CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Method of the Research
In this research the writer used the experimental method. The experimental research was aimed to know if there were effect or not for the population or subject of the research (Arikunto, 1990:272). There were
two groups; the first group was called experimental class, which was given treatment by using Comic strips as media in teaching past tense and the
other one was called control class, which was not given by that media. The writer used the quasi experimental design since there were two classes
given different treatment. The design of research is as follows:
E : Q1 x Q2
C : Q3 x Q4
Where :
E : Experimental group
C : Control group
X : Treatment
Q2 : Post-test experimental group
Q3 : Pre-test control group
Q4 : post-test control group
B. Place and Time of Research
The research was carried out in MTs Muhammadiyah Kalibening. It focused on the second year students as experimental class and control class. The
experimental class was the 8 A class consists of 30 students and the control class was the 8 B class consists of 30 students. They were given pre-test to find out the
students ability before the experiment. The post-test was given after the experiment.
Schedule of research is as follow :
Time of Research
Num Activities
Months of 2016
Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan 1 Making Proposal
2 Join Counseling 3 Collecting Data 4 Analyzing 5 Making Report
C. Subject of Research 1. Population
Population is the whole of the research (Arikunto, 1997:115). The writer
chose population in the second year students of MTs Muhammadiyah Kalibening, Banjarnegara in academic year 2016.
According to Arikunto (1998: 7) sample is a part of population. If the number of the subject of the research more than a hundred, the sample taken
10-15% or 20-25% or more of the population.
The writer took cluster sampling as a method in sampling. The writer used 8 A and 8 B class.
D. Method of Collecting Data
The writer used test as instrument for collecting data. Test is a sequence of
questions exercise or other tools which were used to measure skills, knowledge, intelligent or talent of individual or group (Arikunto, 1993:173). In this study the
writer used two kinds of test. They were pre-test and post-test.
1. Pre-Test
Pre-test was given to measure the beginning condition of every group
experimental and control. This test was given before the classes were given treatment. There were two forms of test, they were multiple choice and essay
tests.
2. Post-Test
It was used to measure the effect of certain treatment. In this case was teaching past tense using comic strips. The instruments of test were multiple choice and essay test. The reason why the writer chose this type of test is
because the multiple choice test could be corrected objectively in correcting. It is easier and can be corrected fast because it used key answer of the test
E. Method of Analyzing Data
After the data was collected by giving pre-test and post-test to the control group and experimental group, the data was analyzed by the statistical test as
below :
1. Students Individual Achievement
To know the result of individual achievement, the writer used formula as follow:
P = X100%
N F
Where :
P = percentage
F = frequency
N = the maximum score
2. Classical Achievement
To measure the classical achievement of the students‟ mastery of past
tense both control and experimental group, the writer used the following
formula :
- Experimental group
M = n
x
2M = mean of experiment group
x2 = the sum of score post-test of experiment groupn = the total number of respondents
- Control group
M = n
y
2Where :
M = mean of control group
y2 = the sum of score post-test of control groupn = the total number of respondents
From classical achievement, we found the level of student‟s competence
in past tense. In term of percentage achievement, Arikunto (1998:57) suggest
five categories of the students.
There were :
81% to 100% = Very good
61% to 80% = Good
41% to 65% = Fair
21% to 40% = Bad
By consulting to the criteria above, the writer knew the criteria of classical competence.
3. Hypothesis Testing
To know the result from the treatment, the writer used t-test formula. The writer used t-formula and was carried out some steps:
a. The writer made a table as follow :
Number of Respondents
Experiment Class Control Class
X1 X2 X X2 Y1 Y2 Y
Y2
Sum
Where :
X1 = Pre-test of experiment class
Y1 = Pre-test of control class
X2 = Post-test of experiment class
Y2 = Post-test of control class
X = Y = Residual (X2 – X1)
1) To find out the mean of deviation of control class ( My ) - The pre-test score decreases the post-test score of each student
- Then, the writer counted the total of deviation (residual) (
y )- Finally, the writer counted the total of the students in control class is
divided into the number of students in that class
My = n
y
Where :
My = mean of control class
y = total deviationn = number of student of control class
2) To find out the mean of deviation of experiment class ( Mx ) 1. The pre-test score decreases the post-test score of each student
2. Then, the writer counted the total of deviation (residual) (
x)3. Finally, the writer counted the total of the students in experiment class that was divided into the number of students in that class.
Mx = n
x
Where :
Mx = mean of deviation of experimental class
x = total of deviationc. The sum of squared deviation of each class must be calculated
x = square deviation of experiment class
x = total deviation of experiment classn = number of students of experiment class
n = number of students of control class
d. The writer applied all of them into t-test formula
` To find out whether there are any effectiveness of comic strips as the media in teaching past tense, the writer compared the means of control
Mx = mean of students gain in experimental group
My = mean of students gain in control group
2x = the total square of experimental group
2y = the total square of control group
Nx = the total number of experimental group
Ny = the total group of control group
e. The last, the writer calculated degree of freedom (d.f.) by using formula:
d.f = (Nx + Ny) – 2
Where :
d.f = degree of freedom
Nx = the total number of experimental group
After using the t-counted, then the writer compared it to t-table of a certain significant level. If the t-counted was higher than t-table, it means that there was positive effect of comic strips as a media in teaching past tense. So,
