A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
By
Rendra Novian Rizan Jaya
12211141032
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA
v
IMPORTANT THAN ANY OTHERS”
Abraham LincolnIt is not our abilities that show what we truly are, it is our choices
J.K. Rowling
You become what you believe
Oprah Winfrey
Tidaklah akan berpindah Kaki seorang hamba pada hari
kiamat, sampai ia ditanya Tentang 4 perkasa. Tentang
umurnya, bagaimana ia menghabiskannya; Tentang
jasadnya, bagaimana ia mempergunakannya; Tentang
hartanya, dari mana ia mendapatkannya dan kemana ia
menghabiskannya; dan Tentang ilmunya, bagaimana ia
mengamalkannya
.
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This Thesis is dedicated to:
MY MOTHER
MY FAMILY AND RELATIVES
and
vii
due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds. Without His mercy, this thesis is far from
being finished. I also express my deepest gratitude on record to all parties who have
lend their hand directly or indirectly to compose this research. Here, my sincere
gratitude is presented to:
1. my first supervisor, Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A., for guiding me with her
support, patience, and insightful comment;
2. my second supervisor Susana Widyastuti S.S., M.A., Ph.D., for her effort in
guiding me during the process of thesis writing;
3. my Academic Advisor, Rachmat Nurcahyo, S.S., M.A., for his advice,
support, and comment during my study in State University of Yogyakarta;
4. all lecturers at English Education Department, for their best effort and
immense contribution during my study in State University of Yogyakarta;
5. my mother, Endang Hartiningsih, for her best advice and eternal wishes
which make me stronger from time to time, my uncles, Drs. Bambang Sri
Sunarto and Drs. Bambang Purnomo, for their best advice and knowledge;
6. all the members of Wiro Hartono family for their support;
7. my beloved friends, Muhammad Wildani, Mono, Yuli, Vonita, Ellis, Rini,
Joe, and my friends of Le Krasak Boutique Hotel and New Saphir Hotel
viii
of my classmates of class F and Linguistics major; and
9. many people who gave me help and support during the process of writing
the thesis who cannot be mentioned one by one.
I regard that this thesis has many weaknesses. Therefore, suggestions and
comments are needed for this thesis improvement. Hopefully, my thesis would be
useful for many parties.
Yogyakarta, January 30th, 2017
ix
LIST OF FIGURE, TABLES, AND SYMBOLS ... xii
ABSTRACT ... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Study ... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ... 5
D. Significance of the Study ... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
b. Purposes of Interruption ... 20
x
b) To Show Understanding... 23
c) To Show Interest in Topic ... 24
d) To Show Clarification ... 25
3) Neutral Interruption ... 25
3. Previous Studies ... 26
4. 12 Angry Men ... 28
B. Conceptual Famework ... 29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Type of the Research ... 32
B. Form, Context and Source of Data ... 33
C. Instrument of the Research... 33
D. Data Collection Technique ... 34
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 35
F. Trustworthiness ... 36
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings ... 38
B. Discussion ... 40
1. Types of Interruption ... 41
a. Simple Interruption ... 41
b. Overlap Interruption ... 45
c. Butting-in Interruption ... 49
d. Silent Interruption ... 53
2. Purposes of Interruption ... 54
a. Disruptive ... 54
3) To Show Clarification ... 69
c. Neutral Interruption ... 72
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ... 75
B. Suggestions ... 77
xii
Figure 1. Analytical Construct ... 31
Tables
Table 1. Sample Data Sheet of Types and Purposes of Interruption Presented by the Characters in Lumet’s12 Angry Men Movie ... 35 Table 2. Frequency of Occurrence of Types and Purposes of
Interruption Presented by the Characters in Lumet’s12 Angry Men Movie ... 39
Symbols
(silent) : the word “silent” in double brackets indicates a mute words : the words printed in bold indicate an interruption
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Rendra Novian Rizan Jaya 12211141032
ABSTRACT
This research employs Conversation Analysis (CA) to analyze interruptions in 12 Angry Men. This research is aimed at describing the types of interruptions employed by the characters in the movie as well as the purposes of interruptions.
In attaining the objectives of the research, descriptive qualitative research was employed in this research. The data were collected in the form of utterances indicating interruptions, while the context of the data was in the form of dialogues. However, the source of data was the film entitled 12 Angry Men. Two instruments were employed in this research, i.e. the researcher and the data sheet. To validate all the data and the findings, the researcher applied peer debriefing technique by discussing with his two supervisors and students of English Literature.
Two findings can be drawn in this research. Firstly, the four types of interruptions are found in this research. They are simple interruptions, overlap interruptions, butting-in interruptions, and silent interruptions. Overlap interruptions appear frequently and this means the interrupter is highly involved and very enthusiastic to follow the conversation. This interruption also means that the interrupter is trying to elaborate the conversation. However, silent interruption only appears once out of 39 data. This interruption occurs to show the interrupter’s understanding about the topic. Secondly, all of the functions of interruption are found in this research. They are disruptive interruptions, cooperative interruptions, and neutral interruptions. Disruptive interruptions occur to show disagreement, to take the floor, and to change the topic of discussion. To take the floor is not found in the data since there is no jury who tries to take others floor. However, cooperative purposes appear to support the current speaker. In cooperative interruptions, the speaker mostly wants to show clarification. Meanwhile, neutral interruptions employed by the interrupter is used neither to disrupt nor to collaborate with the current speaker. It occurs to show neutrality.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the background, focus, objectives and significance
of the research.
A. Background of the Study
As social creature, people need to communicate in order to maintain their
relationship and to give or gain information from others. In these interactions,
conversations occur between two or more people in which one person in a particular
time plays as an informant or speaker, and the other plays as a listener. Conversation
is a cooperative activity between a speaker and a listener. In maintaining
cooperative activity, people should know the right time when to speak in
accordance to make the conversation flows. Yule (1996: 72) in his book entitled
Pragmatics states that people should be aware of the right time to speak. This
particular timing of speaking turns is called turn taking which serves to maintain
smooth transition in a flowing conversation.
Since conversation is an organized sequence of talking, there is a basic role
for establishing who talks and who talks next. Naturally, only one person talks at a
time regardless who speaks to whom in what language. The talk is socially
organized (Wiemann and Knapp,1975: 78). Organizing taking turns is fundamental
to conversation. People may give a signal by taking some actions, such as lowering
or raising an intonation, moving eye gaze smoothly, or naming the next speaker to
Sustaining smooth transition in series of talk, especially in spontaneous
conversation, is not as easy as it could be. Sometimes, people disturbs their partners
in order to grab their chance to speak and try to be dominant by taking other’s floor.
This phenomenon of battling the floor in conversation is called interruption
(Wiemann and Knapp,1975: 88). Interruption happens when the current speaker
who is interrupted (interruptee) does not finish his or her utterances because the
listener grabs the speaker’s floor. Usually the interrupter (the person who interrupts)
talks at the same time with the speaker and makes the speaker stop his/her
utterances. People usually regard this phenomenon as a way to dominate the
conversation.
An interruption is not permanently an action to dominate a conversation.
This is in line with what Tannen says
[…] interruption is inescapably a matter of interpretation regarding individuals' rights and obligations. To determine whether a speaker is violating another speaker's rights, you have to know a lot about both speakers and the situation. (Tannen 1990:93)
According to Tannen, having known the speaker’s intention and the
situation may help another speaker to know the purpose of interruption. Sometimes,
an interruption is needed to support smooth conversation, and in this context,
interruption plays for cooperative purposes. If an interruption occurs when the
interrupter still gets confused about the interruptee’s idea, this interruption belongs
to neutral interruption Goldberg (1990:888). This interruption does not have a
purpose to disrupt or cooperate with the interruptee. However, this interruption
Tannen (1994: 61) who states that a listener sometimes interrupts the speaker not
in order to disrupt but to show enthusiasm.
An interruption is an interesting object to be analyzed under conversation
analysis approach since it is an aspect of a conversation which gives a big impact
on both the speaker and listener. In a series of context, an interruption might have
different purposes. Therefore, the context and situational context are important to
be taken into account to analyze the purpose of occurring interruption. Moreover,
Heritage & Atkinson (1984:11) states that in Conversation Analysis studies, talk
and interaction are examined as a site where intersubjective understanding
concerning the participants’ intentions, their state of knowledge, their relation, and
their stance towards the talked-about object is created, maintained, and negotiated.
People cannot abandon the occurrence of interruption in daily conversation.
Besides, the phenomenon of interruption also appears in a movie whether it occurs
to support or to disrupt the speaker speech. It is interesting to analyze interruption
which is taking place in a movie because movie is one of the entertainment media
which reflects daily interaction at least between two people. 12 Angry Men is one
of movies where the phenomenon of interruption in a courtroom discussion can be
observed.
12 Angry Men is selected to be the object of the research because of several
reasons. Firstly, it is an American drama film which portrays the discussion of jury
consisted of 12 men acquitted the defendant in the lawsuit. Courtroom language is
more specific and standardized than language of everyday conversation. Secondly,
characters in this movie are all male characters. Thirdly, in 2007, 12 Angry Men
was selected by the US Library of Congress for being culturally, historically,
aesthetically significant. Moreover, this movie also won BAFTA Film Awards
1958 for best foreign actor, Henry Fonda, Berlin International Festival: Golden
Berlin Bear and OCIC Awards, Sidney Lumet, and etc. 12 Angry Men won 16
Awards and 11 Nominations in total. Consequently, the phenomenon of
interruption in this movie is presented to answer the research problem in this
research.
B. Focus of the Study
12 Angry Men presented numerous problems regarding the language.
Firstly, this movie can be analyzed under sociolinguistic approach. 12 Angry Men
consists of 12 male jurors with various ages. From the conversation, the twelve men
language style is unique since they have different personality and mind set. The
twelve male jurors also hold different occupation which gives big deals on how they
communicate each other. One of the sociolinguistics aspects that can be applied to
research this courtroom drama movie is the language variation.
Secondly, this movie portrays how jury is trying to show their wisdom for
the defendant. The conversation in the jury room become an interesting object of
speech acts study because many utterances contain locutionary, illocutionary, and
perlocutionary acts. Thirdly, the phenomenon of interruption in this movie is also
interesting to be analyzed since most of the jury tend to interrupt most of the time.
Given a number of issues in this movie which have possibility to be
analyzed, the researcher eventually focuses on the problem related to the
phenomenon of interruption. The first problem is the type of interruption which are
based on Ferguson’s theory in Beattie’s journal 1982. In his journal entitled
"Turn-taking and Interruption in Political Interviews: Margaret Thatcher and Jim
Callaghan Compared and Contrasted", Ferguson classifies interruption into simple
interruption, overlap, butting-in, and silent. Then, the second problem is the purpose
of doing interruption. Every interruption has disruptive or cooperative purpose. The
aim can be identified using some cues which the speaker employs when
interrupting. To be able to analyze the purposes, context needs to be taken into
account.
Based on the description above, the researcher proposes some questions as
follows:
1. What types of interruption are employed by the characters in 12 Angry
Men?
2. What are the purposes of interruption done by the characters in 12
Angry Men?
C. Objectives of the Study
In correlation with the problems formulated above, the objectives of the
research are:
1. to reveal the types of interruptions employed by the characters in 12
2. to describe the purposes of interruption employed by the characters in
12 Angry Men.
D. Significance of the Study
This study on interruption has two significances which can be in the form of
theoretical and the practical forms;
1. Theoretical Significance
The research of this study may enrich linguistics research, especially in the
field of conversation analysis. Moreover, this research enriches knowledge to the
society about the phenomena of interruption in daily life. It also contributes at
giving deeper understanding in the analysis of interruption especially in a movie.
2. Practical Significance
This research may become an additional reference for the researcher who
focuses on the same theme, interruption. It can help English Department students
to gain deeper understanding on learning conversation analysis especially
interruption as well. It is expected that this research can stimulate other researchers
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This chapter provides literature review on relevant theories usedin analysing
the problem of interruption found in 12 Angry Men. This chapter also includes the
description of the movie entitled 12 Angry Men, as well as explanation of previous
studies which have similar topic. This section also provides conceptual framework
and analytical construct of the research.
A. Literature Review
This section presents several relevant theories to guide the researcher in
answering and explaining the formulation of this research. This section also
presents Conversation Analysis and several related fields in a brief description.This
chapter particularly discusses interruption in detail.
1. Conversation Analysis
The study of Conversation Analysis (CA) was first developed by Harvey
Sacks and his co-workers, Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. Harvey Sack’s
ideas on conversation analysis are mostly recorded at his lectures in the University
of California, Berkeley in the 1960s. One who persistently transcribed almost all of
Sack’s ideas is Gail Jefferson during lectures on Fall 1964 – Spring 1965(Schegloff,
1992a: ix). Harvey Sack begins to develop Conversation Analysis during his
interest on telephone conversation in Suicide Prevention Centre. He studies the
rules, patterns, and structures in the relations between actions (Schegloff, 1992a:
xviii).
The study of Conversation analysis (CA) is focused on the interaction that
people do in everyday life (Goodwin, 1990: 289). Itconcerns moreabout human
spoken interaction typically in institutional environment. According to Wooffitt,
CA examines how speakers’ conduct displays a sensitivity to the normative
expectations associated with sequential organisations, such as paired action
sequences (Wooffitt, 2005:35).CA has the aspects of spoken communication such
as Adjacency Pairs, Preference Organization, Backchannels, Repairs, Context and
Turn Taking.
a. Adjacency Pairs
Generally, people could notice that there are pairs of utterance in every
conversation. Schegloff and Sacks (1973:73) calls these kinds of paired utterances
as adjacency pairs which is the basic unit to build a sequence in a conversation.
Yule (1998: 127) gives much more detail explanation that adjacency pair is a
sequence of conversation between two people where the first speaker gives an
initiation to the second speaker to respond.
Liddicoat (2007: 106) says that “some types of talk are designed to initiate
next actions, while other types of talk are designed to complete the action initiated”.
One type of talk which initiates next actions is called First Pair Part (FPP), and
another type of talk that follows from such initiation is called Second Pair Part
(SPP).For example, a question is basically followed by an answer from the listener,
Several types and examples of adjacency pairs are shownbelow.
1) Greeting-greeting
Amy : Hello
Jean : Hi
(Liddicoat, 2007: 107)
Amy greets Jean by saying “Hello” and Jean answers with a greeting by
saying “Hi”. The second utterance by Jean regards as a respond to the first utterance
by Amy. Jean gives an answer as what Amy expected to cooperate in conversation.
An example of question-answer sequence is demonstrated in the following
dialogue.
2) Question-answer
John : What time is it? Betty : Three uh clock.
(Liddicoat, 2007: 107)
In dialogue above, John asks Betty about the current time. Betty gives an
answer immediately by saying “three uh clock” as a respond to John’s question
“what time is it?”. It is to show that Betty gives an exact answer without silence.
The following dialogue exhibit the last example of the last type of adjacency pair.
3) Telling-accept
John : I’ve jus’ finish my las’ exam. Betty : That’s great.
(Liddicoat, 2007: 107)
In the example above, the first turn of the pair initiates some actions which
can be seen at the utterance “ I’vejus’ finish my las’ exam” and make the next action
relevant as seen on the utterance “That’s great”. Both utterancesare relevant to each
b. Preference organization
Preference organization or preference structure is a pattern of the typical
utterance of a response. It is usually used in a conversation sequence (Yule,
1998:133). The basic distinction in preferred organization is that the emergence of
an action might be avoided or sometimes delayed, but in other time an action might
be performed directly. Here is the example.
(1) invitation – accept
Amy : W’ d yuh like tuh come over t’morrow night Jane : yea:h. = that’ d be nice
(1’) invitation – decline
Harry : I don’ have much tuh do on we:nesday. W’ d yuh like tuh get together then. (0.3)
Joy : huh we::llhh I don’ really know if yuh see I’s a bit hectic fuh We:nsdayyih know
Harry : oh wokay
In (1) and (1’), the first turn of the dialogue initiates some actions while the
second turn responds and completes to the prior turn. Liddicoat (2007) describes
the first turn as First Pair Part (FPP) and the second turn as Second Pair Part (SPP).
In (1) and (1’), both the FPP of the sequence is the same, an invitation, but the
respond to the FPP is quite different. In the first example, the SPP accept the
invitation and the second SPP decline it. In a conversation, a participant may be
able to decide an alternative to design their contribution towards
conversation.When the action was accepted by the other partner, it is called
are termed as preferred actions while those which would not be performed
immediately are termed as dispreferred actions (Liddicoat, 2007:111).
c. Backchannels
Backchannel is a way to indicate that conversational partners are listening.
Yule (1998:75) in his book calls Pragmatics comments on backchannels or
backchannel signals as “vocal indications of attention, e.g. uh-huh, hmm, when
someone else is talking. Yule (1998:75) expresses that there are some different
ways of doing this, including head nods, smiles, and other facial expression and
gestures and this is called Backchannel signals or simply Backchannels.In line with
that statement, Yngve (1970: 568) describes backchannel as follows:
When two people are engaged in conversation, they generally take turns. . . . In fact, both the person who has the turn and his partner are simultaneously engaged in both speaking and listening. This is because of the existence of what I call the backchannel, over which the person who has the turn receives short messages such as yes and un-huh without relinquishing the turn.
McCarthy says that Backchannels are short verbal responses that the listener
makes without aiming to take over speakership (McCarthy 1998: 176).Fries (1952),
Yngve (1970) and Orestrom (1983) via Cutron believe that backchannels are a
means for the nonprimary speaker to signal to the primary speaker that s/he
understands and agrees, and thus have a supportive function (Cutron, 2010:31).
Typically, English backchannels are utterances like ah, oh, mhm, yes/yeah, right,
really, I see, that’s right, sure, quite, good heavens, of course, oh dear, oh God,
Lammi (2010:119), in backchannelling “speaker remains speaker, and hearer
remains hearer. In this example below, backchannels are given in bold.
A: I’ll pick it up from his place B:Mm hm
A: at around 7 o’clock
(Cutron, 2010:31)
In the example above, B’s backchannel of Mm hmsignals that B is listening
and A should continue speaking.
d. Repairs
In doing a conversation, there is possibility for someone to make a mistake
in his/her utterances. In a couple of second forward, the speaker immediately repairs
the wrong utterances or word he/shemade. In this condition, what the speaker does
is called repairs. Liddicoat (2007:171) expresses that Repair refers to the processes
where speakers deal with the problems arise in talking.However, repair does not
only occur to change the wrong word or utterances, but it also emergesin a different
way such as silence. People try to keep silent for a while to gain certain words for
expressing their idea.
Sacks et al. (1974:701) propose that repair mechanisms exist for dealing
with turn taking errors and violations. While Schegloff (1977:361),has proposed a
model of the mechanism for repair in conversation which makes a central
distinction between who initiates repair and who makes the repair. There are four
1) Self-initiated self-repair:the speaker indicates a problem in the
utterance and he/she corrects it by him/herself.
B: -then more people will show up. Cuz theywon’t feel obligated to sell. Tuh buy.
(Liddicoat, 2007: 175)
B immediately repairs his utterance after he realizes a mistake in his
utterance without a help from others. It is clearly seen in the word ”sell” when he
actually wants to say ‘buy’, then he corrects it to ‘buy’.
2) Self-initiated other-repair: the speaker indicates a problem in the
utterance and the recipient resolves the problem.
B: He had dis uh mistuh W- whatever k- I can’t
Think of his name, watts on, the one thet
Wrote [ that piece,
A: [ Dan Watts
(Liddicoat, 2007: 180)
Here, B is having difficulty on finding a name and this supports by the
phrase ‘I can’t think of his name,’. By the word’watts on’, B is trying to show his
effort to remember the name and giving a clue to the recipient by providing an
identity. At this point, A resolves the problem.
3) Other-initiated self-repair: the recipient indicates a problem in the
utterance and the speaker resolves the problem.
A: Hey the first time they stopped me from selling cigarettes was this morning. (1.0)
B: From selling cigarettes?
A: From buying cigarettes. They [ said uh
Here, A is having a problem in his/her utterance. B is indicating the problem
by repeating the word ‘selling’. B’s initiation about the problem makes A realized
that he/she is having a problem in his/her utterance and repair it immediately.
4) Other-initiated other-repair: the recipient indicates a problem in
his/her utterance and he/she corrects it by him/herself.
Joy: Kerry’s no good. She’s haven a fight with Sally.
Harry: Yih mean Sarah dontchuh. Those two are always fightin’ Joy: Yeh. ‘s a bitch isn’t it,
(Liddicoat, 2007: 190) Here, Harry is not only providing an initiation about the problem in the talk
but he also provides a candidate correction by saying ‘Yih mean Sarah dontchuh’
and resolves the problem. This correction is accepted by joe as seen in the word
‘Yeh’.
e. Context
Context is crucial because it describes the situation where the speech
exists.Context gives an additional information about the situation given in a
conversation or a talk. Dell Hymes defines a context as a several component
comprising a conversation (Johnstone, 2010:04). They are known as ‘SPEAKING’
which each letter is an abbreviation of different component of communication
(Vakili, 2012:27). Those are ‘S’ for Setting and scene, ‘P’ for Participant, ‘E’ for
Ends, ‘A’ for Act sequence, ‘K’ for Key, ‘I’ for Instrumentalities, ‘N’ for Norm,
and ‘G’ for Genre.
Below is the example of context in conversation taken from the research
Monica : There's nothing to tell. It's just some guy I work with. Joey : Come on! You're going out with a guy.
Joey : There's gotta be something wrong with him. Chandler : All right, Joey, be nice.
Chandler : So does he have a hump, a hump and a hair piece? Phoebe : Wait. Does he eat chalk?
Phoebe : It’s just cause I don't want her to go through what I did with Carl. Monica : Hmm, Okay, everybody relax.
Monica : Relax. This is not even a date.
Monica : It is not. It's just two people going out to dinner and not having sex.
Chandler : Sounds like a date to me.
Vakili describes the context of above conversation as below
Setting and Scene: the setting is Central Park Café in New York while the scene is gather in after work to have coffee, rest, and friendly talk.
Participants: Monica, Joey, Chandler, and Phoebe
Ends: Monica is curious to her friend’s reaction about his date tonight.
Act sequence:at first, Monica talks normallyabout her date but her friends make it
as a joke. Her friends think it is a big issue but Monica thinks conversely.
Key: the tone is joking.
Instrument: the channel is totally oral and the register is totally informal.
Norms of interaction: since this is a friendly talk, all participants say things directly even a sarcastic word. All participants show their cooperation by taking a
turn.
Genre: friendly chat
f. Turn Taking
A conversation involves at least two people, a speaker and a hearer. Each of
them has the right to speak at any time. Yule (1998:72) states that having control of
turn after the speaker finishedhis/herutterance. However, anyone can attempt to get
control in any situation where control is not fixed. This is called turn-taking. The
nature of turn taking in talk in interaction is at the heart of CA(Hutchby and
Wooffitt, 2008). Meanwhile, Liddicoat says that the speakers’ exchange is the most
noticeable features in a conversation (Liddicoat, 2007:51).
Sack at al. (1974:704) suggest three possibilities of changing turn which
seems to be a basic set of rules governing a turn.
1. The current speaker selects the next speakerby using names or vocatives,
gaze, posture, and the targeting of moves such as directing questions to
particular interactants.
2. The current speaker did not select then the next speaker may self-select.
3. The current speaker may continue taking his/her floor or remain silent
when those two rules do not occur.
Sack at al. (1974:700) summarize that there are several facts about
conversation. They arespeaker-change recurs or at least occurs; overwhelmingly,
one party talks at a time; occurrences of more than one speaker at a time are
common, but brief. This situation of more than one speaker at a time occurs in daily
conversation and it makes a problem for both speaker and listener.
2. Interruption
Interruption is an interesting phenomenon to be analyzed in a conversation.
To understand interruption, it is not just about dominance but it is beyond that. It
includes status of the speaker, the time of interruption, the place, etc. According to
has intended to finish it which makes his/her utterance incomplete. It means that
the current speaker lost their floor. In other word, the interrupter successfully takes
the floor.
Another definition of interruption proposed by Zimmerman and West
(1975: 115) who have categorized interruption as an instance of simultaneous
speech which violates the rules of turn-taking. A description of this case is an
interruptee talks but an interrupter begins to talk in the middle of interruptee’s
utterance. It may give inappropriate atmosphere for both of them. An example of
interruption is presented by Beatie (1982:103) in the conversation between Denis
Tuohy (DT) and Margaret Thactcher (MT) as follow:
DT : …and you give a list which included, most of the public sector workers who have been on strike in the last few months, you said you would, pursue those disruptive elements with (pause)
MT : unremitting hostilityquite right (Beattie, 1982: 103) Note:
Denis Tuohy : an interruptee (a person who is interruptedby interrupter) Margaret Thatcher : an interrupter (a person who interrupt)
(pause) : indicates a pause (when interruption occur)
There is a pause in the middle of DT’s utterance, where DT act as
interruptee, so the word ‘pause’ in bracket play as a signal of a pause. In this case
DT does not success to hold their right and finish his utterance because after several
second of silent, MT start to grasp the floor which means that DT is not finished to
a. Types of Interruption
In analysing the type of interruption, the researcher used the theories of type
of interruption proposed by Ferguson (1977) (in Beattie, 1982:101-103) who
divides four types of interruption as follow:
1) Simple Interruption
Simple interruption occurs once an interrupter takes the floor when the
current speaker still incompletes his/her sentence. The interrupter succeeds to
disrupt the interruptee’s talk so the interruptee stops his/her speaking. Therefore,
the interruptee listens to the interrupter until the interrupter finishes his/her talk,
then the floor comes back to the interruptee. Here is the example:
S1 : I know what you thought I know you
S2 : Ya still see her anymore?
(Zimmerman, 1975: 114)
The dialogue between speaker 1 and speaker 2 above indicates that speaker
1 become the interruptee and speaker 2 become the interrupter. Speaker 1 loses
his/her floor because speaker 2 start to interrupt his/her utterance. Simple
interruption is shown when the speaker 2 cut the speaker 1’s utterance before the
speaker 1 complete their utterance. Speaker 2 who hold the floor can say his
utterance fullywhile speaker one stop his/her utterance and listen to speaker 2’s
utterance.
2) Overlap Interruption
In overlap interruption, the floor is shared between the participants because
they speak at the same time. Nevertheless, he/she still can interrupt even though the
first speaker finishes, the interrupter still grabs the floor, so there is no break during
the simultaneous speech.
LG : ... I wonder whether people feel that this is because the Labour Party has run out of some steam. It hasn't so many new ideas.
JC : I think i-,
I think it's because they are, ah answers to what are, gross over claims by the Conservative Party, ...
(Beattie, 1982: 102)
In the example above LG (Liew Gardner) as the interruptee ignore JC (Jim
Calaghan) who interrupt in the middle of his utterance. LG succeed to finish his
utterance before he finish his utterance JC start to interrupt by saying “I think i-“.
Overlap interruption is shown when JC as the interrupter still grabs the floor to
finish his ideas. Thereis no pause between LG’s utterance and JC’s utterance and
the floor is shared between interruptee and interrupter.
3) Butting-in Interruption
Butting-in interruption involves simultaneous speech. However, in this
interruption there is no floor taking as the other interruption done. In this case the
interrupter is unsuccessful in interrupting the speaker and he/she intends to stop
their utterance because the interruptee keeps saying his/her word and ignoring the
interrupter’s interruption.
S1 : . . . Although I don’t think anybody would do that unless they’re going against what she says and I
S2 : Ya, but
S1 : can’t see anybody going against that.
(Marche, 1993: 395)
From the dialogue, speaker 1 keeps talking and ignores speaker 2 who
not allow the speaker 2 to grab the floor. Butting-in interruption occurs in this
conversation when speaker 2 remains to stop his/her word and prefers to listen
speaker 1’s utterance. In this interruption, the speaker 2 as the interrupter fails to
deliver his/her utterance. There is no floor taking in butting-in interruption as shown
in the example above.
4) Silent Interruption
In silent interruption, there is no simultaneous speech because the
interruptee intends to stop his/her utterance for a while before he/she finish his/her
utterance. The interrupter grasps the floor between the pause and the interruptee did
not finished his/her utterance who actually wants to continue his/her speech. The
example below shows the silent interruption.
S1 : But before you knew all this stuff, before you knew that she was (pause)
S2 : That was
Tina.
(Marche, 1993: 395)
It can be notice from the dialogue above that there is no simultaneous speech
between speaker 1 and speaker 2 because both speakers did not speak at the same
time. Silent interruption is indicated by pause between both speakers. Speaker 1’s
utterance remains incomplete and there is a pause in his/her utterance. Speaker 2
grabs the floor during the silence and finish his/her utterance. Speaker 1 actually
wants to finish his/her utterance after he/she take a pause but he/she cannot do it
because speaker 2 grabs the floor finish their utterance.
b. Purposes of Interruption
Basically there are two purposes of interruption, i.e. disruptive and
Goldberg (1990:888) adds one purpose of interruption that is neutral interruption.
Generally, the basic purpose of interruption is to take the floor before the speaker
finishes his/her utterance, so the next speaker could deliver their message.
1) Disruptive
According to Chiung Yang (1996), disruptive or competitive interruption
takes place when one speaker attempts to take the floor by making his/her own
comment a higher priority over the main speaker’s speech when the main speaker
intends to continue. Murata (in Han Z. Li, 2001: 369) divides disruptive interruption
into three categories; they are disagreement, floor taking, and topic change.
a) Disagreement
An interruption can be used as a way of expressing disagreement to the
current speaker’s opinion when the next speaker disagrees with the current speaker
and he/she wants to deliver it immediately.
A : It’s not worth saying in the first place.
M : But don’t you think he’d feel better if she told
him.
(Beaumont et al, 2001: 431)
In the dialogue, M does not agree with A’s opinion and M immediately
interruptsA’s utterance. M shows his/her disagreement in the middle of A’s
utterance by saying his opinion before A finishes his/her utterance. M’s opinion
differs from A’s opinion about the current topic. M delivers his/her disagreement
by saying the opposite opinion from A’s ideas. Disagreement can be seen when M
b) Floor taking
In this context the interrupter has a desire to improve the quality of
conversation by doing interruption. So he takes the floor to get a turn and interrupt
the current speaker for delivering a message without changing the topic.
Teddy : I read a newspaper this morning and the legalization of cannabis seems very interesting. But it has negative aspect from
Flint : if it is legalized in our
country, negative points will appear more than the positive ones. (Beaumont et al, 2001: 431)
The dialogue above demonstrates that there is an interruption employed by
Flint in the middle of Teddy’s utterance. Flint has a desire to improve the quality of
conversation by doing interruption before Teddy finish his utterance. Flint grabs
the floor to get a turn to deliver his message without changing the topic being
discussed. Flint utters his opinion that is in line with Teddy’s utterance.
c) Topic change
This purpose of interruption is to change the topic of the discussion. The
interrupter immediately changes the topic when the current speaker did not finish
their utterance. The interrupter speaks aggressively to get the floor and guide the
topic.
M : I would never wait until he was 20 years old then try to deal
A : The phone. The
phone is ringing.
(Beaumont et al, 2001: 432)
The dialogue above exhibits the event when speaker M and Aare speaking
of the utterance and it is means that A did not want to continue talking about the
current topic being discussed.
2) Cooperative
According to Murata (in Han Z. Li, 2001: 369), cooperative interruption is
intended to help the speaker by coordinating on the process and/or content of the
ongoing conversation. Zhao and Gantz (2003: 354) suggest that cooperative
interruption is providing to achieve some purposes as follow.
a) To show agreement
It indicates that the interruption is used to show agreement as the response
to the topic in the conversation. Here, the interrupter gives their approval and
support by taking the floor.
M : I’d hope that my life would still be full enough that
A : Yeah. You’d live by
yourself or you’d get married again.
(Beaumont et al, 2001: 431)
The emergence of interruption in this conversation shows that A interrupt
M’s utterance before he/she finishes his/her utterance in the conversation. A
interrupts M’s utterance so that he or she does not to monopolize the floor but he/she
wants to show agreement as the response to the topic. A agrees with the speaker
M’s utterance by giving a choice to his/her.
b) To show understanding
The occurrence of interruption is to show understanding about the topic
Lily : I think the movie last night is so awesome. The main actor, Johnny, Johnny (pause)
Sony : Johnny Depp.
Lily : Mm-hmm, yes, Johnny Depp acts the character impressively.
(Beaumont et al, 2001: 431)
Here, Lily has to stop in the middle of her utterance. She forgets the full
name of the actor and she starts to think for a while. During the pause, Sony grabs
the floor and interrupts Lily’s utterance by saying the full name of the character.
This dialogue shows that Sony understands about the topic being discussed it, and
he interrupts to show his understanding. After Sony finishes his utterance, Lily
admits Sony’s answer and continues his utterance.
c) To show interest in topic
The emergence of interruption in this case shows the interest of the
interrupter in a certain topic being discussed as the interrupter is very high-involved
in it.
A : Can I ask you guys a question? Do you ever think that Alan is maybe
B : What?
(Beaumont et al, 2001: 431)
It is seen in the dialogue that when the conversation is taking place, B
interrupts A’s utterance before he/she finished it. B tries to grabs the floor not to
disrupt the conversation but he/she tries to improve the quality of conversation. It
is shown by B’s curiosity about the topic being discussed. B as the interrupter in
d) To show clarification
The emergence of this interruption has a purpose to clarify something
because the interrupter may not be sure with the point of a topic that the speaker
utters.
A : He should be home for dinner at least two or three times a week, and if he can’t
M : Two or three?
(Beaumont et al, 2001: 431)
In the dialogue, A suggests that he (someone who should be home for
dinner) should go home for at least two or three times a week. M cannot believe
that A says two or three times a week, which is for M this frequency is too little. M
starts to interrupt A’s utterance before he/she finishes his/her utterance to make sure
about the point of a topic being discussed. M grabs the floor to clarify A’s utterance
by asking about it immediately.
3) Neutral Interruption
This last purpose of interruption is neither negative interruption nor positive
interruption. This purpose is not to show dominance or support the interruptee
speech. Sometimes, the emergence of this interruption happens when the interrupter
does not realize that the interruptee has not finished his or her utterance.
Phoebe : (sings) Raindrops on roses and rabbits and kittens, (Rachel and Monica turn to look at her.) bluebells and sleighbells and- something withmittens … La lalala… something and noodles with string.
These are a few…
Rachel : I’m all better now.
(Fei, 2010:32)
The dialogue above shows that the purpose of interruption is not to disrupt
the emergence of this interruption happens when Rachel as the interrupter does not
support or dominate the conversation. She does not grasp the floor to take a turn.
This interruption is to show that Rachel really feels better or she does not like
Phoebe’s singing. Here in the example, Phoebe tries to comfort Rachel who is
depressed because of his unfinished wedding ceremony. She also encounters a
sorrowful conversation with his father.
3. Previous Studies
Two researches share similar topic but this study differs in terms of the
object of the research. These researches are in the form of article and a thesis.
a. An Analysis of Gender Differences in Interruption Based on the American TV Series Friends (Zhao Fei, 2010)
This article concerns on the functions and frequency of interruption
presented by the characters in Friends, an American TV series. The researcher tried
to reveal the interruption in conversations between same and mixed sex. The
objective of the research was to investigate the difference of speech style between
six protagonist characters in the series and the functions of interruption, i.e.
competitive, cooperative, and neutral applied by the researcher.
The result of functional categories of interruption shows that competitive
interruption occurs a little bit more than cooperative one. It is presented by six main
characters in the series. This happens because of the conversational contexts and
the relationship among the characters as well as their behaviour and speech style.
The other result shows that in the terms of gender, men initiate interruption
dominance to interrupt than woman and this condition triggers competitive
interruption in the conversation.
b. A Conversation Analysis of Interruption in Modern Family Season I
(CheraKurniaLarasati, 2010)
This research investigates interruption in daily conversation represented in
TV series entitled Modern Family Season I. The objective of this research is to
investigate the type and the function of interruption spoken by characters in the
series. By using four types of interruption such as simple, overlap, butting-in, and
silent interruption, the researcher tried to see the highest occurrence of interruption.
Simple interruption is the highest interruption found in the series because it
has easiest pattern than the other one. However, butting-in is the latest interruption
in the series because they are close friends. Then, three functions of interruption
were found to show the function of interruption expressed by the characters. They
are cooperative interruption which consists of agreement, assistance, and
clarification; intrusive interruption which is consist of disagreement, floor taking,
topic change, and tangentalization; and neutral interruption.
Both research concerns on interruption but they are different in terms of the
object and context and also the characters who express interruption which affect to
the interruption itself. By using different context, object, and characters in the
movie entitled 12 Angry Men, it is exciting to analyze the same topic to reveal the
different result by investigating the interruption presented by male characters in the
object of the researchuses only one place setting and it is an institutional talk
between twelve male characters.
4. 12 Angry Men
12 Angry Men is a 1957 American drama film adapted from a teleplay of
the same name by Reginald Rose. This movie was written and co-produced by
Reginald Rose himself and directed by Sidney Lumet. At the beginning, 12 Angry
Men is produced for television in September 1954. After the success of the
television production, 12 Angry Men is adapted in film production. This movie talks
about twelve jurors in conducting deliberation for a young defendant on the basis
of reasonable doubt.
The characters in the movie are Rudy Bond as the Judge, James Kelly as the
Guard, Billy Nelson as the court clerk, John Savoca as the accused, and the twelve
jurors: Martin Balsam, John Fidler, Lee J. Jacob, E. G. Marshall, Jack Klugman,
Edward Binns, Jack Warden, Henry Fonda, Joseph Sweeney, Ed Begley, George
Voskovec, and Robert Webber.
This movie which is notable for its almost exclusive use of one set screen
play with the exception of the film’s opening talks about a discussion to judge a
defendant whether he is guilty or not depending on reasonable doubt. The story
begins in New York court room, where an eighteen years old boy from a slum is
accused for stubbing his father to death. After final closing argument, the judge
instructs the jury to decide whether the boy is guilty of murdered his father or not
under reasonable doubt. Then the jury comes to the private room where they
The jury already decided that the boy is guilty except the jury number 8
(Henry Fonda) who is the only one to vote “not guilty” in preliminary tally. This
first case triggers a difficult verdict for the case. Despite of using one set screen
play, this movie could gain several awards. The several awards are BAFTA Film
Awards 1958 for best foreign actor, Henry Fonda, Berlin International Festival:
Golden Berlin Bear and OCIC Awards, Sidney Lumet, and etc. 12 Angry Men won
16 Awards and 11 Nominations in total.
B. Conceptual Framework
This research is conducted by employing Conversation Analysis approach.
It is used in this research to reveal the types of interruption as well as the purposes
of interruption. To analyse the objective of this research, the researcher used the
classification of types of interruption by Ferguson (1977) (in Beattie,
1982:101-103). He proposed four types of interruption, i.e. Simple interruption, Overlap
interruption, Butting-in interruption, Silent Interruption. All of these interruptions
occur in a simultaneous speech where the two speaker in the conversation are
speaking at the same time. Interruption is an action of taking others floor.
Interruption is also regarded as a violation of turn taking system.
To analyse the second objective of the research, the researcher used the
classification of purposes of interruption presented by Murata (in Li, H. Z:
2001:369) who categorizes the purposes of interruption into disruptive and
cooperative. Each purpose also consists of several types. Disruptive purpose
consists of Disagreement, Floor Taking, Topic change,while cooperative purpose
interest in topic, and to show clarification. The researcher also takes one other
purpose of interruption proposed by Goldberg (1990:888) who adds one purpose of
interruption that is neutral interruption. It means that the interrupter does not
31
Figure 1: Analytical Construct
Interruption
Purposes
1) Simple
2) Overlap
3) Butting-in
4) Silent
Disruptive Cooperative
1) Disagreement 2) Floor taking 3) Topic change
1) To show agreement 2) To show understanding 3) To show interest in topic 4) To show clarrification
Types
Adjacency Pair Backchannel Preference Organization Repair
Interruption in Lumet’s 12 Angry Men Movie: A Conversation Analysis
32
This chapter illustrates the method employed in this research, which
includes the type of the research and the form, context, and source of the data. This
chapter also explains the research instrument and describes the data, how to collect
the data and analyzethe data. Moreover, this chapter also provides the
trustworthiness of the data.
A. Type of the Research
According to Kerlinger (1979:83) a research design is the plan and structure
of research to obtain answers of research questions. A qualitative design refers to
research method or procedure which produces descriptive data; people own written
or spoken words and observable behaviour (Bodgan and Taylor in Moleong,
2001:4).Juddith(in Cresswell, 1998:24) states that qualitative research is defined as
a category of research designs or models which transcribes the data from audio and
videotapes, other written records, and pictures or films into descriptive narratives
form. Meanwhile, according to Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 167), the goal of
a qualitative research is to describe the phenomenon of research rather than to
predict the result. They also describe that a qualitative research should be in depth
and understandable to refer to the viewpoint of a research participant.
This research aimed to give description of interruption employed by the
characters in 12 Angry Menespecially on the type and the purpose of interruption.
qualitative research since qualitative research gave a realistic description towards
the phenomenon (Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 167). Moreover, qualitative
research gives more explicit description about particular phenomena than
quantitative method (Strauss and Corbin, 1998:11). Therefore, the data in this
research were not only displayed descriptively but it is also described through
quantitative method to help the researcher in simplifying the data.
B. Form,Context,and Sourceof Data
The object of this research was a 1957 American drama film entitled 12
Angry Men. The data of the research were in the form of utterances indicating
interruption spoken by the characters in 12 Angry Men. The context of the data was
in the form of dialogue containing interruption undertaken by the characters in12
Angry Men.Finally, the data source of this research divided into two categories. The
primary source of data wasthe transcript of the dialogues spoken by the characters
in12 Angry Menwhile The secondary source of data was the film itself.
C. Instrument of the research
Since this research was a qualitative research, the researcher played as the
primary instrument in this research. As stated by Moleong (2001:4), the researcher
played as the key instrument in this research because he was involved in the entire
research process including in observing the data, analysing the data, and
interpreting the data of the research. Then, the secondary instrument used in this
D. DataCollectionTechnique
There are four categories of data collection in qualitative research as stated
by Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 189). Those are interviewing,ethnographic
observation, documents and material culture, and visual analysis. The data of this
research were taken from the film entitled12 Angry Men and the printed script of
this film. To collect all the data about interruption, the researcher employed note
taking and visual analysis by watching the movie and reading the transcript. Those
techniques were applied to gain an accurate data.
To collect all the data about interruption performed by the characters of12
Angry Men,the researcher conducted several stages below:
1. watching12 Angry Men completely to understand the story as well as the
aspect in it,
2. gaining the script from the World Wide Web,
3. watching12 Angry Men one more time to check the accuracy of the
transcription and marking the interruption that occurs in the movie,
4. taking a note on interruption and writing the time of interruptions, and
5. classifying the collecting data of interruption into the data sheet. The
Table 1: Sample Data Sheet of Types and Purposes of Interruption Presented by the Characters in Lumet’s 12 Angry Men Movie
CODE DIALOGUES TYPES stands in front of the others to explain the rule. After he gives some suggestions, the interruption and it is used to show agreement.
analysing the data, textual analysis was employed to analyse the data. According to
interpretation a set of text based on the researcher’s perspective. Each perspective
on meaning caused different interpretation of a text. In this research, the researcher
was the interpreter of selected text. The process of data analysis is stated in details
as in the following:
1. transferring and classifying the data collected into the data sheet,
2. interpreting the data according to the context where this data was taken,
3. discussing the data with supervisor and colleagues who are linguistics
students, and
4. making description of the data and drawing conclusion.
F. Trustworthiness
To validate the finding of this research, the researcher applied triangulation
which is the combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomena or
programs (Patton, 1980:108). To enhance the validity of the finding,
Moleong(2001:173) states that four categories of data trustworthiness such as
credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability. Those categories of
data trustworthiness had to be applied to check and prove the data. Credibility and
conformability were chosen to triangulate the data of this research.
Credibility means that the result of the research was credible or believable
from the perspective of the research participants. If the research is credible, then the
conclusion of the research was supported by the findings. The researcherused a
consistence and appropriate methodology as well as systematic and comprehensive
literature reviewto enhance the credibility of the research. Meanwhile,
far the research could be confirmed by others. Thus, the finding and the data of the
research should be interpreted based on the data.
Peer debriefing technique by discussing the data with the people
considered competent in criticizing the process of analysing the data was chosen by
the researcher to triangulate the research. The researcher discussed the research
with his supervisors, TitikSudartinah, S.S., M.A. and Susana Widyastuti, S.S.,
M.A., Ph.D. to avoid plagiarism. The researcher also asked other researchers to
check and discuss about the research findings, so the validity of the data in this
38
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter explains the results of the research, which are the types and
purposes of interruption employed by the characters in 12 Angry Men. This chapter
is divided into two sections, the findings section and discussion section. The
findings section describes briefly the frequency of the types of interruption as well
as the purposes of interruption in 12 Angry Men. Meanwhile, detailed explanation
about the results of the research is described in detail on the discussion section.
A. Findings
The data in this research are taken from the utterances in the dialogue
presented by the characters in 12 Angry Men. There are 39 data found in this
research which describe the types and purposes of interruption. Table 2 simplifies
the result of occurrence of the interruption in 12 Angry Men which is uttered by
almost all the characters in the movie. As can be seen from table 2, all types of
interruption occur in different frequencies. Meanwhile, not all purposes of
interruption are found in the movie and gain a significant difference between one
purpose of interruption to the other ones. Regarding to this result, to show
disagreement is one of the purposes of interruption which gets dominant
Table 2. Frequency of Occurrence of Types and Purposes of Interruption Presented by the Characters in Lumet’s 12 Angry Men Movie
No. Types
From the table 2, the types of interruption are divided into four categories,
i.e. simple interruption, overlap interruption, butting-in interruption, and silent
interruption. From the four types of interruption, overlap interruption reaches the
highest frequency of occurring interruption. In overlap interruption, the interruptee
is highly involved in the conversation. So, the interrupter interrupts the interruptee
by speaking at the same time. Meanwhile, silent interruption reaches the lowest
position. In silent interruption, the interruptee intends to continue his speaking but
he stops his utterance for a while. The interrupter interrupts the interruptee in his
silent time. There is no simultaneous speech in this interruption. This interruption
appears only once since all the jury is able to manage his speaking.
The purposes of occurring interruption are also presented in table 2. There
are three categories of purposes of interruption: disruptive, cooperative, and neutral.
From the three categories of purpose of interruption, disruptive interruption has the
highest occurrence which is followed by cooperative interruption and neutral
interruption in the last position. The subcategory of disruptive is divided into 3
interruption gain a highest occurrence in all categories of disruptive interruption.
Meanwhile, floor taking is not uttered by the characters in this movie. There is no
juror who tries to improve the quality of a conversation.
Then the second category of purposes of interruption is cooperative
interruption. Cooperative interruption consists of four types: to show agreement, to
show understanding, to show interest in topic, and to show clarification. From the
four types of cooperative interruption, to show clarification gets the highest
occurrence in the movie which is followed by to show agreement in the second
position and to show understanding in the third position. To show interest in topic
is not found in this movie since every juror’s curiosity appears not to support the
current speaker’s utterance but it is used to disrupt it. Meanwhile, neutral
interruption only occurs in overlap interruption and butting-in interruption.
B. Discussion
The object of this research is 1957 American drama film entitled 12 Angry
Men. Thus, the data of the research are in the form of utterances indicating
interruption uttered by all characters in this movie. This section is divided into two
parts to answer the problem formulation stated in Chapter I. It begins with the
discussion of the types of interruption in detailed explanation to answer the first
problem of this research. The next part in this discussion section is explanation
about the purposes of occurring interruption in the movie 12 Angry Men which
answers the purposes of occurring interruptions employed by the characters in the
1. Types of Interruption
Four types of interruption, i.e. simple interruption, overlap interruption,
butting-in interruption, and silent interruption appear in the movie 12 Angry Men.
Those interruptions occur in different frequencies as found in the movie. Each type
of interruption is explained in detailed through some examples.
a. Simple Interruption
This types of interruption are commonly discovered in every conversation
taken by the participants. The most widely range to find this interruption is in
institutional setting such as in courtroom, doctor’s office or hospital, business
centre, and etc. Simple interruption is an interruption which is simultaneous speech
occurs between the speakers. One speaker loses his turn because the other is
handling the floor to give his idea. In 12 Angry Men, simple interruption reaches
the second rank as the highest interruption after overlap interruption. This
interruption is found as much as 14 data out of 39 data in the movie. Simple
interruption happens because the current speaker cannot finish his utterance since
the interrupter grasp his floor.
An example of simple interruption found in the movie is described in datum
number 2.
TEN : Great. I heard pretty good story last night…
EIGHT : That’s not why we are sitting here for.
TEN : All right. Then you tell me what are we sitting here for?
(2/13:42:196 – 13:44:364)
The dialogue above happens after all the jury begin to enter the jury room
