41.28 304.00 41.28 313.23 41.28 305.96
44.45 540.57 44.45 304.00 44.45 313.34 44.45 306.00
47.63 540.57 47.63 304.00 47.63 313.57 47.63 306.04
50.80 540.57 50.80 304.01 50.80 313.92 50.80 306.09
53.98 540.58 53.98 304.01 53.98 314.40 53.98 306.14
57.15 540.59 57.15 304.02 57.15 315.06 57.15 306.19
60.33 540.63 60.33 304.04 60.33 316.13 60.33 306.25
63.50 540.69 63.50 304.10 63.50 318.93 63.50 306.31
66.68 540.63 66.68 304.16 66.68 317.60 66.68 306.38
69.85 540.59 69.85 304.22 69.85 317.60 69.85 306.44
73.03 540.58 73.03 304.34 73.03 318.17 73.03 306.52
76.20 540.57 76.20 304.54 76.20 319.09 76.20 306.60
79.38 540.57 79.38 304.86 79.38 320.37 79.38 306.68
82.55 540.58 82.55 305.35 82.55 322.08 82.55 306.76
85.73 540.60 85.73 306.09 85.73 324.32 85.73 306.85
88.90 540.63 88.90 307.19 88.90 327.37 88.90 306.95
92.08 540.68 92.08 308.80 92.08 331.94 92.08 307.05
95.25 540.76 95.25 313.93 95.25 342.55 95.25 307.16
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 800 S
Continuance
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature 98.43 540.74 98.43 321.24 98.43 348.34 98.43 307.27 101.60 540.68 101.60 324.93 101.60 350.31 101.60 307.39 104.77 540.67 104.77 330.74 104.77 356.57 104.77 307.52 107.95 540.69 107.95 340.00 107.95 366.17 107.95 307.65 111.12 540.72 111.12 352.95 111.12 379.55 111.12 307.80 114.30 540.77 114.30 371.51 114.30 397.40 114.30 307.96 117.47 540.86 117.47 397.09 117.47 420.73 117.47 308.15 120.65 540.97 120.65 430.50 120.65 451.14 120.65 308.42 123.82 541.12 123.82 477.99 123.82 490.37 123.82 308.76 127.00 541.28 127.00 540.63 127.00 540.94 127.00 309.17
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 800 S
APPENDIX 4
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
0.00 630.25 0.00 304.00 0.00 320.29 0.00 313.05
3.18 630.25 3.18 304.00 3.18 320.31 3.18 313.05
6.35 630.25 6.35 304.00 6.35 320.40 6.35 313.06
9.53 630.25 9.53 304.00 9.53 320.57 9.53 313.08
12.70 630.26 12.70 304.00 12.70 320.82 12.70 313.11
15.88 630.27 15.88 304.00 15.88 321.15 15.88 313.15
19.05 630.28 19.05 304.00 19.05 321.60 19.05 313.20
22.23 630.30 22.23 304.01 22.23 322.21 22.23 313.25
25.40 630.32 25.40 304.01 25.40 323.12 25.40 313.31
28.58 630.38 28.58 304.01 28.58 325.56 28.58 313.38
31.75 630.39 31.75 304.02 31.75 327.32 31.75 313.46
34.93 630.33 34.93 304.02 34.93 324.62 34.93 313.55
38.10 630.30 38.10 304.03 38.10 323.97 38.10 313.65
41.28 630.28 41.28 304.04 41.28 323.97 41.28 313.75
44.45 630.27 44.45 304.06 44.45 324.28 44.45 313.87
47.63 630.27 47.63 304.09 47.63 324.81 47.63 313.99
50.80 630.27 50.80 304.14 50.80 325.56 50.80 314.12
53.98 630.27 53.98 304.21 53.98 326.56 53.98 314.26
57.15 630.29 57.15 304.32 57.15 327.88 57.15 314.41
60.33 630.31 60.33 304.48 60.33 329.90 60.33 314.57
63.50 630.36 63.50 304.99 63.50 334.80 63.50 314.74
66.68 630.31 66.68 305.51 66.68 333.66 66.68 314.92
69.85 630.29 69.85 305.92 69.85 334.24 69.85 315.10
73.03 630.28 73.03 306.58 73.03 335.83 73.03 315.30
76.20 630.27 76.20 307.56 76.20 338.14 76.20 315.51
79.38 630.27 79.38 308.95 79.38 341.18 79.38 315.73
82.55 630.28 82.55 310.85 82.55 345.08 82.55 315.96
85.73 630.30 85.73 313.43 85.73 349.99 85.73 316.20
88.90 630.32 88.90 316.88 88.90 356.33 88.90 316.45
92.08 630.37 92.08 321.44 92.08 365.08 92.08 316.71
95.25 630.44 95.25 334.33 95.25 383.27 95.25 316.99
98.43 630.43 98.43 352.27 98.43 396.53 98.43 317.28
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 1200 S
Continuance
98. 3 630. 3 98. 3 35 . 7 98. 3 396.53 98. 3 3 7. 8
Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature Space Temperature
101.60 630.39 101.60 360.62 101.60 402.65 101.60 317.58
104.77 630.39 104.77 371.79 104.77 413.89 104.77 317.89
107.95 630.41 107.95 387.82 107.95 429.46 107.95 318.23
111.12 630.44 111.12 409.06 111.12 449.63 111.12 318.59
114.30 630.48 114.30 436.95 114.30 474.79 114.30 318.97
117.47 630.54 117.47 472.38 117.47 505.34 117.47 319.43
120.65 630.62 120.65 516.42 120.65 541.74 120.65 320.04
123.82 630.71 123.82 569.19 123.82 583.90 123.82 320.82
127.00 630.78 127.00 630.31 127.00 630.57 127.00 321.76
Temperature Distribution inside The Chamber at 1200 S
APPENDIX 5
Transient Temperature a. Furnace
At the furnace, the transient temperature is given by the bottom temperature from the experimental data that recorded every 60 seconds. We give the profil of the transient temperature as bellow:
683
On the top furnace is given the transient temperature of top temperature T2 from the experimental data. We give the profil of the transient temperature as bellow:
APPENDIX 6 UDF Used in this Analysis
a. Velocity Inlet:
Inlet velocity is an initial of volatile inlet, in this boundary condition the user define function (UDF) is given. However, the velocity adjusted to obtain a good deal on increasing the pressure inside chamber when the wood pyrolysis process started. We give the profil of the transient temperature as bellow: Volatile sublimation are:
#include "udf.h" #include "mem.h"
DEFINE_PROFILE(soblimation,t, i) {
if(timma>=120.0) {
vola=1.0e-6/(1.0e-7*(timma-120.0)*(timma-120.0)+1.0e-4); if(vola<=5.0e-3) vola=5.0e-3;
b. Chemical reaction Arrheneus Equation: #include "udf.h"
#define ACTIVE 2.36e+08 #define BETA 0
DEFINE_VR_RATE(multistep_volrate, c, t, r, mw, yi, rr, rr_t) {
double tempei; double PRE_EXP; double nmt; double waktu; double acfactor=2.0; waktu=CURRENT_TIME; tempei=C_T(c,t);
nmt=15.0+acfactor*2.0*450.0*tempei/(tempei*tempei+450.0*450.0); PRE_EXP=pow(10.0,nmt);
{
PRE_EXP=1.0e+25; tempei=300;
}
*rr=PRE_EXP*pow(tempei,BETA)*exp(-ACTIVE/(UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT*tempei)); if(*rr>5.0e-2) *rr=5.0e-2;
APPENDIX 7
0 -0.078 1.7.E+04 305 305 305
60 -0.078 1.7.E+04 312 306 306
120 -0.078 1.7.E+04 316 306 306
180 -0.078 1.7.E+04 338 306 306
240 -0.078 1.7.E+04 349 306 306
300 -0.078 1.7.E+04 368 306 306
360 -0.078 1.7.E+04 382 307 306
420 -0.078 1.7.E+04 407 307 306
480 -0.078 2.4.E+04 419 308 306
540 -0.062 2.9.E+04 444 310 306
600 -0.062 2.9.E+04 468 312 306
660 -0.062 2.9.E+04 498 315 306
720 -0.06 3.0.E+04 524 317 307
780 -0.06 3.7.E+04 545 319 307
840 -0.06 3.7.E+04 573 324 308
900 -0.06 3.7.E+04 591 327 308
960 -0.05 6.0.E+04 607 333 310
1020 -0.04 7.7.E+04 622 336 310
1080 -0.03 9.3.E+04 640 344 311
1140 0 1.2.E+05 652 348 313
1200 0 1.4.E+05 662 355 315
1260 0.03 1.8.E+05 671 365 318
1320 0.08 2.0.E+05 603 381 319
1380 0.1 2.0.E+05 449 391 355
1440 0.1 2.0.E+05 558 401 358
1500 0.1 2.0.E+05 455 387 366
1560 0.1 2.0.E+05 452 390 368
1620 0.1 2.0.E+05 453 411 371
T 3 (Surface)
As furnace boundary condition
As top furnace boundary condition
: 22 Februari 2013 Experiment
Material (kg)
Continuance
T 1 (Bottom) T 2 (Top)
(Sec.) (MPa) Pressure (Pa) (K) (K) (K)
1680 0.1 2.1.E+05 507 426 376
1740 0.1 2.0.E+05 631 433 383
1800 0.1 2.0.E+05 673 437 388
1980 0.11 2.1.E+05 718 445 401
2160 0.1 2.0.E+05 755 463 414
2340 0.1 2.0.E+05 761 490 429
2520 0.12 2.1.E+05 683 489 441
2700 0.1 2.0.E+05 793 530 453
2880 0.1 2.0.E+05 776 550 465
3060 0.1 2.0.E+05 802 557 475
3240 0.1 2.0.E+05 809 569 486
3420 0.1 2.0.E+05 818 589 500
3600 0.1 2.0.E+05 809 617 519
Time P1 Absolute As furnace T 3 (Surface)
boundary condition
Date Tar : 1.73 kg
: II Chart : 1.25 kg
: 5 kg gas : 1.00 kg
Pressure : 0.1 MPa
Time P1 Absolute T 1 (Bottom) T 2 (top) T 3 (surface)
(Sec.) (MPa) Pressure (Pa) (K) (K) (K)
0 -0.09 10000 303 303 303
60 -0.09 10000 310 303 303
120 -0.09 10000 328 305 304
180 -0.09 10000 341 305 304
240 -0.09 10000 361 307 304
300 -0.09 10000 371 308 304
360 -0.09 10000 388 311 305
420 -0.09 10000 411 311 305
480 -0.08 20000 430 315 305
540 -0.08 20000 444 317 305
600 -0.08 20000 458 320 306
660 -0.08 20000 478 326 308
720 -0.08 20000 496 330 309
780 -0.07 30000 517 338 310
840 -0.07 30000 536 347 312
900 -0.07 30000 546 348 313
960 -0.04 60000 564 356 315
1020 -0.02 80000 581 352 318
1080 0 100000 599 357 320
1140 0.03 130000 612 363 324
1200 0.06 160000 626 369 328
1260 0.1 200000 633 379 337
1320 0.1 200000 586 435 358
1380 0.1 200000 609 398 362
: 26 Februari 2013 Expe riment
Time
P1
Absolute
T 1 (Bottom) T 2 (top) T 3 (surface)
(Sec.)
(MPa) Pressure (Pa)
(K)
(K)
(K)
1680
0.11
210000
708
475
414
1740
0.1
200000
726
482
420
1800
0.1
200000
737
486
426
1980
0.1
200000
761
510
442
2160
0.1
200000
779
526
454
2340
0.1
200000
810
539
465
2520
0.1
200000
816
551
473
2700
0.1
200000
822
560
480
2880
0.1
200000
815
571
489
3060
0.1
200000
802
575
498
3240
0.1
200000
805
578
505
3420
0.1
200000
807
596
525
APPENDIX 9
Date : 20 Maret 2013 Tar : 1.73 kg
Experiment : II Chart : 1.25 kg
Material (kg) : 5 kg gas : 1.00 kg
Pressure : 0.1 MPa
Time P1 Absolute T 1 (Bottom) T 2 (top) T 3 (surface)
(Sec.) (MPa) Pressure (Pa) (K) (K) (K)
0 -0.080 20000 306 306 306
60 -0.080 20000 321 306 306
120 -0.080 20000 331 307 306
180 -0.080 20000 338 307 306
240 -0.080 20000 347 307 306
300 -0.080 20000 363 308 306
360 -0.080 20000 379 308 306
420 -0.080 20000 396 309 306
480 -0.080 20000 418 310 306
540 -0.080 20000 447 312 306
600 -0.080 20000 482 314 306
660 -0.080 20000 512 318 309
720 -0.070 30000 545 320 307
780 -0.070 30000 573 327 309
840 -0.060 40000 604 336 311
900 -0.060 40000 622 336 311
960 -0.050 50000 638 339 314
1020 -0.030 70000 654 341 317
1080 -0.020 80000 656 343 318
1140 0.000 100000 686 346 320
Continuance
Time P1 Absolute T 1 (Bottom) T 2 (top) T 3 (surface)
(Sec.) (MPa) Pressure (Pa) (K) (K) (K)
1680 0.100 200000 737 446 408
1740 0.100 200000 743 444 409
1800 0.100 200000 753 454 413
1980 0.100 200000 762 474 427
2160 0.100 200000 776 471 431
2340 0.100 200000 765 489 448
2520 0.100 200000 764 509 454
2700 0.100 200000 772 541 465
2880 0.100 200000 778 547 471
3060 0.100 200000 815 562 483
3240 0.100 200000 832 582 499
3420 0.100 200000 853 589 509
