CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN ECO-CITY DEVELOPMENT( SPATIAL REFERENCES: LUBHU URBAN AREA IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL AND SURABAYA CITY IN INDONESIA)

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CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN ECO-CITY DEVELOPMENT

(

SPATIAL

REFERENCES: LUBHU URBAN AREA IN KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL AND

SURABAYA CITY IN INDONESIA)

Dana Adisukma1), Shreema Rana2), Nurvina Hayuni3), Ayu Fitriatul Ulya4)

1

Urban and Regional Planning Department, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nasional, Babarsari, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2

Department of Urban Planning, Institute of Engineering, Pulchwok Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

3

Master Program on Urban and Regional Development, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Diponegoro, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

4

Master Program on Planning and Management of Coastal Area and Watershed, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRAK

Kota sebagai salah satu ruang aktivitas paling aktif dibandingkan ruang lainnya memiliki beragam sistem yang berlaku didalamnya. Kompleksnya sistem aktivitas sosial, ekonomi, ekologi dan budaya di perkotaan membutuhkan suatu metode pengelolaan yang efektif dan efisien sehingga tercipta kehidupan berkelanjutan. Saat ini pembangunan dan penerapan konsep eco-city di Kota Surabaya, Indonesia dan Kawasan Perkotaan Lubhu, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal sedang berkembang pesat. Namun disisi lain pembangunan tersebut masih banyak memunculkan permasalahan antar pemangku kepentingan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi dan memetakan potensi konflik antar pemangku kepentingan dan merumuskan strategi pengelolaan baru untuk mengurangi risiko konflik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan juga didukung oleh kondisi terkini kedua lokasi penelitian. penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa seluruh pemangku kepentingan memiliki peran khusus antar satu sama lain. Secara logika bahwa semakin banyak pemangku yang terlibat maka semakin banyak peran yang tumpangtindih. Tidak hanya Kawasan Perkotaan Lubuh yang menghadapi permasalahan limbah cair dan limbah padat, tetapi juga Kota Surabaya. Permasalahan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh konfli-konflik sosial-politik dan kurangnya kesadaran dan kerjasama antara sektor publik dan sektor privat. Alternatif solusinya adalah memadukan kepentingan antara sektor publik dan privat dengan dukungan penuh dari pemangku kepentingan politik.

Kata Kunci : Pembangunan, Eco-city, Potensi Konflik, Pemangku Kepentingan, Surabaya, Lubhu.

ABSTRACT

Urban area as one of the busiest space than another spaces that have various applied systems on it. The complexity of social, economic, ecology and culture systems in urban area was needed an effective and efficience management method toward urban sustainable livelihood. Nowadays, the eco-city development in Surabaya City, Indonesia and Lubhu Urban Area, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal has been developed. In addition, it was emerging some problems between the stakeholders. The research aims are identifying and mapping the potential conflict of stakeholder also conceiving new management strategy to reduce its conflict impacts. This research is important because it will define a simulation with stakeholder analysis as its approach through journals and reports. The research method supported by recent condition about those cities. The conclusion of this research shows that all stakeholders have spesific roles between each other. Logically, the more stakeholder involved the more its roles overlaped. Not only Lubhu Urban Area which have the waste water and solid waste problems, but also Surabaya City. The problems caused by socio-politic conflicts and lack of awareness and contribution between private and public sectors. The alternative solution is integrating the interest between public and private sectors with fully support from political stakeholder.

Keywords: Development, Eco-city, Potential Conflict, Stakeholders, Surabaya, Lubhu.

INTRODUCTION

With the growing and increasing population concern about the environment, there is a challenge of making settlements more sustainable. So, nowadays world is getting more

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ces impact which is caused by anthropogenic activities. An Eco-city comprises the feature of sustainable city. Urban development towards the Eco-city concept requires the design of urban structure and transportation system in eco-friendly manner. However, the whole process of building eco-city totally depends on the stakeholders and their perceptions (Gaffron, et.al, 2005). In addition, stakeholder it self also has an important role in development order. Too many kind of stakeholder are involved in the order then could be influenced the eco-city development successfully. According to the importances, studying and managing the stakeholders are very important to make the eco-city development sustain. In the other hand, the variant of each stakeholders interest might be conducted a conflict between them. Someday, the development of stakeholder terms might be change into solving the problems and reducing the conflict risks (Golder, 2005; Bryson, 2004; Varvasovsky and Brugha, 2000). The planning and development of an eco-city must be deal with the natural and built environment (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Four elements that form the city system; a general framework to understanding

the city’s internal function

Source: Gaffron, et al, 2005

For long time ago, green city development has been stated as a simple concept arising from simple problems. Simple techonology and decentralized policy are the most aplicable concept in building eco-city. Until year of 1975 some expertists and environmentalists held meeting which conceiving some concepts related to eco-city in urban area. That meeting was inspired by worst conditions in urban infrastructure such as changing of wastewater

quality in water canal, overloading of solid waste in near settlements because of bad management, water and air pollution caused by transportation. Nowadays, eco-city concept has been developed and applicabled in all the countries of the world. For the urban area, the successful implementation of eco-city depends on three main aspects which is consist of policy, environment, and stakeholder system. Those aspects are also supporting in environmental friendly economic development in city (Suzuki, 2010). Especially for environmental aspect which is the most important aspect in building an eco-city, it’s consist of some indicators such as water quality, green building and energy, solid waste, transportation, air quality, land use, parks and open space, and environment health. Those indicators are controlled by integrated policy and socialized by government as from the policy maker to local communities (Mastran, 2007). In some cases, building an eco-city concept there are some obstacles like political atmosphere in policy making, job overlaping by each stakeholders, dynamic change in natural order, and dynamic preference of local communities in building the environmental friendly city which is also called

as an ‘eco-city’.

The developing nation towards

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recommend some improvements to make the place in line with the eco-city concept.

In the other part of the world such as Surabaya, Indonesia, has declared that green concept is the main aspect to develop an eco-city. Green city concept could be developed by conserving the green open space and empowering the communities to build the green area until the smallest area (Widagdo and Candranama, 2011). There are many other ways as per the contextual features of the town or a city of how it can be developed as. The another implementation to create an eco-city is in Surabaya is proposing a development program for sewerage and sanitation until 2020 (Mangkoedihardjo, 2010), where socializing and implementing of solid waste management with community participation (Rismaharini, 2011), and also for clean water management in co-operation with public and private sectors (Ranhill Water Services, 2011). In the effort to make an eco-city, implementation in

Surabaya’s urban areas, stakeholder’s

participation is one of the most important parts. In term of stakeholders participation, it is needed to be mapped because of many kind of stakeholders coming together. Surabaya City Government, local communities and NGOs are the biggest stakeholders in defining ‘Surabaya’ as eco-city. Every single stakeholder has a different importance to build it. In more detail of stakeholders participation, potential conflict usually happens between policy maker and community preference. Another potential conflict has been found between NGOs and local govenrment in term of conceiving the eco-city development programs. This paper is trying to collide the gaps and conflicts towards an eco-city in Surabaya City and Lubhu in Kathmandu Valley.

RESEARCH METHOD

This research is a benchmarking study from two countries which are trying to implement the eco-city concept in the city development plan.

The case study is in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal and Surabaya, Indonesia because those cities have implemented the eco-city concept successfully. The aims of this research are mapping the variant of stakeholders interest to identify the potential conflict for conceiving and managing the new idea in building an eco-city development. The method in identifying the problems and stakeholders were using content analysis. The data sources for this analysis taken from journals, project reports, research reports, etc which is related to the topic and case study. The stakeholder analysis, as tool for mapping the stakeholder level in management and development order, is expected to help mapping

the stakeholders. The stakeholders’ member of

this research are limited by involvement and directly contribution into eco-city development proces. The other stakeholders which are have a catalist roles does not include in stakeholder map. Stakeholder analysis is another analysis that is used for mapping the stakeholders and identifying the potential conflict between them (Solar, 2009). This analysis is supported by situation analysis that explains about each stakeholders, its jobs, its obstacles, and its relationships (Riyadi and Bratakusumah, 2004). This analysis has an objective for integrating of importancies and community perspective for bridging the gaps between them (Start and Hoyland, 2004).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

General Environmental Problems In Cities

As it was mentioned before, in the effort to make Surabaya as an eco-city, there were some fundamental management aspects especially in infrastructure which is always related with some environmental problems. Silas (2002) mentioned that waste management as a one of urban infrastructure in Surabaya is facing some serious problems.

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Demographical aspect as determinator of population development potentially increasing the waste number in the city either the development of urban facilities. The effort to add waste bank in some spots of the city by the government will transporting the waste in central waste bank easily. Another case is the low carbon management in Surabaya city which were mentioned by one of expertises (Ginanjar, 2012). That management tried to manage some infrastructure such as green open space, friendly environmental transportation, solid and water waste, friendly environmental energy, and improved the water quality and quantity. The management itself facing the complex problems such as lack of community awareness, complexity of bureaucracy in financing, and overlaping of policy (Figure 2).

Lubhu is one of the old traditional Newari settlements of the Kathmandu Valley about 700 years old. It is located around 7 kms east of Lalitpur at tar (Hill top) land. The Siddhipur surrounds it at west, Sirutar VDC at North, Lamatar VDC (Village Development Committee)

at east and Gadamchaur VDC at south. The Lubhu have rich cultural, historical and social aspects. Lubhu have been counted one among the planned settlements of its time. It had compact settlement with much of community bonding. Peripheral land was allocated for agriculture, as it is low altitude, irrigable and fertile land. Lachi, Patis and waterspouts at junction to facilitate trader, as it is old trade route. Proper water management is done through ponds, rajkulo, storm water drainage system etc. Division of responsibility was done through caste system; guthi system etc. in present settlements’ condition of Lubhu has expanded beyond its traditional boundary demarked by 4 gates. The agricultural fields are being converted to land pooling areas. And many elites and professionals have started to live in newly planned areas.

The Kathmandu Valley itself has a function as a strategic location for economic and social activites. Too many kind of local activity was mad from this area. The urban areas which were located surrounding the Kathmandu Valley has affected by the activities. (figure 3)

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Stakeholders mapping and its potential conflict

Surabaya, Indonesia

The environmental problems in Surabaya City is primary responsibility of local government to solve. In addition, local communities and private sectors involved in the environmental issues. The condition make an effort to solve the problems become more complex. Overlapping policy and dynamic socioculture of communities are the main problems that faced for realizing the eco-city development. Otherwise, growing up the Non Government Organization (NGO) who work on environmental are much more. They are focusing on community empowerment sector and proposing the program about eco-city in small areas around the city. Every single NGOs has funded from national or international

organization. In addition, the local government is in itself making cooperation with another country which is working on an eco-city development. Their objectives are only to make the communities aware about environmental friendly city towards eco-city. Almost all stakeholders agree that there is a gap between the development plan policy in each period. The gaps are potentially become a conflict and interference the implementation of ecocity concept. The first step to implement an eco-city concept in Surabaya is managing the stakeholder who took part on it. It meant to reduce the gaps and conflicts between them. Before mapping the stakeholders, identifying the relationship atmosphere between them by situation analysis is very important and basic. The identification consist of some aspects such as stakeholders, sectors, strenghts, and problems. (Table 1)

Table 1. Situation Analysis Matrix for Eco-city Development

No Stakeholders Sectors Strenght Problems

1. Local

- Managing all stakeholders who took part on eco-city development - Monitoring and evaluating the

development

- Easy to make a cooperation with other institutions or companies

- Domination of political actors - Lack of knowledge on eco-city

development

- The development of eco-city still sectoral

- The higher education level of the communities the more easier to educate the eco-city development - Income rate of the communities are

already seatle for making the eco-city development sustain

- Diversity on socioculture and lifestyle - Lack of awareness for health

environment

3. NGO - Independent consultant

- Accomodating the local communities participation

- Implementing the eco-city concept more ideal

- Educating the local people for safe the environment

- Sometimes, one of NGO comes from one company which have the special business for the environment - The NGOs generally funded by some

companies so if there is no enough financial supporting then they can not work independently

- The NGO’s members ussually not come

from local people or scholar people but political actors who dominantly making decission for eco-city development 4. University - Research and

Development

- Discovering a new idea or approach for eco-city development

- In cooperation with another universities or companies for proposing academic consortium and offering some financial support to research

- Become an academic consultant for local government in making decission effectively and efficiently

- It does not have a function as decission maker in governmental level

- sometimes, there's no integration of approach or idea to implement an eco-city development

5. Private Sectors - Polutant producer - Waste producer

- Financial support

- Human resource development by CSR (Corporate Social

Responsibility) management for local people

- Lack of information for implementing the eco-city

- Differences of private sectors policy that has applied by the company in implementing the eco-city

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From Surabaya City case, there are three key stakeholders that are took part in implementing an eco-city with the efforts from the local government and local communities. From local communities itself there are some problems e.g lack of awareness from them to make their life healthy and friendly to environment. In addition, the local government also facing the problem like differences of importances between each agencies. Those problems are potentially become conflict and

gaps. In more detail on NGO’s members, there

are some NGOs who participated in

implementing the eco-city of Surabaya. They are consist of JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), PUSDAKOTA (Pusat Pemberdayaan Komunitas Perkotaan – Centre for Urban Community Empowerment), KITA (Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association), etc. The university as academic consultant and the private sectors as financial support and human resource development also take a part for it. These relationships could become a fundamental reason to identify the positive and negative impacts or potential conflicts between the stakeholders. According to that, the mapping of importances and influences of stakeholders relationship are very important. The map is consist of three stakeholder categories that describing all the stakeholders taking a part in eco-city development. (Table 2).

According to Table 2, all stakeholders have been divided into three stakeholder categories. First category is key stakeholder who consist of local government, local community, NGOs. This category have a high influences in implementing an eco-city development and only the NGOs is low importances because they are

not creating the policy concept in high level. These stakeholders have a role for reaching the eco-city development. It might be from policy level in city area to implementation level in local area. Second one is main stakeholder which is consist of university. Academic consultant and research is the main job for this stakeholder. Low level of importances is given because they can not creating policy and only giving development advices. High level of influences is because of all the research results are influencing the policy of eco-city development. The third one is supporting stakeholder that consist of private sectors. They have a role as financial support and human resource development by CSR. Low level of importances is because of the main job of private sector is not to develop the city but to develop itself only. High level of influences is because most contributor of waste and polution are from industrial areas as private sector. In the future is expected by the community development might be gained the eco-city condition for the city. Regarding to the matrix, it can be mapping for all the stakeholders based on the level. (Fig. 4)

Figure 4. Importances and Influences Stakeholders Map in Building Eco-City

Table 2. Importances and influences map of stakeholders in building eco-city development

Stakeholders Roles Importances Level Influences level

Key Stakeholder

Loval Government - Decission maker

High High

- Stakeholders coordinator

- Monitoring and controling the eco-city policy Local community - Policy object

High High

- Waste and pollution contributor

NGOs - Independent consultant Low High

- Policy socialization actor - The local people educator Main stakeholder

University - Academic consultant

Low High

- Research and development of theory and application

Support stakeholder

Private sectors - Financial supporting

Low High

- Human resource development by CSR (Corporate Social Respoinsibility) for local people

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According to the Figure 4 it can be conclude that there are no stakeholders located in the low level of importances and influences. The conclusion means that eco-city concept is very potential to be applied in this city. These

stakeholder’s relationship in some cases are small

possibility that happens to unconflict between them. This conflict usually happened in high level on making policy by the government. Sometimes they are little bit forget to accomodate all the perceptions of stakeholders in agreement letter although they had participated in the meeting. The conflict event usually happened in the lowest level in local people. The idealism and

profesionalism of NGO’s member in

implementing the government policy might be influence in the result of the development program. The second problem is lack of education facilities for NGO’s member and local people to get a training and simulation from university staff or expertists to gain the eco-city development ideally.

Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Stakeholders who are individual or institution that may directly or indirectly, positively or negatively be affected by or affect an activity. On the other hand, beneficiaries are those who benefit in whatever way from the implementation of the activity and target group who will be directly positively affected by the activity at the activity outcome level. This may include the staff from partner organisations.

There are some plans which done at different levels with different stakeholder involvement in the whole procedure of making a city. The plans are prepared to meet from the greater goal and objective to the Fundamental base for the implementation of project and its priority (Table 3). The domain may vary from the national level to Neighborhood level and the hierarchy of the plan is also in accordance to it. Plans which are in the form of documents, maps, figures and texts reflect the existing scenario of the area and give guideline for the future development to reach the goal & objective; these are the inevitable elements for the planned development that focusing on the best solution for the existing problems. The table clearly shows the major part of role played by the municipality which is the smallest unit in the planning level.

To ensure that the analysis would evaluate the basic characteristics and perceived virtues from the critical documents that described the purpose of the research. A healthy ecological city is not viable without the desire of the people to live. For a responsible and liveable city,

people’s participation and commitment are

needed. In order to have friendly ecological urban development, people are invited to take part in planning process, decision-making

process and management process of

development. the people's involvement are needed to avoid the various urban problems like vandalism, noise pollution, waste pollution, etc happens. (Table 4)

Table 3. Stakeholder distribution by its categories on eco-city development in Lubhu, Nepal

Plan Responsible

National Plan/Economic Plan National Planning Commission Sectoral Plan Concerned ministries and Line agency Regional Plan Regional level

Structural Plan/ framework Municipality

Land use plan Municipality/ Community

Local area plan Municipality/ Community Neighborhood Plan Municipality/ Community

Action Plan At different levels

Table 4. Stakeholder distribution by its categories on eco-city development in Lubhu, Nepal

Stake holders: private sector Company, business, industry, developer, private, architect, contractor

Stake holders: individuals People, residents, inhabitants, public, individual, society, everyone

Stake holders: community Civil society Participation, resident, community, involvement

Stake holders: government State, government, authorities, official, politicians

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In the case of the Stakeholders who playing a role in the eco-city, there’s a very few similarities between the case of Nepal and Inonesia. Each focuses on different Stakeholders. One interesting outcome was the impact of having stake holder, dominated the effective result in case of Nepal. It is widely observed that the private sector as actor resulted effective and efficient.

It seems to indicate that the future residents played a central role when designing the district and it was built for them. However, the community / civil society category coming up frequently as a proof of effectively in a larger scale i.e, with social sustainability being a centre, community groups might be more involved in the development projects. (Table 5)

New Idea and Management

According to those problems above, new solutions with new methods management are the best way to implement the eco-city. Dealing cooperation with private sectors and getting the ideal concept of eco-city from expertists is one of the strategy to sustaining the eco-city development. Another strategy might be applied is public private partnership. Government usually makes deal with other countries but there is a need to make a deal with private sectors in urban area. The positive impact from this new solution is utilizing local potencies for local people.

A successful city cannot operate efficiently in isolation from its environment. It must balance among social, economic, ecology and culture needs. A successful city must offer investors security, infrastructure and efficiency, and should also put the needs of its citizens at the forefront of all planning activities. Poor urban planning and management can have grave results for the urban economy, the environment and society. Poorly managed urban settlements will be unable to keep pace with urban expansion, bringing with

them poor health, poverty, social unrest and economic inefficiency.

 Lubhu and Surabaya have the potential to develop as Eco-City.

 The few characteristics of eco-city already persist in the cities of Indonesia and Nepal that have been researched.

 Further improvement to make Lubhu and Surabaya responsible, livable and

participating city.

 The policies and governance plays a vital role in making an Eco-City.

For the better achievement of the development as an Eco- city;

 Identification of stakeholders and understanding within them are the most important of all;

 Program kick-off and Initial Sharing and Consultation workshop including the community representative;

 Update and awareness of the development goals and objectives;

 Inventory and mapping of the area for existing development;

 Preparation of Response Plan and Strategy for building an Eco- city;

 A beforehand workshop of the desired Eco-city by making the local people aware about it and encouraging them in accepting the development strategy in the real.

The theories of environmental conflict in various space units could be explained with some theories, such as Greed Theory, NIMBY Syndrome Theory, fishing in grey water theory, and scarcity theory (Baiquni and Rijanta, 2008). Conflict between stakeholders are commonly happened in any environmental unit, particularly urban area. In more detail to eco-city development, every single stakeholder has a vision and ideas how to develop the eco-city. The stakeholders conflict could be described not only from one theory but also collaborated of them.

Table 5. Stakeholder Analysis for Eco-city Development on Lubhu, Kathmandu, Nepal

Stakeholders Responsibility Roles

a) VDC

b) User’s Committees

c) CBOs, INGOs, NGOs

d) CIUD, UN-HABITAT, Water Aid

Improvement of physical condition

a) Collect revenues, issues building permits, coordinate line agencies , makes channel from community to government level b) Awareness, Motivation

c) Make a relationship with government, donor agencies and private sectors

d) Train Skill development, Group formation, Entrepreneurship, Saving & Credit

f) Management of Guthi land

g) VDC

h) User’s Committees

Improvement of environmental condition

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CONCLUSION

Many big cities which is almost never change its development vision in the policy as friendly environmental city or green city is potentially facing the conflict or gap between the stakeholders who have importances and influences in developing the city are still working sectoral. The involvement of stakeholders is a

key part of building a city’s service initiative.

Due to the mainstream problems, Lubhu and Surabaya are facing the same problems such as the undevelopment of slum areas, the lack of solid and water waste friendly environmental management and unequal of local capacity empowerment. A new idea to integrate the perception is to utilize the local potency not only from public sectors that is managed by local government but also private sectors that is dominated by industrial area and financial actors. The extended problems from this idea are how to manage the private sector become the local strenght and what kind of programs are potentially initiated in implementing the eco-city of Surabaya City and Lubhu as an hinterland due to the new idea. The eco-city approach does not depend on inventing new technology, finding new sources of money, or coming up with new theories. A better way is already within our reach. We already have many examples of successful implementation of Eco-city principles around the world. What is needed are a systemic integrated approach and strategy that prioritizes actions, coordinates efforts and condenses it all into a single framework. Stakeholder contributes to a development in the right track and elaborate understanding of the urban complexity and web Resource Management Conflict in Autonomy Era and Society Transition (In Bahasa), Fakultas Geografi, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

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