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Volume 31 (2), July to December, 2014
List of Contents Part C
S.No. 1. Tissue Specific Distribution of Esterases in Pomacealineata Order: Gastropoda. By P. Swapna, V. Vimala and T. Ravinder Reddy.
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998-1104
S.No. 2. Pesticide Residues in Vegetable and Fruit Samples from Andhra Pradesh, India. By A. Harinathareddy, N.B.L. Prasad and K. Lakshmi Devi.
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1005-1015
S.No. 3. Larval and Nectar Host Plants of Butterflies at Visakhapatnam, A.P., India. By D. SandhyaDeepika, J.B. Atluri and K. LaxmiSowmya.
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1016-1032
S.No. 4. Selection of Saccharomyces Spp Isolates (Isolation from Colon Beef of Bali Cattle) as Probiotics Agentand Colon Cancer Preventionandits Effect on Pollard Quality as Feed.
By I.G.N.G. Bidura, D.P.M.A. Candrawati and I.B.G. Partama.
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1043-1047
S.No. 5. Pollard in Diet Supplemented with Yeast on Broiler Performance and Ammonia-N Concentration of Excreta. By Eny Puspani, I. G. N. G. Bidura, D.P.M.A. Candrawati and I. G. A. IstriAryani.
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1048-1055
S.No. 6. In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of the Hydro-Alcoholic Extract from the Avicennia marina (Hara) on Candida albicans. By Mohamad Reza Havasian.
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S.No. 7. Assessment of Lead Toxicity Awareness among Battery Charging Garage Workers of Jimma Town, Southwest, Ethiopia.
By GirmaSelaleGeleta and BekaAlemu. View|Download
1063-1071
S.No. 8. Impact of Salinity on Enzyme Activities in Calcareous Soils of Uzbekistan. By YulduzErgasheva and DilfuzaEgamberdieva.
1072-1077
S.No. 9. Diversity and Relative Abundance of Freshwater Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in Manmade Ponds at Boye Wetland, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia.
By SeyoumKiros, K.K subash and EbaAlemayehu.
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1078-1092
S.No. 10. Effect of Different Weed Control Practices on Growth and Yield of Sesame in South-West Nigeria. By Ajibola, A.T., Modupeola, T.O. and Adenuga, A.A..
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1093-1100
S.No. 11. Micropropagation of Dioscoreaalata L. (Yam) from Shoot-Tip and Nodal Explants. By FikruMosisa and BalchaAbera.
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1101-1116
S.No. 12. The Impact of Tillage and Crop Rotation on Yield and Soil Quality under Arid Soil Conditions.
By BotirKhaitov, KholikAllanov, BakhromIzbosarov, JonibekKhudaykulov, BakhromAzizov, TulkinNematov and OybekSattorov.
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1117-1126
S.No. 13. Detection of Heavy Metals Absorbed by Water Hyacinth Growing in Godavari River near Saikheda. By ShilpaSangle and S.S. Ghumare.
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1127-1129
S.No. 14. Isolation of Natural Acid Base Indicator from Bougainvillea spectabills [Wild] Flower Bracts. By More Rekha and S.S. Ghumare.
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1130-1134
S.No. 15. Monitoring of Resistance to Organophosphorus and Pyrethroides Insecticides against Pink Bollworm Pectinophoragossypiell (Saund.) During 2012 and 2013 Seasons.
By M.K. El-Hadek.
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1135-1142
S.No. 16. Potency Lignocellulose Degrading Bacteria Isolated from Bali Cattle Rumen Content Waste and Termites as Nonconventional Waste Degrader.
By Partama, I. B. G., I M. Mudita, N. W. Siti, I W. Suberata, and A.A.A. S. Trisnadewi.
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S.No. 17. Effects of Probiotics in Poultry Production: A Review of In Vitro Findings. By EstifanosHawaz.
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1150-1161
S.No. 18. Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate Solubilising and Growth Promoting Bacteria Isolated from Soil of Bihar.
By Amardip Singh, Poonam and A. K. Ghosh.
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1162-1172
S.No. 19. Comparative Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Indices in Albino Rats Administered Aqueous, Ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Moringaoleifera leaves and Seeds Locally Grown in Abakaliki, Nigeria.
By P.M. Aja.
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1173-1186
S.No. 20. A Long Term High Fat Diet/Low Dose Streptozotocin Develops a Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model Showing Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology of Natural History of Diabetes.
By SohailShaukat and Rahman M. Hafizur.
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1187-1204
S.No. 21. Air Pollution Tolerance Index of Some Seasonal Crops Growing in Different Industrial Areas of Dhar District (M.P.), India.
By Aarti Chauhan, Iqbal Sanjeeda and BafnaAngoorbala.
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1205-1227
S.No. 22. Sources of Soil Enzymes. By Hamid Kheyrodin.
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1128-1235
S.No. 23. Study of Plant Tissue Culture Technology. By Hamid Kheyrodin and SadafKheyrodin.
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1236-1244
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Pollard in Diet Supplemented w ith Yeast on
Broiler Performance and Ammonia-N
Concentration of Excreta
By
Eny Puspani, I. G. N. G. Bidura, D.P.M.A. Candrawati and I. G. A. Istri
Aryani
I SSN 0970-4973 Print
I SSN 2319-3077 Online/ Electronic
I ndex Copernicus I nternational Value
I C Value of Journal 4.21 Poland, Europe ( 2012) Global I mpact factor of Journal: 0.587 ( 2012) Scientific Journals I mpact Factor : 2.597
J. Biol. Chem. Research
Volume 31 ( 2) 2014 Pages No. 1048-1055
Journal of
Biological and
Chemical Research
An I nternational Journal of Life Sciences and ChemistryI ndexed, Abstracted and cites in Various National and I nternational Scientific Databases of the World
J. Biol. Chem. Research. Vol. 31, No. 2: 1048- 1055( 2014)
An I nternational Journal of Life Sciences and Chemistry Ms 31/ 2/ 70/ 2014, All rights reserved
I SSN 0970- 4973 Print
I SSN 2319- 3077 Online/ Electronic
Eny Puspani
http://www.jbcr.in jbiolchemres@gmail.com
info@jbcr.in
RESEARCH PAPER
Received: 25/06/2014 Revised: 28/08/2014 Accepted: 30/08/2014
Pollard in Diet Supplemented w ith Yeast on
Broiler Performance and Ammonia- N
Concentration of Excreta
Eny Puspani, I. G. N. G. Bidura, D.P.M.A. Candrawati and I. G. A.
Istri Aryani
Faculty of Animal Science, UdayanaUniversity ,Jl. PB. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out to study the effect of pollard in diet supplemented with yeast on broiler performance andammonia-Nconcentrationofexcreta. The birdsused in the experiment were 2 up to 6 weeks of age. Thetreatments were usingfour birds with six replications per replication in a completely Randomized Design (CRD).Thosediets treatmentwere evaluatedas follows: (A)diet without pollard as a control,(B) diet with 15 % pollard,(C) diet with 15% pollard and 0,20 % yeast supplemented, respectively. Diet and drinking water were provided ad libitum. The variablesobserved in this experiment consists of: feed consumptions, final body weight, live weight gains (LWG)s, feed conversion ratio(FCR), and ammonia-Nconcentration of excreta.
The studyshowed that feed efficiency and ammonia-Nconcentration in excreta of birds dietary 15% pollardsignificantly (P<0.05)lower than those of control birds. Moreover,supplementation of 15 % pollard combined with yeast significantly increased (P<0.05) live weight gains and feed consumption, but significantly decreasing (P<0.05) ammonia-Nconcentration in excreta of broiler. It can be concluded that inclusion of 15% pollard in diet supplemented with yeast increased performance but decreased ammonia-Nconcentration in excreta of broiler.
Key words :Pollard, Yeast, Performance, Ammonia-N and Broiler.
INTRODUCTION
Aspergillusoryseae (AO)andyeast, particularlySaccharomyces cereviseae, have been used as probiotics by
Yeast culture product has fermentation abilities, consist of: yeast (S. cerevisae) and media where yeast grew (Biduraet al., 2008). Piaoet al. (1999) foundthat 0.10% yeast added in diet could reduce animal wastes which were similar to Park et al. (1994). Feeding live yeast to broiler breeder reduced colonization of salmonella in their coca and improved phosphorus utilization for chicken growth.
Pollard has a quite good content of nutrition, containing of 1300 kcal/kg metabolizableenergy, 15% crude protein, 4,0% extract ether ( Scottet al., 1982), and 26,04% crude fiber (Bidura,2008). High content of crude fiber inpollard becomes the constrictor factor ofuse in diet. Based on research, it indicates that pollard used up to 15% to broiler caused lessgrowth and wet dirt so may not be usedmore than 15% in poultry diet(Biduraet. al., 2008). In this case, efforts to improve digestion of pollard crude fiber can be conducted by exploiting microbe services which has probiotical character.
The yeast can be used as probiotic source microbe which implied in yeast is Saccharomyces
cerevisiae(Aryanta, 1980).This increased digestion of high fiber feed (Wallace and Newbold, 1993) as fatty
acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). The supplementation of Saccharomycescerevisiaein diet could improve dry substance digesting, protein digesting, and phosphorus (Piaoet. al., 1999).
The increase of food digestion caused by decreased in mucus of its goblet cells. Bradleyet al. (1994) has proved that in realisticsupplementation of 0,20% Saccharomyces cerevisiaedecreased goblet cells quantities. This caused decreasing yield of mucus, in contrast increased absorption process of food in intestine (Basyir ,1999).
The use of pro-biotic in dietsignificantly degradedactivity of urease enzyme insmall intestine so decrease the ammonia rate (Yeo and Kim, 1997). Besides, pro-biotic use in diet couldimprove"lysine analogue S-2
aminoethyl - cysteine" contents in poultry digestion (Sand and Hankins, 1976). According to Astuti (1996),
increasing of sour amino lysine contents(lysine analogue S-2 aminoethyl - cysteine) could degrade fat. This study was evaluated on effect of pollard in diet supplemented with yeast to broiler performance and ammonia-N concentrationin excreta of broiler aged 2 6 weeks.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Place of Experiment
The research was conducted at Faculty of Animal Science, Udayana University Denpasar, Balifor two months.
Birds and Cages
Unsex broilers of CP 707 strainusedfrom a local hatchery in Kedewatan Village, Gianyar Regency. A total of 72 two-weeks-old broilers with an intial mean body weight of 500 ± 25 gwere housed in battery cages of 80 × 65 × 45 cm. The whole cages were equipped with drinker and feeder.
Diets Experiment and Drinking Water
Yeast ( Ragi Tape )
Ragi tapeis a brand name ofSaccharomyces cereviseaeculture produced locally by fermenting rice withS.
cereviseae.Saccharomyces cereviseaeis derived fromragi tape, common yeast used in tape called as Na
KokLiong , ensiled number 26895.
Experimental design and Treatments
This research was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments as of: diet without pollard and yeast as a control (A), diet with 15% pollard(B), diet with 15% pollard and supplemented with 0.2% yeast (C). Four birds (two weeks of age) with homogeneous body weight were used with six replications in each treatment.
The MeasurementVariables
The variables measured were feed consumption, live weight gains, Feed Conversion ratio (FCR), and final body weight. The concentration of ammonia-Nin excreta was analyzed based onConway method(Satter and Slyter, 1981) modified by Susanti (1990).
Table 1. Formula and Chemical Composition of Diets on 2-6 Weeks of age Growing Chicken (as-feed basis)1).
Ingredients Standard2)
A B C
Yellow Corn 50.00 44.55 44.40
Rice Bran 14.00 8.68 8.58
Coconut Meal 12.00 5.20 5.00
Soybeans 8.92 9.82 10.02
Fish Meal 13.98 13.90 13.90
Coconut Oil 0.86 2.61 2.66
Yeast ( ragi tape ) - - 0.20
Pollard - 15.00 15.00
Mineral Mix 0.24 0.24 0.24
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Metabolizable Energy (kcal/kg) 2900.30 2899.90 2901.40 2900
Crude Protein (%) 19.99 20.01 20.02 20.00
Eter Extract (%) 7.71 9.19 9.25 5-103)
Crude Fiber (%) 5.06 7.25 7.22 3-83)
Calcium (%) 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.00
Phosphor (%) 0.67 0.69 0.69 0.45
Arginine (%) 1.58 1.44 1.43 1.14
Histidine (%) 0.51 0.48 0.48 0.45
Isoleucine (%) 1.02 1.03 1.03 0.91
Lysine (%) 1.41 1.40 1.41 1.14
Metionine (%) 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.45
Phenylalanine (%) 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.73
Threonine (%) 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.73
Tryptophan (%) 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.20
(A) Diet without pollard was and yeast as control; (B) diet with 15% pollard; (C) diet with 15%pollard + 0.20% yeast supplementation.
1) The calculation was based on Scottet al.(1982) 2) Scottet al. (1982),
3) Morrison (1961).
Statistical Analysis
The wholedata were analyzed by one-way analysis of Variance Test (Steel and Torrie, 1989). Statistical significances among treatments means were determined by method of New Multiple Range Test of Duncan when F value was significant at 5% level.
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION
Table 2 provides the effect of dietary pollard and yeast supplemented on feed consumption, live weight gains (LWG)s, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, and ammonia-Nconcentrations on broiler (2-6 weeks of age). The average of feed consumption of birds during four weeks in control group (A) was 2364.53 g/head/day. Inclusion of 15% pollard in diet (B diet) increased (P<0.05) feed consumption compared to A diet. There was a similar result of feed consumption applied to broilers offered B and C diet (P>0.05).
The average of final body weight and LWG during four weeks of experiment to birds within control diet(A) was 1754.63 g/head and 1256.75 g / head, respectively (Table 2).Final body weight and LWGof birds feddiet C were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to control and B diets.
Feed conversion ratio during four weeks experiment in birds controldiet(A) was 1.88/head (Table 2). The average of feed conversion ratio in the birds fed B diet wassignificantly higher(P<0.05)than in control and C diets.
Ammonia concentrationin excreta during four weeks experimentto broiler fed control diet(A) was 86.87 mg% (Table 2).The average Excreta ammonia concentration of the birds having diet A were increased significantly (P<0.05), both than B and C diet.
1. A ut pollard and yeast as a control; (B)diet with 15% pollard; (C) diet with 15%pollard + 0.20% yeast supplementation, resvectively.
2. SEM: Standard Error of the treatment Means.
3. Means with different superscript different significantly (P<0.05).
Bidura (2007) conveyed that 15% pollardin dietsignificantly increasedfeed consumption of birds (P<0.05) causedhigh crude fiber content in pollard (26.04%). Diet with high dietary fiber could cause decrease of metabolizable energy. The increase of crude fiber in diet were increase rate of passage diet in gastro intestinal tract (Biduraet al., 1996). Cao (2001) reported that 1.5-3.5% dietary cellulose increase growth and energy retention of 7-15 day old chicks, but more than 5% suppressed growth and energy retention. On the other hand, high consumed of crude fiber caused some loss of net energy for gizzard activities to move out crude fiber from gastro intestinal.
The addition of yeast as source of pro-biotic in dietcontainingpollards (C diet) can improve feed consumptionand other nutrition. This is due toexistence of yeast as pro-biotic source in diet which able to improve enzyme activities and broiler digestion (Bidura, 2007). Besides, yeast hasan important role as a source of vitamin B complex (Sukaryani, 1997).Vitamin B complex can improve feed consumption(Tillman
et al.,1998).
Raperet al. (1965) in Han et al. (1999) reported that Aspergillusoryzae and S. cereviseae can improve
amilolyticactivityandproteoliticenzymes in digestive tracts of broiler, protein digestible and metabolizable
energy. As a logical consequence, it will improve growth of broilers. This research was supported by Francis et al. (1978) found that use of pro-biotic in diet could improve broilers growth. The final body weight of broilers during experiment,decreased in B treatment (dietscontaining 15% pollard) because the increase of diet crude fiber caused an amount decrease ofnutrient (Siriet al., 1992) which affectingdegradation of broiler s weight. The yeast has a role as pro-biotic in broiler s digesting channel. Pro-biotic in diet can improve the digesting of food nutrition (Jin et al., 1997), availability of " lysine
monologue - S-2-aminoetyl Cystein"in digestion channel (Sand and Hankin, 1976), used as a single protein
(Sukaryani, 1997) and could improve the protein retention, mineral Ca, Co, P and Mn (Nahashonet al.,
Feedconsumption(g/head/day) 2364.53b 2580.12a 2513.46a 42.962
Liveweight gains (g/head) 1256.75b 1201.88b 1349.29a 22.963
Final body weight (g/head) 1754.63b 1697.79b 1844.50a 22.309
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 1.88b 2.15a 1.86b 0.024
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) is the indicator of diet efficiency. The low value of FCRindicatesthe higher of diet efficiency level (Anggorodi, 1985). The supplementation of yeast as a source of pro-biotic significantly improvedefficiency of dietbecause of pro-biotic existence in diet can improve enzyme and digestion activities (Jinet al.,1977). Pro-biotic also can improve both the diet and protein digestion (Piaoet al.,1999), sincepro-biotic in gastro intestinal tract were decreased the gastro of goblet cell (Bradlyet al., 1994). The decrease of goblet cells caused limited quantities of mucus production, however, increased nutrient absorption. According to Basyir (1999),the production of mucus by goblet cells in broilers digestive tract can pursue the process of nutrition absorb. Result of this research is supported by Madrigal et al. (1993) that efficiency of diet used on broilers increased by yeast addition (50-200 g/ton diet).
Chenet al. (2005) reported that dietary supplementation of complex pro-biotic can increasebody weight
gain and decreased fecal NH3-N concentration, and slightly improved digestibility of nutrients. Fermented feed product to diets caused numerical increases in body weight gain. Consistency result withinprevious studyindicated that supplementation of yeast in diets has positive effect on animal performance (Biduraet al., 2008). This case could be attributed to positive effects of fermented feed product on phytates and protein. Diet high fiber resulted in a lowered rate of lipogenesis and tended to increase utilization capacity ofacetyl-CoA in pigs (Zhuet al., 2003). Non starch polysaccharide (NSP) is the carbohydrate components of dietary fiber and predominant substrates for anaerobic fermentation. Non starch polysaccharide can be broken down by microflora permanently colonizing gastrointestinal tract and their breakdown in all nonruminants, mainly occurs in the hindgut by microbial fermentation (Wang et al., 2003). Ragi which containsSaccharomyces cereviseaecan improve crude fiber digestibility on the ceca of birds to be volatile fatty acid (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) (Wallace and Newbold, 1993). Piaoet al. (1999) reported that 0.10% yeast (Saccharomyces cereviseae) in diets increased body weight gains, feed efficiency, and absorption of nutrient in broiler, anddecreased N and P excretion in manure. Parket al. (1994) suggested that body weight gain and feed efficiencysignificantly improvedby the addition of 0.10% yeast culture in diets of broiler. The use of 15%pollard in broiler s diet (2-6 weeks of age) increased feed consumption and decreased feed efficiency. 0.20% yeast supplementation as pro-biotic source in dietcontaining15% pollard could improveperformance of broilers and decreased concentration of ammonia-N in excreta of broiler.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that performance of broiler (2-6 weeks of age) increased by supplementation of 0, 20% yeast and 15% pollard but decreaseconcentration of ammonia-N in excreta.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thankfor Dr. Ir. I NyomanSuwindra, M. Agr. and Ir. Tjok. Gede Oka Susila, M.P. for their guidance and suggestions during this research.
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Corresponding author: EnyPuspani, Faculty of Animal Science, UdayanaUniversity, Jl. PB. Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
