KEBIJAKAN TAX AMNESTY:
MANFAATNYA UNTUK SIAPA?
Seminar Nasional di selenggarakan oleh
Institut Bisnis dan Informatika Kwik Kian Gie
KENIKMATAN TAX AMNESTY UNTUK
SIAPA?
Seminar Nasional di selenggarakan oleh
Institut Bisnis dan Informatika Kwik Kian Gie
Topik Pembahasan
Taat Pajak versus Minimisasi Pajak
Ilusi 1: Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Meningkatkan
Penerimaan Pajak dan Tax Ra=o
Ilusi 2: Tax Amnesty Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan
Ekonomi
Kenikmatan Tax Amnesty untuk Siapa?
TAAT PAJAK VERSUS MINIMISASI PAJAK
Penghindaran Pajak di Inggris
h.p://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20560359Google, Amazon, Starbucks: The rise of 'tax shaming'
Starbucks, for example, had sales of £400m in the UK last year (2012), but paid no corporaOon tax. It transferred some money to a Dutch sister company in royalty payments, bought coffee beans from Switzerland and paid high interest rates to borrow from other parts of the business.
Amazon, which had sales in the UK of £3.35bn in 2011, only reported a "tax expense" of £1.8m. => Setara 0.054% dari penjualan.
And Google's UK unit paid just £6m to the Treasury in 2011 on UK turnover of
Amazon EU: Business and Tax Structure
Amazon EU (Luxembourg) Amazon UK U.K. Amazon …. Amazon …. ORDERING SYSTEM (SALES OFFICE) CUSTOMERS Sales: £3,35 miliar Tax: £1,8 juta 2011 When you buy a book on amazon.co.uk, you actually enter into a legal contract with, and pay your money to, Amazon Luxembourg. Anyone buying anything from Amazon in the UK makes a payment to the retailer in Luxembourg, with the profits taxed there rather than here.Starbucks EU: Business and Tax Structure
Starbucks Netherlands Starbucks U.K. Pembayaran RoyalO CUSTOMERS 2012: Sales: £400 juta Starbucks Switzerland Kreditor Pembayaran Bunga Pembelian Biji Kopi A four-month invesOgaOon by news agency Reuters revealed that Starbucks reportedly paid just £8.6m in corpora=on tax in the UK over 14 years - including reporOng accounOng losses when it was profitable.Penghindaran Pajak di Amerika Serikat
InternaOonal Business Times (June 10, 2015) US Tax Evasion Cases: Apple, GE Among American Companies Holding $2.1 Trillion In Offshore Accounts h"p://www.ib*mes.com/us-tax-evasion-cases-apple-ge-among-american-companies-holding-21-trillion-offshore-2129580 America's largest companies are harboring more than $2.1 trillion in profits overseas to avoid paying taxes stateside, a report showed. The accumulated profits, if repatriated from places that include Bermuda, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, would amount to an esOmated $620 billion in U.S. tax revenue. The study, which was conducted through two len-leaning nonprofit organizaOons and reported by Reuters, was able to calculate those figures by reviewing SecuriOes and Exchange Commission filings from the companies. Around three-quarters of Fortune 500 companies take advantage of tax havens abroad. The names on the list are, of course, recognizable to many. At the top was Apple, which has $181.1 billion. MicrosoV holds $108.3 billion offshore in five tax havens, and Pfizer has $74 billion in 151 tax havens. General Electric has around $119 billion overseas in 18 overseas tax havens.Microson Corp. (US based)
Microsoft Case 2011: Transfer Kepemilikan Lisensi (IPR)
MOPR (Puerto Rico) (30%) MIR (Ireland) (25%) MAIL (Bermuda - Sing) (10%) MACH Holdings (Bermuda) MIOL
(Ireland) (Singapore) MOPL Microson Singapore Holdings Pte Ltd Microson U.S. (US based) (35%) RETAIL MARKET ASIA COMPUTER MANUFACTURER RETAIL MARKET
SELURUH AMERIKA RETAIL MARKET EROPA, TIMTENG, AFRIKA Round Island One (Bermuda – Operate in Ireland) Pemilik Lisensi (Kontribusi Biaya R&D) Transfer Lisensi Ownership MANUFAKTUR DAN DISTRIBUSI SOFTWARE
Retail Market di Amerika: Puerto Rico
Microson Corp. (US based) Customer U.S. Retail (Best Buy) Round Island One (Bermuda – Operate in Ireland) RETAIL MARKET IN U.S. MOPR(Puerto Rico) Distributor U.S. Microson MACH Holdings (Bermuda) Produksi dan distribusi sonware MS di konOnen Amerika Physical copies of sonware Ownership Tarif PPh Badan EfekOf = 1,02% Pendapatan / Laba yang diperoleh perusahaan MS di Puerto Rico =dak perlu bayar pajak badan di U.S.
Retail Market di Europe, Timteng dan Afrika: Ireland
Microson Corp. (US based) MIOL (Ireland) Round Island One (Bermuda – Operate in Ireland) MIR (Ireland) Microson Ireland Research (MIR) is the enOty that buys into the R&D cost sharing agreement in exchange for the right to sell Microson in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. MIR doesn't actually create or sell any products to any customers. Instead, MIR immediately licenses the Microson intellectual property rights to Microson Ireland OperaOons Limited (MIOL) — a wholly owned subsidiary — for $9 billion. MIR reported profits of $4.3 billion and paid an effecOve tax rate of 7.3%. MIOL reported profits of $2.2 billion and paid an effecOve tax rate of 7.2% Laba yang diperoleh di Irlandia dari penjualan sonware di Eropa, Timteng dan Afrika Odak bayar pajak badan di U.S.Retail Market di Asia: Singapore
Microson Corp. (US based) MOPL (Singapore) Microson Singapore Holdings Pte Ltd MAIL (Bermuda - Sing) Microson Asia Island Limited (MAIL) is the group that pays into the cost sharing agreement. MAIL is actually located in Bermuda and has no employees. MAIL paid $1.2 billion to Microson CorporaOon for retail sales in Asia. MAIL licenses its rights directly to Microson OperaOons Pte. Ltd (MOPL) for $3 billion. No taxes are paid on this amount. MOPL duplicates the Microson sonware and sells them to distribuOon enOOes around Asia. MAIL had no employees but $1.8 billion in earnings. MAIL paid an effecOve tax rate of 0.3%. MOPL had $4.8 billion in revenues from the sale of Microson products, with a profit of $592 million and an effecOve tax rate of 10.6%. Laba yang diperoleh di Singapore dari penjualan sonware di Asia Odak perlu bayar pajak badan di U.S.Microson Corp. (US based)
Microsoft: Potensi Pajak (Deferral Tax)
Profits: $23.2 billion Federal tax: $3.11 billion Tax rate: 13.4%, Highest tax rate: 35% Kalau semua laba 2011 dibukukan di Microson Corp (perusahaan induk) di Amerika Serikat, pajak yang diterima sekitar $5,13 miliar atau setara Rp 69,2 triliun. Laba akumulasi Microson di luar negeri mencapai $108,3 miliar, potensi pajak yang dapat diterima kantor pajak Amerika Serikat mencapai sekitar $37,9 miliar atau setara Rp 511,7 triliun.
Singapore Negara Favorite Bagi Fortune 500 Companies
Tax Amnesty Berlaku – Singapore Bangkrut?
• Dana Fortune 500 Companies di Singapore jauh lebih besar dari dana WNI
ALASAN DIBERLAKUKAN TAX AMNESTY
Alasan Diberlakukan Tax Amnesty
Pemerintah: “Pertumbuhan ekonomi (yang posi*f) seharusnya membuat penerimaan pajak dan tax ra*o meningkat” “Kalau pertumbuhan ekonomi posi*f tetapi tax ra*o turun maka berar* *ngkat kepatuhan Wajib Pajak turun” Pemerintah: “Tax Amnesty meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi” • Tax Amnesty memberi insenOf capital inflow: tarif tebusan 1%, 2%, 3% • Pemerintah memperkirakan capital inflow Rp 2.000 triliun – Rp 3.000 triliun • Capital inflow meningkatkan investasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi“PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI MEMBUAT
PENERIMAAN PAJAK DAN TAX RATIO
MENINGKAT”
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Tax Ratio
Tidak Selalu
korelasi Positif
Kondisi normal: Pertumbuhan ekonomi akan meningkatkan penerimaan pajak (dan tax raOo) Kondisi tertentu: Penerimaan pajak dan tax raOo bisa turun meskipun pertumbuhan ekonomi posiOf Pertumbuhan ekonomi berdasarkan nilai riil (= kuanOtas produksi) Penerimaan pajak dan tax raOo berdasarkan nilai nominalPertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Tax Ratio 2009
Penerimaan Pajak turun akibat: " Harga komoditas pada 2009 anjlok; " Pemerintah memberi sOmulus fiskal untuk menjaga pertumbuhan ekonomi 2009 Odak anjlok lebih dalam • PPh pribadi turun, PPh badan turun, PPh dividen turunPertumbuhan Ekonomi 2009: posiOf 4,63% Penerimaan Pajak turun 5,9%
Harga Komoditas Andalan Export (2009) Anjlok
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 862.92 644.07 859.94 1,083.79 942.08 760.33 743.71 613.87 Change -25.36% 33.52% 26.03% -13.08% -19.29% -2.19% -17.46% Palm oil average price (USD per metric ton) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 136.18 76.98 106.04 130.12 103.25 90.60 75.14 64.41 Change -43.48% 37.75% 22.72% -20.65% -12.25% -17.07% -14.29% Coal average price (USD per metric ton) Rubber 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 118.56 87.17 165.72 218.51 153.19 126.76 88.75 79.91 Change -26.48% 90.12% 31.86% -29.89% -17.25% -29.98% -9.97% Rubber average price (USD per pound) Krisis finansial global 2007/2008 mengakibatkan harga komoditas pada tahun 2009 anjlokStimulus Fiskal: Tarif PPh 2009 Dipangkas
Lapisan Tarif (Rp) Tarif Lapisan Tarif (Rp) Tarif Lapisan Tarif (Rp) Tarif Lapisan Tarif (Rp) Tarif - PPh OP 0 - 10 juta 15% 0 - 25 juta 10% 0 - 25 juta 5% 0 - 50 juta 5%
10 - 50 juta 25% 25 - 50 juta 15% 25 - 50 juta 10% 50 - 250 juta 15% > 50 juta 35% > 50 juta 30% 50 - 100 juta 15% 250 - 500 juta 25% 100 - 200 juta 25% > 500 juta 30%
> 200 juta 35%
- PPh Badan 0 - 10 juta 15% 0 - 25 juta 10% 0 - 50 juta 10% Tarif Tunggal
10 - 50 juta 25% 25 - 50 juta 15% 50 - 100 juta 15% 2009 28% > 50 juta 35% > 50 juta 30% > 100 juta 30% 2010 25% Pajak Dividen Flat, Final 20% Flat, Final 10%
UU No 7 Tahun 1983 UU No 10 Tahun 1984 UU No 17 Tahun 2000 UU No 36 Tahun 2008
Perkembangan Tarif Pajak dan PTKP
Tarif Pajak
Pengurangan tarif Pajak Penghasilan yang cukup agresif pada 2009 ditujukan untuk meningkatkan permintaan domesOk sebagai kompensasi export yang anjlok
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Penerimaan Pajak
Tahun 2009 Pajak perdagangan internasional: turun hampir Rp 18 triliun ~ 50% • 2008: 36,3 triliun • 2009: 18,7 triliun Pertumbuhan ekonomi (Ekspor – Impor): posiOf 1,19% Ekspor turun 4,80%; Impor turun 5,99%Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Penerimaan Pajak
Pertumbuhan ekonomi 4,63% (posiOf) Penerimaan Pajak turun 5,9% dari Rp 658,7 triliun menjadi Rp 619,9 triliun Tahun 2009 Tax RaOo turun dari 13,30% menjadi 11,04%Harga Komoditas dan Tax Ratio 2012 – 2015
Penurunan harga komoditas memberi dampak negaOf terhadap penerimaan pajak dan tax raOo – realita 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 862.92 644.07 859.94 1,083.79 942.08 760.33 743.71 613.87 Change -25.36% 33.52% 26.03% -13.08% -19.29% -2.19% -17.46% Palm oil average price (USD per metric ton) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 862.92 644.07 859.94 1,083.79 942.08 760.33 743.71 613.87 Change -25.36% 33.52% 26.03% -13.08% -19.29% -2.19% -17.46% Palm oil average price (USD per metric ton) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 862.92 644.07 859.94 1,083.79 942.08 760.33 743.71 613.87 Change -25.36% 33.52% 26.03% -13.08% -19.29% -2.19% -17.46% Palm oil average price (USD per metric ton) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 136.18 76.98 106.04 130.12 103.25 90.60 75.14 64.41 Change -43.48% 37.75% 22.72% -20.65% -12.25% -17.07% -14.29% Coal average price (USD per metric ton) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 136.18 76.98 106.04 130.12 103.25 90.60 75.14 64.41 Change -43.48% 37.75% 22.72% -20.65% -12.25% -17.07% -14.29% Coal average price (USD per metric ton) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 136.18 76.98 106.04 130.12 103.25 90.60 75.14 64.41 Change -43.48% 37.75% 22.72% -20.65% -12.25% -17.07% -14.29% Coal average price (USD per metric ton) Rubber 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 118.56 87.17 165.72 218.51 153.19 126.76 88.75 79.91 Change -26.48% 90.12% 31.86% -29.89% -17.25% -29.98% -9.97% Rubber average price (USD per pound) Rubber 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 118.56 87.17 165.72 218.51 153.19 126.76 88.75 79.91 Change -26.48% 90.12% 31.86% -29.89% -17.25% -29.98% -9.97% Rubber average price (USD per pound) Rubber 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1H2015 Average price 118.56 87.17 165.72 218.51 153.19 126.76 88.75 79.91 Change -26.48% 90.12% 31.86% -29.89% -17.25% -29.98% -9.97% Rubber average price (USD per pound) “Tax ra*o turun akibat *ngkat kepatuhan wajib pajak turun” – spekulaOf “Pertumbuhan ekonomi akan selalu membuat tax ra*o meningkat” – ilusi Harga komoditas turun, penerimaan pajak dan tax raOo juga dapat turun – wajar“TAX AMNESTY MENINGKATKAN
PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI”
Skema Tax Amnesty
DomesOk APBN (Rp 60 – 160 tr) Perbankan Indonesia Luar NegeriInvestasi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi TAX AMNESTY Repatriasi • Rp 2.000 triliun? • Rp 3.000 triliun? tarif tebusan 1%, 2%, 3% tarif tebusan: 2%, 4%, 6%