41 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Falagas ME, Koletsi PK, Bliziotis IA. The diversity of definitions of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2006;55:1619-1629.
2. Raymond J, Nordmann P, Doit C, Thien HV, Guibert M, Ferroni A, et al. Multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitalized children: a 5-year multicenter study. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e798-e803.
3. Sritippayawan S, Sri-Singh K, Prapphal N, Samransamruajkit R, Deerojanawong J. Multidrug-resistant hospital-associated infections in a pediatric intensive care unit: a cross-sectional survey in a Thai university hospital. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009;13:506-512. 4. Landman D, Bratu S, Kochar S, Panwar M, Trehan M, Doymaz M, et al.
Evolution and antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumonia in Brooklyn, NY. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2007;60:78-82.
5. McGrath EJ, Asmar BI. Nosocomial infection and multidrug-resistant bacterial organisms in pediatric intensive care unit. Indian J Pediatr. 2011;78:176-184.
6. Geffers C, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial Infections and Multidrug-resistant Organisms in Germany. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2011;108(6):87-93.
7. Foglia EE, Fraser VJ, Elward AM. Effect of nosocomial infections due to antibiotic-resistant organisms on length of stay and mortality in the pediatric intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(3):299-306. 8. Cosgrove SE. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient
outcomes : mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42 Suppl 2:S82-89.
42 9. Tsai MH, Chu SM, Hsu JF, Lien R, Huang HR,Chiang MC. Risk Factors and Outcomes for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteremia in the NICU. Pediatrics. 2014;133(2):e322-329.
10. Akcay SS, Inan A, Cevan S, Ozaydin AN, Cobanoglu N, Ozyurek SC, et al. Gram-negative bacilli causing infections in an intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(5):597-604. 11. Cabrera-Cancio MR. Infections and the Compromised Immune Status in the
Chronically Critically Ill Patient: Prevention Strategies. Respiratory Care. 2012;57(6):979-992.
12. Medic D, Gusman V, Mihajlovic-Ukropina M, Jelesic Z, Milosavljevic B. Bloodstream Infections in Children caused by Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumonia. Arch Biol Sci. 2012;64(4):1339-1347.
13. Litzow JM, Gill CJ, Mantaring JBV, Fox MP, MacLeod WB, Mendoza M, et al. High Frequency of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Rods in 2 Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the Philippines Infection control and hospital
epidemiology. 2009;30:543-549.
14. Dzen SM, Santoso S, Roekistiningsih, Santosaningsih D. Perbedaan pola resistensi Staphylococcus koagulase negatif isolat darah terhadap antibiotika di RSU dr. Saiful Anwar Malang tahun 2000-2001 dengan 2004-2005. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya. 2005;21(3):127-132.
15. Agvald-Ohman C, Lund B, Hjelmqvist H, Hedin G, Struwe J, Edlund C. ICU stay promotes enrichment and dissemination of multiresistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006;38:441-447.
16. Arnoni MV, Berezin EN, Martino MDV. Risk Factors for Nosocomial
Bloodstream Infection Caused by Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in Pediatrics. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007;11(2):267-271.
17. Szilagyi E, Fuzi M, Borocz K, Kurcz A, Toth A, Nagy K. Risk Factors and Outcomes for Bloodstream Infections with Extended-Spectrum
B-lactamase-43 producing Klebsiella pneumonia : Findings of the Nosocomial Surveillance System in Hungary. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. 2009;56(3):251–262
18. Kunz AN, Brook I. Emerging Resistant Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacilli in Hospital-Acquired Infections. Chemotherapy. 2010;56:492-500.
19. Dzidic S, Suskovic J, Kos B. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria : biochemical and genetic aspects. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2008;46:11-21. 20. Levy SB. Factors impacting on the problemof antibiotic resistance. Journal of
antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2002;49:25-30.
21. Bockstael K, Van Aerschot A. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Central European Journal of Medicine. 2009;4:141-155.
22. Alekshun MN, Levy SB. Molecular Mechanisms of Antibacterial Multidrug Resistance. Cell. 2007;128:1037-1050.
23. Mah TC, O’Toole GA. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends in Microbiology. 2001;9(1):34-39.
24. Martins A, Hunyadi A, Amaral L. Mechanisms of Resistance in Bacteria: An Evolutionary Approach. The Open Microbiology Journal. 2013;7(Suppl 1-M4):53-58.
25. Goodyear-Bruch C, Pierce JD. Oxidative stress in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care. 2002;11:543-551.
26. Sato EF, Higashino M, Ikeda K, Wake R, Matsuo M, Utsumi K, et al. Oxidative stress-induced cell death of human oral neutrophils. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003;284:C1048–C1053.
27. Katona P, Katona-Apte J. The interaction between nutrition and infection. Critical Infectious Disease. 2008;46:1582-1588.
28. Aiken AM, Mturi N, Njuguna P, Mohammed S, Berkley JA, Mwangi I. Risk and causes of paediatric hospital-acquired bacteraemia in Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya : a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378:2021–2027. 29. Cai X, Sun J, Bao L, Li W. Risk factors and antibiotic resistance of
pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumanniiin pediatric intensive care unit. World J Emerg Med. 2012;3(3):202-207.
44 30. Montefour K, Frieden J, Hurst S, Helmich C, Headley D, Martin M, et al.
Acinetobacter baumannii : An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen in critical care. Critical Care Nurse. 2008;28:15-25.
31. Summaiya M, Urmi J. Assessment of Biofilm Formation by the Causative Organisms of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia at Intensive Care Unit of a Trtiary Care Hospita. National Journalof Medical Research. 2012;2(1):15-18. 32. Ferretti G, Mandalà M, Di Cosimo S, Moro C, Curigliano G, Barni S.
Catheter-related bloodstream infection, part I : pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Cancer Control. 2002;9(6):513-523.
33. O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, Gerberding JL, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter–Related Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002;35:1281–1307.
34. Parameswaran R, Sherchan JB, Varma M, Mukhopadhyay C, Vidyasagar S. Intravascular catheter-related infections in an Indian tertiary care hospital. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011;5(6):452-458.
35. Elward AM, Fraser VJ. Risk Factors for Nosocomial Primary Bloodstream Infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2006;27(6):553-560.
36. Zaoutis TE, Goyal M, Chu JH, Coffin SE, Bell LM, Nachamkin I, et al. Risk Factors for and Outcomes of Bloodstream Infection Caused by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in Children. Pediatrics. 2005;115:942.
37. Dent LL, Matshall DR, Pratap S, Hulette RB. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a descriptive study in a city hospital. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010;10:196.
38. Lee S, Kim NJ, Choi S, Kim TH, Chung J, Woo J et al. Risk factors for acquisition of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii : a case-control study. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004;48(1):224-228.
39. Katragkou A, Kotsiou M, Antachopoulos C, Benos A, Sofianou D, Tamiolaki M, et al. Aquisition of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a
45 pediatric intensive care unit: a case-control study. Intensive Care Med.
2006;32:1384-1391.
40. Jung JY, Park MS, Kim SE, Park BH, Son JY, Kim EY, et al. Risk factors for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in patients with colonization in the intensive care unit. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010;10:228.
41. Wahyudhi A, Triratna S. Pola Kuman dan Uji Kepekaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Unit Perawatan Intensif Anak RSMH Palembang. Sari Pediatri. 2010;12(1):1-5.
42. Radji M, Fauziah S, Aribinuko N. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital, Indonesia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(1):39-42.
43. Goudarzi M, Seyedjavadi SS, Goudarzi H, Boromandi S, Ghazi M, Azad M, et al. Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Paramedical Sciences. 2014;5(2):44-50.
44. Ternes YM, Lamaro-Cardoso J, MCP André, Pessoa VP Jr., da Silva- Vieira MA, Minamisava R, et al. Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcuscarriage in neonates admitted to an intensive care unit in Brazil. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2013;13:572.
45. de Oliveira FEF. Diversity and characterisation of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from healthy individuals in Portugal. Portugis: Instituto Politécnico do Porto; 2013.
46. Leepethacharat K, Oberdorfer P. Acinetobacter baumannii Infection and Colonization among Pediatric Patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents. 2007;24:63-73.
46 1. Falagas ME KP, Bliziotis IA. The diversity of definitions of
multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pandrug-multidrug-resistant (PDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2006;55:1619-1629.
2. Raymond J NP, Doit C, Thien HV, Guibert M, Ferroni A, et al. Multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitalized children: a 5-year multicenter study. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e798-e803.
3. Sritippayawan S S-SK, Prapphal N, Samransamruajkit R, Deerojanawong J. Multidrug-resistant hospital-associated infections in a pediatric intensive care unit: a cross-sectional survey in a Thai university hospital.
International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009;13:506-512.
4. Landman D BS, Kochar S, Panwar M, Trehan M, Doymaz M, Quale J. Evolution and antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumonia in Brooklyn, NY. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2007;60:78-82.
5. McGrath EJ AB. Nosocomial infection and multidrug-resistant bacterial organisms in pediatric intensive care unit. Indian J Pediatr. 2011;78:176-184.
6. Geffers C GP. Nosocomial Infections and Multidrug-resistant Organisms in Germany. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2011;108(6):87-93. 7. Foglia EE FV, Elward AM. Effect of nosocomial infections due to
antibiotic-resistant organisms on length of stay and mortality in the pediatric intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(3):299-306.
8. SE C. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes : mortality, length of hospital stay, and health care costs. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42 Suppl 2:S82-89.
9. Tsai MH CS, Hsu JF, Lien R, Huang HR,Chiang MC. Risk Factors and Outcomes for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteremia in the NICU. Pediatrics. 2014;133(2):e322-329.
10. Akcay SS IA, Cevan S, Ozaydin AN, Cobanoglu N, Ozyurek SC, et al. Gram-negative bacilli causing infections in an intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries.
2014;8(5):597-604.
11. Cabrera-Cancio MR. Infections and the Compromised Immune Status in the Chronically Critically Ill Patient: Prevention Strategies. Respiratory Care. 2012;57(6):979-992.
12. Medic D GV, Mihajlovic-Ukropina M, Jelesic Z, Milosavljevic B. Bloodstream Infections in Children caused by Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumonia. Arch Biol Sci.
2012;64(4):1339-1347.
13. Litzow JM GC, Mantaring JBV, Fox MP, MacLeod WB, Mendoza M, et al. High Frequency of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Rods in 2 Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the Philippines Infection control and hospital epidemiology. 2009;30:543-549.
47 14. Dzen SM SS, Roekistiningsih, Santosaningsih D. Perbedaan pola
resistensi Staphylococcus koagulase negatif isolat darah terhadap antibiotika di RSU dr. Saiful Anwar Malang tahun 2000-2001 dengan 2004-2005. Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya. 2005;21(3):127-132.
15. Agvald-Ohman C LB, Hjelmqvist H, Hedin G, Struwe J, Edlund C. ICU stay promotes enrichment and dissemination of multiresistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2006;38:441-447.
16. Arnoni MV BE, Martino MDV. Risk Factors for Nosocomial Bloodstream Infection Caused by Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in
Pediatrics. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007;11(2):267-271.
17. Szilagyi E FM, Borocz K, Kurcz A, Toth A, Nagy K. Risk Factors and Outcomes for Bloodstream Infections with Extended-Spectrum
B-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumonia : Findings of the Nosocomial Surveillance System in Hungary. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica. 2009;56(3):251–262
18. Kunz AN BI. Emerging Resistant Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacilli in Hospital-Acquired Infections. Chemotherapy. 2010;56:492-500. 19. Dzidic S SJ, Kos B. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria :
biochemical and genetic aspects. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2008;46:11-21.
20. Levy SB. Factors impacting on the problemof antibiotic resistance. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2002;49:25-30.
21. Bockstael K VAA. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Central European Journal of Medicine. 2009;4:141-155.
22. Michael N. Alekshun SBL. Molecular Mechanisms of Antibacterial Multidrug Resistance. Cell. 2007;128:1037-1050.
23. Thien-Fah C. Mah GAOT. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends in Microbiology. 2001;9(1):34-39.
24. Ana Martins AH, Leonard Amaral. Mechanisms of Resistance in Bacteria: An Evolutionary Approach. The Open Microbiology Journal.
2013;7(Suppl 1-M4):53-58.
25. Goodyear-Bruch C PJ. Oxidative stress in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care. 2002;11:543-551.
26. Sato EF HM, Ikeda K, Wake R, Matsuo M, Utsumi K, et al. Oxidative stress-induced cell death of human oral neutrophils. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003;284:C1048–C1053.
27. Katona P K-AJ. The interaction between nutrition and infection. Critical Infectious Disease. 2008;46:1582-1588.
28. Aiken AM MN, Njuguna P, Mohammed S, Berkley JA, Mwangi I. Risk and causes of paediatric hospital-acquired bacteraemia in Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya : a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378:2021– 2027.
48 29. Cai X SJ, Bao L, Li W. Risk factors and antibiotic resistance of
pneumonia caused by multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumanniiin pediatric intensive care unit. World J Emerg Med. 2012;3(3):202-207. 30. Montefour K FJ, Hurst S, Helmich C, Headley D, Martin M, et al.
Acinetobacter baumannii : An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen in critical care. Critical Care Nurse. 2008;28:15-25.
31. Summaiya M UJ. Assessment of Biofilm Formation by the Causative Organisms of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia at Intensive Care Unit of a Trtiary Care Hospita. National Journalof Medical Research.
2012;2(1):15-18.
32. Ferretti G MM, Di Cosimo S, Moro C, Curigliano G, Barni S. Catheter-related bloodstream infection, part I : pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Cancer Control. 2002;9(6):513-523.
33. O’Grady NP AM, Dellinger EP, Gerberding JL, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter–Related Infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2002;35:1281–1307. 34. Parameswaran R SJ, Varma M, Mukhopadhyay C, Vidyasagar S.
Intravascular catheter-related infections in an Indian tertiary care hospital. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011;5(6):452-458.
35. Elward AM FV. Risk Factors for Nosocomial Primary Bloodstream Infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology.
2006;27(6):553-560.
36. Zaoutis TE GM, Chu JH, Coffin SE, Bell LM, Nachamkin I, et al. Risk Factors for and Outcomes of Bloodstream Infection Caused by Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species in Children. Pediatrics. 2005;115:942.
37. Dent LL MD, Pratap S, Hulette RB. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a descriptive study in a city hospital. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010;10:196.
38. Lee S KN, Choi S, Kim TH, Chung J, Woo J et al. Risk factors for acquisition of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii : a case-control study. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004;48(1):224-228.
39. Katragkou A KM, Antachopoulos C, Benos A, Sofianou D, Tamiolaki M, et al. Aquisition of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a pediatric intensive care unit: a case-control study. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:1384-1391.
40. Jung JY PM, Kim SE, Park BH, Son JY, Kim EY, Lim JE, et al. Risk factors for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in patients with colonization in the intensive care unit. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010;10:228.
41. Wahyudhi A TS. Pola Kuman dan Uji Kepekaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Unit Perawatan Intensif Anak RSMH Palembang. Sari Pediatri.
49 42. Radji M FS, Aribinuko N. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial
pathogens in the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital, Indonesia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(1):39-42.
43. Goudarzi M SS, Goudarzi H, Boromandi S, Ghazi M, Azad M, Tayebi Z. Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Paramedical Sciences. 2014;5(2):44-50.
44. Ternes YM L-CJ, MCP André, Pessoa VP Jr., da Silva- Vieira MA, Minamisava R, et al. Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcuscarriage in neonates admitted to an intensive care unit in Brazil. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2013;13:572.
45. Oliveira FEFd. Diversity and characterisation of coagulase negative staphylococci isolated from healthy individuals in Portugal. Portugis: Instituto Politécnico do Porto; 2013.
46. Leepethacharat K OP. Acinetobacter baumannii Infection and
Colonization among Pediatric Patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents. 2007;24:63-73.
