CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Teaching
1. The Definition of Teaching
According to Brown, (2000: 7) teaching is “showing or helping
someone to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in
the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or
understand.”
Moreover Darwis A. Soelaiman in Erna (2006:7) said that
teaching is a system that produces learning activity. In this theory,
teaching should be systematic and produces students‟ learning activity.
Harmer in Kurnia (2014, 7) teaching means to give (someone)
knowledge or to instruct or to train (someone). In addition, the
Longman Dictionary Contemporary English suggests that it means to
„show somebody how to do something‟ or to‟ change somebody‟s ideas‟.
According to Darwis A. Soelaiman in Erna (2006) the
characteristic of teaching activity are rational and special to human.
They said that teaching is the activity that contains 4 phases process,
those are: making curriculum phase, teaching phase, measuring phase,
From the definition of teaching above, there are some essential
things that appear in teaching, that are:
1) Teaching is an activity or teachers‟ activity; 2) Teaching is a process;
3) Teaching is a teachers‟ activity that related with the students‟ learning, that happen in interaction process;
4) Teaching has goal and not only related in the students‟ changing.
(Darwis A. Soelaiman in Erna, 2006:8)
2. The Components of Teaching Process
The components of teaching should get extra attention because
each component gives effect for success of teaching process. They are
an inseparable sequence must be done in teaching process. In other
words the process of teaching contains some components that related
each other. According to Darwis in Erna(2006: 8), these components
are:
1) Goal
Teaching goal is the students‟ changing of behavior as the
result from learning activity.
2) Material
Material is the component of teaching that contains of
purposes, so the materials should useful or relevant with the
students‟ need and their surround need.
3) Teaching Method
How the teacher teaches the material to reach the goal is
the ability that the teacher should have. The material and the
goal are the orientation for teacher to state the teaching method
besides the students‟ situation and facilities.
4) Media
Media is all the tools that help teacher in using teaching
method. The kinds of media are visual media, audio media, and
audio-visual media.
5) Evaluation
The evaluation is an effort to evaluate the output of
teaching process. The evaluation includes teacher‟s teaching evaluation and students‟ evaluation. In the students‟ evaluation,
teacher evaluates how far the goals of teaching have been
reached by students in the form of the changing behavior.
B. Simple Past Tense
1. The Definition of Simple Past Tense
As one of language components that is important to be mastered
by students, grammar has many rules that should be learnt, one of
The simple past is a tense that shows an activity or situation
began and ended at a particular time in the past (Betty Schrampfer
Azar, 1993: 24). Simple past tense indicates that terminating in the
past, whether a time is given or not (Marcella Frank, 1991: 49).
From those statements above, it can be seen that simple past
tense is a sentence which is used to talk about events, actions that
happened at a specific time in the past.
2. The Features of Simple Past Tense a. The Uses of Simple Past Tense
The uses of simple past tense are :
1) to express the completed action in the past
X
Past Present
future
The simple past is used to express the idea that an action
started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes
the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but
they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples :
I didn’t see a movie yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn’t travel to Japan.
2) To express a series of completed actions
X1 X2 X3
Past Present
future
We used the Simple Past to list a series of completed
actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th…
Examples :
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel
at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
3) To express single duration in the past
Past Present
The simple past can be used with a duration, which
start and stop in the past. A duration is a long action often used
with expressions like”for two years,” “for five minutes,” “all day,” or “all year”
Examples :
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
4) To express the habit in the past
The simple past can also be used to describe a habit,
which stopped in the past. It has the same meaning as “used to”. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit we often use expressions such as “always,” often,” “usually,” “never,” “…when I was a child” or “…when I was younger” in the
sentence.
Examples:
I studied French when I was a child.
b. The Pattern of Simple Past Tense
Verbal Sentence :
Positive : S + V2
Negative : S + did not + V1
Interrogative : Did + S + V1
Positive Negative Interrogative
I We You The y He She It played started watche d had saw did went I We You The y He She It Did not (didn‟t ) play start watc h have see do go di d I We You The y He She It play? start? watch ? have? see? do? go?
(Raymond Murphy, 1998:32)
Nominal sentence
Positive : She/He/It/I + was
Negative : She/He/It/I + was + not
They/We/You + were + not
Interrogative : Was + she/he/it/I
Were + they/we/you
Positive Negative Interrogative
I
He
She
It
Was
I
He
She
It
was not
was I
He
She
It
They
We
You
were
They
We
You
were not
were
They
We
You
WH-Question
WH + Did + subject + infinitive
What
How
Where
Did
did
did
you
the accident
your parents
do
happen?
go
yesterday?
for their
holiday?
(Raymond Murphy, 1998: 32)
Short answer of yes/no question of simple past tense
Yes, I/we/you/they
He/she/it
Did No, I/we/you/they
He/she/it
didn‟t
Example :
Questions: Short answers:
- Did you see Joe yesterday?
- Did it rain on Sunday?
- Did Helen come to party?
- Did your parent have good holiday?
- No, I didn‟t. - Yes, It did.
c. The Adverb of Simple Past Tense
There are some adverb of time that common use in past tense,
those are yesterday, last…, and …ago. We also can identify the
past tense with the other adverb or phrase which shows us that it
happened in the past.
d. Regular and Irregular Verb
There are two kinds of past verb (V2) that are regular past
verb and irregular past verb. In forming regular past verb is just add
–ed after verb. There are some acceptations of spelling in changing
regular past verb :
1) The verb ending with –y after consonant, adding with –ied
(e.g. to carry – carried)
2) The verb ending with –y after vowel (a,i,u,e,o), adding with –
ed (e.g. to obey – obeyed)
3) The verb that has one syllable and ending with consonant, the
last consonant is double (e.g. to stop – stopped)
In the other hand, irregular verb do not have the rule to
change the verb into past verb. We are able to know the irregular
C. Media
1. Definition of Media
According to Arikunto (1987:13) states that media are all of
things, which are used by a teacher to explain the instructional
material. Medias are the tools, methods and techniques that are used to
make the communication and interaction between the teacher and
learner in teaching and learning of English in the classroom more
effective (Hamalik, 1982:23). For example the teacher can use music,
picture or comics to explain something, so the material easy to be
understood.
2. Kinds of Media
According to Sudjana (1990: 12), there are some kinds of media :
a. draft / blue print
A combination of graphic media and picture that is used to
visualize the connection between main facts or main ideas in order
and logic.
b. Diagram
Description that is simplified to show the relationship on both sides
especially in the meaning of lines and symbol.
c. Poster
Poster is simplified illustration picture in big size, planned to
d. Cartoon
Cartoon is the picture description of human being, idea, or situation
that is planned to persuade the civil opinion.
e. Comics
A story line which has picture in every part or picture story and
usually have a colors to make student more interested in reading.
D. Comics Media
1. Definition of Comic Strips
Comic strips are picture with stories as tools or means
(Brown :1994). Comic strips media are means or tools, which
facilitate teachers in designing communicative activity task in
teaching learning process. Shortly, a comic strips is a kind of
stories which is used by the teacher to teach speaking, reading,
translation, vocabulary and structure by creating in which the
activity includes serving as a model in interpersonal, transaction, or
otherwise fastening educative interaction among students and
teacher of other age group. Comic strips are necessary for the
teachers as a strategy to make the students interested in following
the English lesson and understand the material.
Based on the definition above, it can be concluded that
cartoon papers as work of art which the writer uses as a means or
tools to make it easier to receive the information, or message that
the teacher gives in a teaching – learning process.
2. Kinds of Comics
a. Comics Books
Comic books is a story line which has picture in every part or
picture story and usually have a colors which has several
different title.
b. Comic Strip
A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated
panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often
serialized, with text in balloons and captions.
c. Comic Cartoon
Comic Cartoon is usually a series of pictures that illustrate the
story. The series drawings are arranged in horizontal lines, or
rectangles called panels, and like text from left to right.
E. Basic Assumption
From the definition above, the writer basic assumption is the use of
comic strips as a media in teaching past tense is one of good technique to
the students, because most of students have been quite familiar with
comics. Comic strips are a combination of picture and word so the
comic strips are very choosable. It means that not only for students who
may use it as an interesting media but also everyone who wants to use this.
However, the effectiveness does not merely on the media, but also the role
of teacher in transferring the media comic strips to the students.
F. Hypothesis
Based on the basic assumption above, the writer propose the
hypothesis “Teaching past tense using comic strips is effective to eight
grade students of MTs Muhammadiyah Kalibening in academic year
