DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION STRATEGIES
USED IN MITCH ALBOM’S NOVELS TRANSLATION
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
NURHALIMAH
Registration Number: 8126111026
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I praise to Allah SWT, for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to finish this thesis successfully. This thesis owes its existence to the help, support and inspiration of several people. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude for their guidance during my research. They support, inspiring suggestions have been precious for the development of this thesis content. I would like to extend my gratitude to the many people who helped to bring this thesis and also unforgettable experience to me.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Prof. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd and Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A. Ph. D who have supported me during my thesis completion with their patience, motivation. Besides my advisor, I would like to express my deep thanks to the rest of my thesis examiner Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd, Prof. Dr. Sumarsih. M. Pd. And Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Pd for their encouragement insightful comment and repetition.
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My deepest gratitude goes to my family especially for my beloved father Abdul Majid Siregar and my mother Siti Harahap. For my beloved brothers M. Yahya Siregar, Malim Muhammad Siregar, M.Si, my young brother Daud Siregar M.Pd, and my beloved sisters Nurainun, SKM, and Umi Hanifah, SE, Amel, Zaki, Hafizh, Dedek, Fatih, Azam (Nephews) for their unflagging love and unconditional support throughout my life and my studies. You made me live the most unique, magic and carefree loving in happiest of childhood that has made me who I am now!
My greatest gratitude goes to my friends and classmate Kak Rahma and Kak Dijah who patiently revised and corrected my thesis twice. It is only thanks to them that this thesis acquired an ‘English shape’!!
I would never forget all the conversed and beautiful moments I shared with some of my friends and classmates. They were fundamental in supporting me during these stressful and difficult moments. Other close friends I would like to mention here: Fatimah, Rini, Ijah Manik, yanti (good friends of mine), Tina, Mariana, Kak Sri, Kak Tian, Bang Kia, Vida, Kak Dini, Kak Hestika, Kak Julia, Ida, Feru, Derliana Kak Eka, Kak Eva, Mr. Adip, Yayan and Puput, and all of friends who not mention here.
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researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.
Medan, February 2016
iv ABSTRACT
Nurhalimah. Domestication and foreignization strategies used in mitch albom’s novels translation. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School State University of Medan, 2015.
This study investigates domestication and foreignization strategies used in mitch albom’s novels translation based on Nida and Taber and Hoed. The objectives of the study are to applied types of strategies of domestication and foreignization, and to reason the way of the translators in translating of the text in the novels. A qualitative study was applied. The data were taken from the content of the text in that novels of the titles are the first phone call from heaven as source text, telepon pertama dari surga as target text (2013) and the time keeper as source text and sang penjaga waktu as target text (2012). The data were collected by reading the whole text and investigated that include the kinds of domestication and foreignization strategies. The findings of the study show there were fourteen kinds of domestication namely adaptation, equivalence, naturalization, explication, simplification, exoticism, omission, addition, deletion, paraphrase, retaining foreignness, descriptive or self-explanatory, modulation and communicative translation and six kinds of foreignization namely: repetition, calque, borrowing, direct transfer, transliteration, and transcription.
v ABSTRAK
Nurhalimah. Domestikasi dan foreignisasi strategi strategi di gunakan dalam terjemahan novel novel mitch albom. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Paska Sarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED) 2015.
Penelitian ini menginvestigasi domestikasi dan foreignisasi strategi strategi dalam terjemahan novel novel mitch albom berdasarkan teori domestikasi dan foreignisasi yang di kembangkan oleh Nida dan Tiber dan Hoed. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menerapkan tipe tipe strategi dari domestikasi dan foreignisasi yang digunakan dalam novel karya mitch albom dan menginvestigasi cara si penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan teks di dalam novel tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data merupakan teks yang di ambil di dalam isi dari novel novel tersebut yang berjudul the first phone call from heaven sebagai bahasa sumber telepon pertama dari surge sebagai bahasa sasaran (2013) dan the time keeper sebagai bahasa sumber sang penjaga waktu sebagai bahasa sasaran (2012). Data dikumpulkan dengan cara membaca seluruh isi teks, mengidentifikasikan jenis jenis yang termasuk dalam strategi strategi domestikasi dan foreignisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdiri dari empat belas jenis dari domestikasi yaitu adaptasi, equivalent, naturalisasi, explikasi, simplifikasi, exotisme, omisi, penambahan, pengurangan, paraprase, pengulangan kata yang asing, deskripsi atau penjelasan pada kata itu sendiri, modulasi, penerjemahan komunikatif, dan enam jenis dari foreignisasi yaitu repetisi, calque, peminjaman, pemindahan langsung, transliterasi dan transkripsi.
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2.3 Translation Strategies According to Venuty ... 21
2.4 Domestication and Foreignization Strategies ... 22
2.4.1 . Domestication ... 23
2.4.1.12 Descriptive or Self Explanatory ... 32
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3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection………. ... 52
3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 52
3.5 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 55
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 57
4.1 Data Analysis ... 57
4.1.1 Types of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom’s novels... 71
4.1.1.1 Types of domestication ... 72
4.1.1.1.1 Adaptation ... 72
4.1.1.1.12 Descriptive or Self explanatory ... 73
4.1.1.1.13 Modulation ... 73
4.1.1.1.14 Communicative translation ... 73
4.1.1.2 Types of foreignization ... 74
4.1.1.2.1 Repetition ... 74
4.1.2 Realization of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom’s novel Translation... 74
4.1.2.1 Realization of domestication strategy in the The First Phone Call from Heaven (ST) (First novel) ... 75
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4.1.2.1.2 Equivalence strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 77 4.1.2.1.3 Naturalization strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 78 4.1.2.1.4 Explication strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novels ... 78 4.1.2.1.5 Simplification strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 79 4.1.2.1.6 Exoticism strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novels ... 80 4.1.2.1.7 Omission strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novels ... 81 4.1.2.1.8 Addition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novels ... 81 4.1.2.1.9 Deletion strategy used in MitchAlbom’s
novels ... 82 4.1.2.1.10 Paraphrase strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novels ... 82 4.1.2.1.11 Retaining Foreignness strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novels ... 84 4.1.2.1.12 Modulation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novels ... 85 4.1.2.1.13 Communicative Translation strategy used in
Mitch Albom’s novels ... 85 4.1.2.2 Realization of foreignization strategy used in Mitch
Albom’s novel of Telepon Pertama dari Surga (TT) ... 86 4.1.2.2.1 Repetition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novel ... 86 4.1.2.2.2 Calque strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novel ... 87 4.1.2.2.3 Borrowing strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novel ... 89 4.1.2.2.4 Direct Transfer strategy used in Mitch
Albom’s novel ... 89 4.1.2.2.5 Transliteration strategy used in Mitch
Albom’s novel ... 90 4.1.2.2.6 Transcription strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novel ... 90 4.1.2.3 Realization of domestication strategy used in Mitch
Albom’s novel of The Time Keeper (ST)... 91 4.1.2.3.1 Adaptation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novel ... 91 4.1.2.3.2 Equivalent strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
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4.1.2.3.3 Simplification strategy used in Mitch Albom’s
novel ... 92
4.1.2.3.4 Exoticisms strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 93
4.1.2.3.5 Omission strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 93
4.1.2.3.6 Addition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 94
4.1.2.3.7 Deletion strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 94
4.1.2.3.8 Paraphrase strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 95
4.1.2.3.9 Retaining Foreignness strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 96
4.1.2.3.10 Descriptive or self-explanatory strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 97
4.1.2.3.11 Modulation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 97
4.1.2.3.12 Communicative translation strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 98
4.1.2.4 Realization of domestication strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel of The Time Keeper (ST)... 98
4.1.2.4.1 Repetition strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 98
4.1.2.4.2 Calque strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 99
4.1.2.4.3 Borrowing strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 99
4.1.2.4.4 Direct Transfer strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 99
4.1.2.4.5 Transliteration strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 100
4.1.2.4.6 Transcription strategy used in Mitch Albom’s novel ... 101
4.1.3 The Phenomenon related to the kinds of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom’s Translation101 4.1.4 Research Findings ... 103
4.1.5 Discussion ... 104
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 106
5.1 Conclusions ... 106
5.2 Suggestions ... 109
REFERENCES ... 110
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LIST OF TABLES
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LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF GRAPHICS
Pages
Graphic 1. Level 1 of Cluster 1 for Word and Level 2 of Cluster 2 for Sentence of domestication and foreignization strategies used in the first novel of The First Phone Call from Heaven “Telepon Pertama dari Surga” ... 70
Graphic 2. Level 2 of Cluster 1 for Word and Level 1 of Cluster 2 for Sentence of domestication and foreignization strategies used in the second novel of The Time Kepeer “Sang Penjaga Waktu” ... 71
xiii LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages Appendix I. Data Condensastion (Selecting data) (Domestication) The
First Phone Call from Heaven (ST) novel ... 117 Appendix II. Data condensastion (Transforming data) Level 1. Cluster 1
(Words) of the data of domestication strategeis of firts novel ... 122 Appendix III. Data Condensation (Transformig data) Cluster (Words) of
the data of foreignization strategies of first novel ... 130 Appendix IV. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Words) of
the data of domestication of second novel ... 136 Appendix V. Data Condensation (Transfroming data) Cluster (Words) of
the data of foreignization of second novel ... 138 Appendix VI. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Level. 2 Cluster 2
(Sentence) of the data of domestication strategies of first
novel ... 140 Appendix VII. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Sentence)
of the data of foreignization strategies of first novel ... 156 Appendix VIII.Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Sentence)
of the data of domestication strategies of second novel ... 162 Appendix IX. Data Condensation (Transforming data) Cluster (Sentence)
of data of foreignization strategies of second novel ... 166 Appendix X. Data Display Word and Sentence from domestication strategies
in first novel ... 170 Appendix XI.Data Display Words and Sentence from foreignization
strategies of first novel ... 191 Appendix XII.Data Display Word and Sentence from domestication
strategies in second novel ... 202 Appendix XIII.Data Display Word and Sentence from foreignization
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GLOSSARY
ST : Source Text
TT : Target Text
SL : Source Languge
TL : Target Language
CSI : Cultura Spesific Item
CBTs : Culture-Bound Terms
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Human beings are social creatures, means that they cannot be separated
from human life. It means they need a communication, in our environment people
can express their idea, feeling, suggestion, agreement, disagreement, happiness,
sadness by communicating with the people around us, from communication that
we always use, that wascertainly we use many words in our languages. Where in
our daily life we often find many words and languages, that words and languages
that always we producing in everyday every time and every second especially for
our language as Bahasa, words or languages that we always use is not only
Bahasa but also we found many languages including English. While we read some
books, novels, advertisements, newspapers and another kinds of words or
languages used in English and that is actually with directly feeling we are be a
translator and it know that translating is very important to get the information in
nowadays. Without translating, the knowledge might be missed. They cannot
follow the development of it, in addition if they disable to read in English as a
foreign language that will be lost to understanding.
Therefore the abundance of the different nations of the world, then to be
connected or sync that makes every reader requires the right translator for each
existing translations. Because of the different nations in which they have
differences of language and culture, due to variations of it, that led to many
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problems for the reader, sometimes the reader found the missing words, not
translated at all, the idioms, and even sometimes found unequal meaning in
translation, because of frequent of that errors in translation both in English as ST
(Sorce Text) and Bahasa as a TT (Target Text), so in that situation make the
generate of the ambiguity and make a lot of readers misunderstanding or confuse
in understanding the text.
Because of translation is not as easy as the people might think. It is
needed some strategies and crucial process to get an ideal translation and its
equivalence. Finding equivalence is the most problematic in the other stages. The
comparison text which is from SL (Source Language) to TL (Target language)
text in different language inevitably involves of equivalence strategies.
Equivalence can be said as the most central issues in translation. That‟s why a
translator needs some strategies to make their translation become equivalence.
The functional translation theory or functionalism didn‟t appear overnight
it has also experienced a long period of evolution as any other theories, so here we
will first make a brief introduction of its background to understand under what
situation it emerged. The theory of dynamic equivalence was put forward by Nida
based on his definition such, “translation consists in reproducing in receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message" (Nida
and Taber, 1969: 12). Throughout history, translators usually observed that
different situations called for different renderings, texts with different purposes
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In another word the process of cultural translation is not different from the
translation process in general, in the sense that it should consider the target reader,
aim of translation and power relations between the source and target languages.
These considerations also play an important role in cultural translation and with
differing levels of significance. Therefore, the question “can culture be
translated?” should really be rephrased into “how is culture translated”, which will
be discussed in the light of translations cases that have been published, involving
Indonesian-English language pair. In general terms, cultural translation is often
considered as a notion that is often used as an opposite against linguistic
translation. This has been a long debate in the translation world, but we are not
going to enter into in this paper. Instead, the focus here will be on cultural
translation and the strategies that can be used in such translation. Among the
strategies discussed here are domestication and foreignization.
As a break of the former translation theories, the German translation
theory, with Katharina Reiss, Hans.J, Vermeer, JustaHolz-Manttari and Christiane
Nord as its representatives, had opened up a new perspective to translation studies
and bridge the gap between theory and practice, just as Nord (2001:29) said that
the view of translation is intended to solve the eternal dilemmas of free vs. Literal
translation, adaptation vs. alienation, good interpreters vs. Slavish translation and
so on, but therefore such as when once it is known there are need strategies to
solve some theories in some part of situation of problem in the context, whereas
the approach of strategies will help in the situation that need to appear or explain
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or kinds of it to discuss, according to the terms „foreignization‟ and
„domestication‟ have been coined by Venuti as means of providing general
classification for translation procedures. He defines (1995) this effect is usually
achieved through close reconstruction of the ST structure and syntax in the TT
and importation of foreign cultural forms.
Domestication is the former refers to the translation strategy in which a
transparent and fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the
foreign text for target language TT (Target Text) readers. It means making the text
recognizable and familiar and thus bringing the foreign culture closer to that of
the readers‟. Venuti points out that “all translation is fundamentally domestication
and is really initiated in the domestic culture”.
The latter strategy, foreignization translation, designates the type of
translation in which a TT “deliberately breaks target conversations by retaining
something of the foreignness of the original”. It means to take the reader to the
foreign culture differences. It encourages a translation practice in which traces of
the foreign are left as much as possible within the translated text. The root of the
two terms can be traced back to the German philosopher Scleimermarcher‟s
speech in 1813; he believes that there are only two different methods of
translation.
There are only two, ether the author in peace, as much as possible and the
reader toward him, or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible and
moves the author towards him. The former refers to foreignization while the latter
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adequate to the foreign text, Schleiermarcher allowed to choose between a
domesticating method, and ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target
language cultural values, bringing the author back home and a foreignizating
method, an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and
cultural differences of foreign text, sending the reader abroad. In translation
practice, the two strategies are alternative to a translator.
Translation forms domestic subjects by enabling a process of “mirroring”
or self-recognition. Accordingly the foreign text becomes intelligible when the
reader recognizes himself or herself in the translation by identifying the domestic
values that motivated the selection of that particular discursive strategy. Venuty
points out that domestication is transparent and adopted to minimize the
strangeness of the original foreign text for the convenience of the target-text
readers, and foreignization that are not transparent, that eschew fluency for a more
heterogeneous mix of discourse, are equally partial in their interpretation of the
foreign text, but tend to fluent their partiality instead of concealing. To sum up
domestication as Venuty explain, refers to translation project which “conform to
values currently dominating target-language culture, taking a conservative and
openly assimilations approach to the foreign, appropriating it to support domestic
cannons, publishing trends, political alignments. However, foreignization “entails
choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are
excluded by dominant values in the target language.
Likewise in novel, that is should have same idea and sense that the aims
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keep going on to read the net page, because Sayogie (2009) says that the good
novel translation occurs when the impression of receptor language readers is same
with the impression of source language text. It may conclude that the translation
of novel should be pay attention in the rendition of wholly story and must give the
same experience/impression between SL to the TL readers.
Domestication is drived from the mother tongue or as a source text so the
readers who read novels, they certainly find difficulties in understanding the
content of the texts in the novel. It is needed a proper translator for every
languages that used by every countries, then translated into their source
languages. As an example of a Preliminary data here the researcher used one of
Mitch Albom‟s novel, there aresome sentences or words in The First Phone Call
from heaven novel as English version (ST) (Source Text), and this one is from
adaptation type below.
(1) ST (Source Text): Tess Rafferty was unwrapping a box of tea bags. Drrrrrrrrrnnn!!.
(1a) TT (Target Text): Tess Rafferty sedang membuka bungkusan sekotak teh. Kringgggg!!!.
The word drrrrrrnnn from the SL (Source Language) is adapted become
krriiiiiiing because that words familiar for Indonesian people, as a gesture for the
sound of the phone rang, and it was an adaptation of each State, hence the word
krriiiiiiing here as an adaptation of the word drrrrrrrrrn. Based on Vinay and
Darbelnet (2004: 134) adaptation type is refers to a method used cases where the
type of situation being referred by the SL (Source Laguage) message is unknown
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word drrrrrrnnn comes from the source language, while familiar in krrriiiing
heard by the people of Indonesia.
Foreignization is the function of the process of translatingof the
wordsfrom the first language to the target language, then the problems would be
often occurs when the translator to translating the words that exist in the novels,
the frequent of occurrences to imbalanced between them, the inequalities
encountered, loss, sometimes not translated at all, and different meaning, This will
lead to the occurrences of major problems for readers in reading the novel that
was already translated.
For more details it can be seen in the description of this type of
foreignization strategy of borrowing that has been taken from The Time Kepeer
“Sang Penjaga Waktu” novel Bahasa version (TT) (Targte Text) into English
version (ST) (Source Text).
(2) ST (Target Text): There is a clock on your wall or the Dashboard of your car.
(2a) ST (Source Text): Ada jam di dinding mu, atau di Dasbor mobilmu.
Dasboard of your car was source text, the borrowing kind in the target text
when itwas translated into Bahasa or target text, it was an accordance with the
understanding of the borrowing of the SL (Source Language) word was
transferred directly to the TL (Target Language), and the word dasbor was similar
from SL word but not completely the same, it can be said that it was on target to
customize the text.
Based on the explanation of some examples above, it is clear that the
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from domestication and foreignization itself, there are many types of strategies in
translate the text in the novels some of the strategies are domestication and
foreignizatin in the novels. According to Nida and Taber (1982) domestication is
closet natural equivalent to the target reader (from ST to TT) and foreignization
(Hoed, 2006: 87) the use of language or words `can be changed but still to
maintain the source language culture (stated from TT to ST).
The aims of this study is to provide or add knowledge of the readers
about events outside the culture and know the differences between domestication
and foreiginization that have some types of characteristics and want to see how
the translator use in their ways when to translate of the texts, when used in the
analyzes of each part of the types section, from taxonomy of procedural adopted
in the study from the conclusion and has proposed based on Esmail and Spideh
research of A Diachronic Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies of
Culture-Specific items: in English-Persian Translation of Six Hemingway’s Work,
from their taxonomy of procedural, it can be seendomestication include
synonymy, limited universalization, absolute universalization, descriptive,
adaptation, equivalence, neutralization, explication, simplification, exoticism,
omission and idiomatic. And foreignization kinds of procedural use extra textual
gloss, intra textual gloss, transcription, repetition, claque and borrowing.
After reviewing with one of a relevant study about Six Hemingway’s
Work, the researcher found some differences from the kinds of strategies, which
the types of domestication has found deletion, paraphrase, retaining foreignness,
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are limited and absolute universalization not included in this study, then the types
of foreignization has been found direct transfer and transliteration, but extra and
intra- textual gloss not included and the researcher will give an addition of any
types, and in this situation the researcher will provide additions of the types in
translation strategies.
Instead of the following of the discovery of the types of domestication and
foreignization then it would be done as the data, the data would be taken base on
the novels by Mitch Albom's best published from 1997 through 2013 and just two
novels that would be used as the data, because the data from the two novels has
already been sufficient for providing of all types of strategies that have been
found in the text, where the data would be placed as a source of guidance in this
study, as a marker, the words or the text would be input in italics and bold type if
the text or the words changed or have different meanings or missing or idiom or
need more explanation in which both the ST and in TT, and if there are some
words or text that did not change at all, just copy it then on the mark used bold
and underline, then one by one would be analyzed in accordance with
understanding of each. Due to regulation than domestication is to be the existence
of two languages in use, nature is ST (original text) and there must be having a
target text, and in relation to the purpose of the question which the translator uses
the same technique as the setting of the existing direct translation (TT) study
which identifies and discusses the use of this kinds in translation strategies and
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or retrieval, and the origin, why it will not changed after translate, and why it is
permanent and need a requires explanation of the meaning in the words.
Relating to explanation above, the researcher is interested in selecting and
researching this topic because there are several reasons
1) The presence of a lot of words or text that use this types of strategies in the
novels, and the researcher want to explore what the intent or meaning of the
contain in the text,
2) The source language text (ST) which find necessitates origin meaning of the
words, and what types of domestication strategies use in the text,
3) The variety of words is concern with the types the foreignization and the
readers sometimes find difficulties or irregularities of TT (Target Text) words
or text that are still intact or not translated at all and
4) The reason why the translator make and use of these strategies, which is to
identify the types of the processes, use these strategies.
1.2The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study are formulated as the following
(1) What types of domestication and foreignization strategies are used in Mitch
Albom‟s novels?
(2) How are domestication and foreignization strategies realized in Mitch
Albom‟s novels?
(3) Why are domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch Albom‟s
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1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are
(1) to describe types of domestication and foreignization strategies used in Mitch
Albom‟s novels,
(2) to describe how domestication and foreignization strategies realize in Mitch
Albom‟s novels, and
(3) to reason for the use of domestication and foreignization strategies used in
Micth Albom‟s novels.
1.4 The Scopes of the Study
This study attempts to describe and to explain the words or sentence used
in Mitch Albom‟s novels. The main focus of this study is to describe and
investigate the types of strategies as derived from domestication and
foreignization strategies used in the text of novels.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Findings of the research are expected to be useful for the readers both
theoretically and practically in some respect.
1. Theoretically, findings can significantly be useful
(a) Review of literature for the coming researcher,
(b) The guiding information for the students of Linguistic about types of
domestication and foreignization strategies in translation.
(c) The guidance for the readers of material and understanding the types of
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2. Practically, the findings can be useful for enriching the theories of translation
strategies particularly for kinds of domestication and foreignization used in
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
1. Based on the data analysis, research findings, and discussion, there were some important conclusions are put forward to those who responsible in the use of the types of domestication and foreignization strategies in translation of novels The First Phone Call from Heaven (ST) Telepeon Pertama dari Surga (TT), and The Time Kepeer (ST) and also Sang Penjaga Waktu as (TT). The important conclusions werebased on the theory of domestication and foreignization strategies in translation, namely: (1) adaptation, (2) equivalent, (3) naturalization, (4) explication, (5) simplification, (6) exoticism, (7) omission, (8) addition, (9) deletion, (10) paraphrase, (11) retaining foreignness, (12) descriptive or self explanatory, (13) modulation, and (14) communicative translation. Then Telepon Pertama dari Surga and Sang Penjaga waktu as TT or foreignization including: (1) repetition, (2) calque, (3) borrowing), (4) direct transfer, (5) transliteration, and (6) transcription.
2. Threre were found each types of strategies were found among them, namely, from first novel of domestication: 496 kinds and foreignization: 329 kinds, wherein, and in second novel domestication, addition: 36, equivalent:166, naturalization: 2, explication: 14 simplification: 11 exoticism: 16 omission: 7 addition: 45 deletion: 31, paraphrase: 23, retaining foreignness: 5, descriptive
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or self explanatory: 3, modulation: 54, and communicative translation: 56. And in foreignization types found from Telepon Pertama dari Surga as TT, repetition: 4, calque: 3, borrowing: 213, direct transfer: 17, transliteration: 32, and transcription: 60. And for the second novel of The Time Keeper from domestication found 145 kinds, and 116 kinds of foreignization, where each types of strategies has been found from domestication strategy, addition: 7, equivalent: 59, naturalization: 0, explication: 1, simplification: 4, exoticism: 3, omission: 6, addition: 2, deletion: 11, paraphrase: 19, descriptive or self explanatory: 3, retaining foreignness: 2, modulation: 18 and communicative translation: 10. And the last for the foreignization strategy has been found repetition: 5, calque: 2, borrowing: 69, direct transfer: 12, transliteration: 9 and transcription: 19.
3. (a) The most widely and dominant types that were used: equivalent and borrowing wherein the equivalent was a way to maintain a translator to translated into the target text in which this method used, so that the reader can appreciate the content of the text in the novels, whereas the kind of borrowing more dominant and most widely found than other types, one of the way of the translator to retain the words were so much easier delivery or intent or the purpose of the traslator, means that the use of equivalent and borrowing were a great influenced for the translator in translating the text of this novels.
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5.2 Suggestions
1. In this research found that in translating the text the translator of the problems of types of addition and deletion wether he/she add or remove the textsencountered in TT, in this case the translator should make sure before translating it.
2. This research very advantageous and helpful, because in translating some text the translator usually found cultural terms, so the carefullness and prudence are very much needed that is why the translator should master the strategies of translationand because of that is very useful.
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