THE OCCURRENCE OF CODE SWITCHING ON PERSONAL MESSAGE OF BLACKBERRY MESSENGER.

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The Occurrence Of Code Switching On Personal Message Of Blackberry Messenger Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

THE OCCURRENCE OF CODE SWITCHING ON PERSONAL

MESSAGE OF BLACKBERRY MESSENGER®

A Research Paper

Submitted to English Education Department in partial fulfillment for the requirement

for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

By:

TAJUDIN

0807307

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

THE FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

BANDUNG

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THE OCCURRENCE OF CODE SWITCHING ON PERSONAL

MESSAGE OF BLACKBERRY MESSENGER®

Oleh Tajudin

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

© Tajudin2013

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

THE OCCURRENCE OF CODE SWITCHING ON PERSONAL MESSAGE OF BLACKBERRY MESSENGER

A Research Paper By

Tajudin 0807307

Approved by

Main Supervisor, Second Supervisor,

Dra. Sri Setyarini, M.A.io

NIP 196312291990022001

Rojab Siti Rodliyah, S.Pd., M.Ed.

NIP 197308062002122001

The Head of English Education Department

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ABSTRACT

The study entitled “The Occurrence of Code Switching on Personal Message of BlackBerry Messenger” aims to investigate languages used in code switching on Personal Message of BlackBerry Messenger (PM of BBM), the types of code switching, and the reasons of BBM users in using code switching. This research involved 25 university students in Bandung as samples. The data were gathered through compiling the PM of BBM and distributing questionnaires. Several theories were applied to analyze the data, namely theory of switching types proposed by Poplack (1980), and theory of reasons of switching investigated by Hoffman (1991, in Tiana, 2009), and Savile-Troike (1986). The findings reveal that the users tend to use group of switched-languages (Indonesian-English) in code switching (80%). On the other hand, dealing with types of code switching appeared on PM of BBM, intersentential switching is the most dominant switching type (40.63%). Furthermore, the data analysis result from questionnaires found that most of the respondents (24%) stated that they did switching for real lexical need, which is the BBM users mostly used code switching on their PM because lack of equivalent lexicon.

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi berjudul “Kemunculan Alih Bahasa pada Personal Message di BBM” ini bertujuan meneliti penggunaan bahasa pada proses alih bahasa di PM BBM, tipe alih bahasa yang muncul, dan alasan pengguna BBM menggunakan alih bahasa. Skripsi ini melibatkan 25 mahasiswa sebuah universitas di Bandung sebagai sample. Data yang didapatkan melalui pengambilan PM BBM dan pembagian kuisioner. Beberapa teori digunakan untuk menganalisa data, diantaranya teori mengenai tipe alih bahasa dari Poplack (1980), dan teori tentang alasan penggunaan alih bahasa dari Hoffman (1991, dalam Tiana, 2009), dan Savile-Troike (1986). Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa pengguna BBM cenderung menggunakan kelompok alih bahasa Indonesia-Inggris pada proses alih bahasa (80%). Sedangkan tipe alih bahasa yang paling dominan muncul di PM BBM adalah intersentential switching (40,63%). Selain itu, berdasarkan hasil kuisioner diperoleh hasil bahwa mayoritas responden (24%) menggunakan alih bahasa untuk alasan kebutuhan leksikal, yaitu mereka mayoritas menggunakan alih bahasa pada PM BBM karena tidak adanya padanan kata yag tepat yang dapat digunakan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... x

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Purposes of Research ... 6

1.3 Research Questions ... 6

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 7

1.5 Scope of the Study ... 7

1.6 Research Methodology ... 7

1.6.1 Design ... 7

1.6.2 Respondents ... 8

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1.6.4 Data Analysis ... 9

1.7 Organization of the Paper ... 10

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 11

2.1 Bilingualism ... 11

2.2 The Definition of Code Switching ... 14

2.3 The Types of Code Switching ... 16

2.4 People’s Reasons in Using Code Switching ... 20

2.5 BlackBerry Messenger ... 25

2.6 Previous Studies on Code Switching ... 27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29

3.1 Research Questions ... 29

3.2 Research Design ... 29

3.3 Data Collection ... 30

3.3.1 Data Source ... 30

3.3.2 Instrument ... 31

3.3.3 Respondents ... 32

3.4 Data Analysis ... 32

3.4.1 Identification of the Data Occurrences ... 33

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3.5 Clarification of Related Terms ... 34

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 36

4.1 Languages Used in Code Switching on Personal Message of BlackBerry Messenger ... 36

4.2 The Occurrences of Code Switching Types ... 45

4.2.1 Intersentential Switching ... 46

4.2.2 Intrasentential Switching ... 49

4.2.3 Tag Switching ... 51

4.3 The Reasons of BBM Users in Using Code Switching ... 56

4.3.1 Talking About a Particular Topic ... 58

4.3.2 Quoting Somebody Else ... 58

4.3.3 Being Emphatic About Something ... 59

4.3.4 Interjection (Inserting Sentence Filler or Sentence Connector) ... 60

4.3.5 Repetition Used for Clarification ... 60

4.3.6 Intention of Clarifying the Speech Content for Interlocutor ... 61

4.3.7 Expressing Group Identity ... 61

4.3.8 Softening or Strengthening Request or Command ... 62

4.3.9 Real Lexical Need ... 63

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 69

5.1 Conclusions ... 69

5.2 Suggestion ... 71

BIBLIOGHRAPHY ... 73

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1.1 Languages Used in Code Switching ... 37

Table 4.1.2 Groups of Switched-Languages ... 38

Table 4.2 The Occurrences of Code Switching Types ... 46

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains general outlines of the study. It provides background of the study, purposes of research, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, and organization of the paper.

1.1Background

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of BBM. The phenomenon of switching codes in social network (i.e. BlackBerry Messenger®) relates closely to the bilingualism.

Humans interact with others who have different social background. It is a big possibility that they have different languages within their interaction or communication (Holmes, 2001: 1). This circumstance leads the emergence of bilingual or even multilingual society, where the two or more languages are used by people in a certain domain (Matthews, 2007). Within bilingual society, there is a tendency for people to accommodate the situation by switching the language, particularly when a new member arrives in the community (Holmes, 2001).

The type of switching the language phenomenon varied through several terms in linguistics. The two major terms in linguistics that are closely associated to the phenomenon of switching the languages within current utterance are code switching and code mixing (Gardner-Chloros, 2009). In many studies, actually

there is a similar idea in defining the sense between these terms. However, the different view of linguists in distinguishing code switching and code mixing is necessary to be discussed.

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grammatical items between various languages that take place only within a sentence. While the concept of code switching covers general issue of switching the language that occurs either within the same sentence or between the different sentences (Clyne, 2000 in Kim, 2006: 45). Thus, the research will focus on the issue of code switching rather than another linguistic item that relates to code mixing.

Different studies have been conducted regarding to the issue of code switching. Valdes-Fallis (1977, in Duran, 1994: 4) defines code switching as “the use of two languages simultaneously or interchangeably”. Poplack (1980) claims that there are three types of code switching, namely tag switching, intersentential switching and intrasentential switching. In addition, Hoffman (1991) suggests

seven reasons of people to use code switching; they are to talk about a particular topic, to quote somebody else, to be emphatic about something, as interjection, to use repetition for clarification, to convey intention in clarifying the speech content, and to express group identity. Furthermore, Saville-Troike (1986) mentions the other reasons of code switching, i.e. to soften or strengthen request or command and for real lexical need. Supporting the previous studies, Bautista (1999) states another reason of people to use code switching is for communicative efficiency.

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relationship between domains and code switching will not only focus on the real fields where two speakers or more are involved in a direct conversation orally, but also it will be associated to the indirect conversation using media. In the past, people might only communicate each other in limited two ways of oral conversation and sometimes they used written form to do it. However, the development in technology supports people to have another media to interact and exchange information among them (Pratiwi, 2009).

Internet is one of the most crucial revolutions in technology’s development

that enable people worldwide to interact in real time without any limitation in time and space dimension (Suryahutami, 2011). The use of internet itself has developed from information source to beneficial media that gives more advantages to those who use it for communication (Martin, 2011). From many different internet-based tools that provide feature to connect people and enable them communicating, BlackBerry is one of the most popular communication tools in this past few years, particularly in Indonesia (Rao, 2012: 13). Based on the definition from businessdictionary.com (2012), BlackBerry is a mobile smart device that combines a number of functions including emails, web browsing, text messaging, schedule management, and mobile phone into one portable handset.

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BBM is an application of instant messaging that is developed by Research In Motion, and exclusively created for BlackBerry smart phone (Martin, 2011). The users of this application are able to send messages that are delivered through the internet. In addition it applies BlackBerry PIN system which allows BBM to be used only between at least two BlackBerry devices.

Martin (2011) stated that BBM has several features, such as a personalized BBM display picture and real-time message confirmations. As another

personalization feature, this application also provides Personal Message box that enables users to post or update their current activities, thought, or other things in 160 characters or less. A Personal Message or often shortened to PM, is similar to an e-mail sent between the users of Internet forum, bulletin board system, social networking site (such as Facebook), or chat room (Wikipedia, 2012). As well as Personal Message on BBM, it has the main function which allows users to send message in their own profile and show it to other users in the contact list of BBM. The BBM users tend to use Personal Message feature as a new mode of communication. They post a short status update on Personal Message of BBM in limited 160 characters.

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Pertaining to the foregoing statements, this study is conducted to investigate the appearance of code switching on Personal Message of BBM. The study covers the languages used in code switching, the types of code switching that occur on Personal Message of BBM, and the reason of BBM users to use code switching on their Personal Message.

1.2Purposes of Research

This study is conducted to answer several questions regarding to the languages used in code switching by BBM users when they post short updates on BlackBerry Messenger® called Personal Message (PM). This research is also essential to identify the types of code switching that occur. In the next stage, this research determines the reason of BBM user in using code switching on Personal Message of BlackBerry Messenger®.

1.3Research Questions

According to the purposes of research, the research questions are formulated through the following questions:

1) What languages are used by BBM users in code switching?

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The Occurrence Of Code Switching On Personal Message Of Blackberry Messenger Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.4 Significance of the Study

The research is hopefully beneficial to contribute for several fields. In education, the research results are expected to support teacher to teach material about bilingual, code switching, and media use. In addition, the students hopefully get significance from the research to learn and understand more about bilingual, code switching, and qualitative method of research.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The research is limited to examine the occurrence of code switching on BBM Personal Message. Moreover, it will identify the language use in code switching, types of code switching, and the reasons of people to use code switching. The research involves students of university in Bandung who are already in contact with researcher’s BlackBerry Messenger® and actively post

Personal Message.

1.6 Research Methodology

1.6.1 Design

The study uses a descriptive qualitative method. A qualitative study involves description and analysis rather than the counting features (Alwasilah, 2006). Qualitative research is effective to obtain information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations (Polkinghorne,

2005). According to The Overview of Qualitative Research Methods: A Data

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that seeks answers to a question, systematically uses a predefined set of

procedures to answer the question, collects evidence, produces findings that are

not determined in advance produces findings that are applicable beyond the

immediate boundaries of the study.

1.6.2 Respondents

The respondents of this study are the students of university in Bandung that actively update Personal Message on BBM. It consists of 20 female respondents and 5 male respondents. They are chosen as the respondents because they provide substantial contributions for this study and the researcher has free access to gather their data. Furthermore, the respondents will be labeled FR for Female Respondent, and MR for Male Respondent. The odd number of respondents involved in this study was due to the different frequency of BBM users in updating their Personal Message, where the female users tend to write a new Personal Message more frequently.

1.6.3 Data Collection

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the instruments to gather the data regarding users’ reason to use code switching. Meanwhile, the types of code switching are identified through the transcription of Personal Messages of BBM.

1.6.4 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the next stage to be taken is analyzing them through several steps. This analysis uses a qualitative content analysis which includes a procedural model of the text analysis and different techniques in applying it (Pratiwi, 2009: 8). Moreover, Mayring (2000, as cited in Pratiwi, 2009) suggests the first step of qualitative content analysis is defining the material that includes selecting the parts that are relevant to answer the research questions. The second step is analyzing the situation of data collection. On the third step, the material is formally characterized (the material documented with a recording or a protocol, there was an influence on the transcription of text when it was edited or not). The last step is defining the direction of the analysis for the selected text and what one actually wants to interpret them.

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next phase is reporting the findings in form of narrative discussion. The final step is interpreting the findings that includes summary of the findings.

1.7 Organization of the Paper

The research will be presented into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of the research, purpose of the research, research question, significance and scope of the research, research methodology, and organization of paper.

The second chapter elaborates the review of related literatures that provide theoretical framework of the topic discussed. It is the basic view that relevant to the topic of code switching. Furthermore, the research method is discussed in the third chapter. It includes the design of research methodology, participants who take part in the research, data collection, and data analysis.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the method of research in details. It covers research questions, research method, data collection and instrument, data analysis, and clarification of terms.

3.1Research Questions

The research questions of the present study are stated as follow 1. What languages are used by BBM users in code switching?

2. What types of code switching that appear on BBM Personal Message? 3. What is the reason of the BBM users in using code switching?

3.2Research Design

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among BBM users. In addition, the effectiveness of qualitative research is also stated in Module of Qualitative Research Methods Overview (n.d.) as follows.

Qualitative research is effective to obtain information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations. Generally, it consists of an investigation that seeks answers to a question, systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question, collects evidence, produces findings that were not determined in advance produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study.

In short words, the qualitative method which was used in this research is appropriate to emphasize the analysis of the study on words, instead of numbers, since the researcher analyze the study on code switching.

3.3 Data Collection

The data were gathered from Personal Messages of Blackberry Messenger that belonged to 25 BBM users who were chosen randomly from the researcher’s contact list of BBM. The types of data that were used in this research included 25 Personal Messages of BBM users and the responses of the respondents to the observation sheets given in questionnaires.

3.3.1 Data Source

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2012. It took a relatively long period for the researcher to collect the data since the BBM users updated their Personal Messages unpredictably and the previous PM of the users would disappear right after they post a new one.

The Personal Messages of BBM or often shortened as PM of BBM might consist of any short updates which is limited by 160 characters, and it is visible to all of people in the users’ contact list of BBM. The BlackBerry Messenger users probable write their personal feeling, current activity, or even a short message in the box of Personal Message so that other people in their contacts can see this easily. The present study documented the occurrences of code switching on Personal Message of BBM by using screen capture application for BlackBerry named Capture Nux. This application helped the process of collecting the data. Therefore, the appearances of the data were documented in real time.

3.3.2 Instrument

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3.3.3 Respondents

The respondents of this study were 25 students of one of universities in Bandung that actively updated Personal Message on BBM. It consisted of 20 female respondents and 5 male respondents. Furthermore, the respondents were labeled FR for Female Respondent, and MR for Male Respondent. The odd number of respondents involved in this study was due to the different frequency of BBM users in updating their Personal Message, where the female users tend to write a new Personal Message more frequently. It has been suggested by Polkinghorne (2005: 139) that the respondents of the qualitative research are selected in particular purpose:

Participants and documents for a qualitative study are not selected because they fulfill the representative requirements of statistical inference but because they can provide substantial contributions to filling out the structure and character of the experience under investigation.

Furthermore, the 25 selected BBM users involved in this study were considered proper to contribute in fulfilling the essential need of this study which investigated the occurrence of code switching on Personal Messages of BlackBerry Messenger.

3.4 Data Analysis

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identification of the data occurrences, classification, and analysis and interpretation of questionnaire.

3.4.1 Identification of the Data Occurrences

The Personal Messages of BBM users were transcribed to be identified in term of code switching occurrences. This step involved the process of highlighting the existence of code switching within word, phrase, and clause level by typing them in bold and italic. It was also conducted to identify the occurrences of different languages used in code switching on Personal Message of BBM.

3.4.2 Classification

The Personal Messages of BBM which contained code switching were presented in the table to emphasize the languages used in code switching and the types of code switching occurred. This study used the theory proposed by Poplack (1980) to classify the types of code switching which was analyzed in this step. On the other hand, this study adapted the theories proposed by Hoffman (1991: 116, in Tiana, 2009: 13),), and Savile-Troike’s theory (1986: 69) and also Bautista (1999 in Bautista, 2004: 230) to classify the reason of code switching which was implied in the questionnaire.

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code switching on PM of BlackBerry Messenger. The formula of quantification as suggested by Sudjana (1984:49 in Suryahutami, 2011) is as follows.

Since the questionnaire utilized in this study was provided in close ended-statements, it was helpful in analyzing the gathered data easier and faster. It is in line with Fraenkel and Norman (1993: 351, in Suryahutami, 2011: 35) statement that states closed ended-statements have advantages to enhance consistency across respondents, easier and faster to tabulate, and be more popular with respondents. Furthermore, the tabulated data from questionnaire was presented in form of table.

3.5 Clarification of Related Terms

To avoid misinterpretation of the terms and to make the terms stated clearly in this research paper, the study would like to clarify and specify each terms as follows:

a. Code switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub)systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event (Bokamba, 1989 in Ayeomoni, 2006: 91) b. Personal Message of BlackBerry® Messenger (PM of BBM) is short update message of BBM users that appears on the contact profile or

P = fo / n x 100%

P = percentage

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through recent updates feature of BBM, however it does not refer to Personal Message of BBM which is written via other connected social medias (e.g. Facebook, Twitter)

After the data were analyzed, the next phase was reporting the findings in the form of narrative discussion. Furthermore, the final step was interpreting the findings that included discussion of the findings which is presented in the following chapter. Moreover, the result of present study is summarized in the last chapter and subsequently several recommendations to contribute in further studies on code switching are also suggested in this study.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This last chapter presents several conclusions of the study and suggestions for the further research. The conclusion of the present study is examined in the first section which covers the focus of study regarding the research questions stated in the previous chapters. The next section presents the suggestions for further studies conducted in the same area of research in socio linguistics, particularly code switching.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, there were six languages served by BBM users in code switching. The languages used by the respondents were Indonesian (44.23%), English (42.31%), Sundanese (7.70%), Arabic (1.92%),

Javanese (1.92%), and Cirebonese (1.92%). However, the most prominent

language that was used in code switching on Personal Message of BBM was Indonesian with 44.23%. In addition, this study also found the appearance of

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English-Arabic (4%). However, the most frequent group of switched-languages

in this study was Indonesian and English (80%). The use of those different languages in code switching among BBM users was identified as a result of language contact phenomenon which is indicated by the natural occurrence of code switching, as suggested by Vogt (1954 in Nilep, 2006: 5).

Moreover, the result of data analysis shows that all the three types of switching proposed by Poplack (1980) occurred on Personal Messages of BBM. The three types of code switching were intersentential switching, intrasentential switching, and tag switching. The study found that intersentential switching

tended to be the most frequent type of code switching (40.63%). On the other hand, tag switching appeared as the second most prominent type of switching with 31.25%, and intrasentential switching was the least type of code switching

(28.12%). This view indicates that BBM users dominantly have a good fluency in

different languages since they applied proper rule of those languages, particularly in forming the structure in intersentential switching.

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Bautista, 2004: 230). The study showed that real lexical need was the most dominant reason of BBM users to switch language on Personal Message of BBM with 24%. However

,

there was only a repetition used for clarification (Hoffman, 1991: 116) that was not chosen by the respondents as the reason to use code switching. It can be concluded that most of BBM users switched their languages due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages (Savile-Troike, 1986: 69).

5.2 Suggestions

The researcher realizes that the study is still far from the richness due to several limitations. There are some suggestions in order to extend the study for further research.

The first suggestion is related to the theoretical foundation which is used in the study. Since the wide-spread availability of theories about code switching, it is strongly recommended to elaborate more various theories on code switching to be used as the framework of next studies. The use of more various resources as theoretical foundation for this study is expected to be able to enhance the result of the study to be richer and more referential.

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