Sociological Theories and
Perspectives in
Understanding Health
Supriyati
What is sociology ?
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang
masyarakat
Ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan antar
individu (perilaku sosial)
Paradigma
Fakta sosial
Definisi sosial
Paradigma Fakta Sosial
Teori fungsionalisme struktural
Teori konflik
Teori sistem
Paradigma Definisi Sosial
Action theory
Simbolic interactionism
Phenomenology
Paradigma Perilaku Sosial
Behavioral sociology
Paradigma fakta sosial
• Teori fungsionalisme structural
• Teori konflik
• Teori sistem
#1.Teori Fungsionalisme struktural (Konsensus)
• Focuses on how society is organized and how social institutions meet the needs of people living within a collectivity
• Like an organism
• As understanding human body ---- human social system (has many parts/institution such as education, religion, economy, politic) These institutions secure the evolution and growth of society
• The consensus focus upon the good of the overall society; sub-groups of society must be willing to sacrifice for the good of the whole
The characteristics of society
• Well planned uniformity• Stability and equilibrium between different parts
• Consensus of the main values
• Every institution has a function which helps society to remain stable
4 key functions of
social system
• production and distribution of goods and services: The economy
Adaptation
• writing and enforcing of the rules: The policy
Goal attainment
• procreation and socialization of children; integration of social activities: Family and education
Integration
• a system of values and beliefs: Religion
- Unprepared to address changes that occur due to misuse of
power
- highly useful in understanding ongoing adjustments to social
institutions in response to changes in the other institutions
Social action taken places as a
dynamic equilibrium
Dinamic
equilibrium means society is always
changing
Social institution
must adjust to changes in other
Research question :
Mapping, describing, and analysing
Positive function
Institution
Example :
#2. Teori Konflik
• the fundamental processes of society are competition and conflict, rather than cooperation for the good of the whole
• All social systems have a small minority of powerful elites
• Social action takes place within an arena of conflict and exploitation between dominant and secondary segments of society must be anticipated
• Focus on the material condition such as clothing, education, access to health care
#2. Teori Konflik
Wewenang dan posisi
Distribusi kekuasaan tidak merata
Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan
Konflik secara sistematis
konflik
4 fungsi konflik
Memelihara solidaritas
Membentuk aliansi
Mengaktifkan peran individu
Conflict in modern sociology
Not only focusing on class struggle as Marx
did, but on the overall power structure in
society, such as conflicts between different
groups of interests
Producers and consumers, employers
and employed, among religions,
Conflict cause social change
In every society there are conflicts; conflict is the driving force of social change
Conflict cause social change
conflict
Social
change
Deklarasi Keparakan : a community deal
Kesepakatan bersama :
1.Tidak merokok di dalam
pertemuan
Perubahan sosial
yang terjadi karena
Research question
Mapping of power-relations
Someone is making benefit of the situation at the expense of someone else
Paradigma Definisi sosial
• Action theory
• Symbolic interactionism
Definisi sosial
Fokus pada tindakan sosial
Tindakan mengandung arti
Action theory
Tindakan dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan (subjek dan objek) Bertindak menggunakan cara yang dianggap cocok mencapai tujuan
Kelangsungan tindakan dibatasi eksternal yang tak dapat dikendalikan
Manusia memilih, menilai dan mengevaluasi tindakannya
Action theory
• Keyakinan kelompok tertentu terhadap proses kehamilan dan persalinan mengantarkan mereka pada perilaku pencari pertolongan persalinan
• Social capital yang tinggi mendorong persalinan di dukun bayi
Interactionism symbolic
• Focuses on how individuals influence and are influenced by society. It
guides investigations into how the rules of society are re-created
everyday through our interactions with one another
• the symbolic meanings we attach to things and events
“o e co cepts…
Reality is socially constructed through our interactions with one another. Morality, ethics, and values, are not given; we create
them through our interactions with one another
Social action is influenced by person's beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and negotiations of meanings
Conflict Vs Fuctionalist
•
The conflict paradigm highlights parts of
society where functionalists usually do not
focus on
Paradigma perilaku sosial
•
Behavioral Sociology
•
Exchange theory
Paradigma perilaku sosial
Ketika perilaku menjadi terpola / tetap, maka
menjadi perilaku sosial
Perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan,
motivasi, dan tujuan
Apa yang menjadi keyakinan dan
Exchange theory
• explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties
• posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a
subjective cost benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives
• norm of reciprocity
Post Modernism / postStructuralism
• Deconstruction
• Discourse/discourse analysis
• Plurality of knowledge and method
Medical sociology
•
Also known as health
sociology
•
The study of cause
and consequences of
health and illness
Major area of investigation are
Social aspects of health and disease
Social behavior of patient and health provider
Social function of health organization and institution Social pattern of the utilization of health services
Why medical sociology is important?
Recognizes the critical
role social factors play in
determining or
Why people have to do sexual intercourse just
after their traditional circumcision in Timor Island?
• Sifon : Atoni Tribe in Timor island• Sifon : a man is supposed to be engage in sexual relationship with at least 3 women
• Sifon : a so ial tool to for a a ’s
masculinity and the way to avoid disharmony in the family (Ungu, 2012)
• the sexual intercourse must be done before the wound from the circumcision has healed to dis ard the heat of ody
The development of Medical Sociology: Talcot
Parsons
Publishes the social system in 1951
First major social theorist to deal with issues of health, illness, and the role of medicine
Structural-functionalist perspective
What is
Health ?
• A state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being
, and not merely the absence of disease or injury (WHO)Contrasting idea about health and social
behavior
• Some people tended to rely on magic as the fundamental explanation of disease and illness
References
• Engman A & Cranford C., 2016. Habit and the Body: Lesson for social Theories of Habit from the Experiences of People with Physical
Disabilities. Sociological Theory. 34(1):27-44
• Jovanovic M., 4. Creati g the Dis-ease of high holesterol: A Sociology of diagnosis reception analysis. Social Science & Medicine: 101: 120-128
