SESI 1
PENGERTIAN
Definisi Manager dan Organisasi
• get things done through other people • make decisions, allocate resources,
direct the activities of others to attain goals.
Managers
• conciously coordinated social unit, • composed of two or more people, • functions on a relatively continuous
basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals
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APA YANG DILAKUKAN MANAJER
• Di dalam s/ organisasi harus ada individu yang
bertanggung jawab untuk menentukan sasaran dan mencapai sasaran tersebut
• Penanggung jawab tersebut biasanya dikenal
dengan istilah MANAJEMEN
• Istilah manajemen mengandung 3 unsur
manajerial: • Fungsional • Peran
FUNGSI MANAJEMEN
• penetapan tujuan, strategi, dan taktik
Merencanakan
• menentukan tugas yg dikerjakan, siapa yg mengerjakan, struktur pelaporan,
kewenangan memutuskan
Mengorganisir
• mengarahkan, mengkoordinasi, memotivasi, & mengelola tim kerja
Memimpin
• memantau, mengevaluasi, merevisi
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PERAN MANAJEMEN
Interpersonal. Sebagai tokoh utama, tugas seremonial & simbolis. Sebagai pemimpin (motivasi, mengarahkan) Sebagai penghubung (interaksi dengan pihak lain) Informasional Monitor informasi internal & eksternal Penyebar informasi (ke lingkungan internal) Juru bicara (eksternal) Pengambil Keputusan Entrepreneur (seeking opportunities & initiate project) Problem handler Resources Allocator NegotiatorPartono - Telkom University 2013 7
KETRAMPILAN MANAJEMEN
TEKNIS • Ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise. • Learned through extensive education & experience. Personal • Ability to understand, communicate with, motivate,• & support other people, both individually and in groups Konseptual • Mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations. • Conceptual skills (identify problems, develop alternative solutions, evaluate those alternative solutions, & select the best one,
organize a plan of action and then execute it.
AKTIVITAS SUKSES vs EFEKTIF
Apakah manajer paling sukses juga merupakan manajer paling efektif?
4 aktivitas manajer menurut Fred Luthans:
• Manajemen tradisional merencanakan, memutuskan, mengevaluasi • Komunikasi dan administrasi
• Manajemen SDM
• Mengembangkan jaringan (sosialisasi)
Distribusi waktu rata2 : 32% – 29% – 20% – 19% Aktivitas apa yang paling penting dalam penilaian keberhasilan seorang manajer?
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOR
a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within
organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness
study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance
Core topics : motivation, leader behavior and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, learning, attitude development and perception,
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PERILAKU ORGANISASI
• Cakupan PO : pekerjaan, kerja, kehadiran,
turnover, produktivitas, kinerja, dan manajemen.
• Studi kasus : amati salah aktivitas seseorang di
lingkungan kampus dan prediksikan apa yang mendorong dia melakukan hal itu
PERILAKU ORGANISASI
Studi sistematis mempelajari hubungan,
mengkaitkan sebab akibat, & menyimpulkan berdasar bukti ilmiah
Intuisi A gut feeling not necessarily supported
by research, common sense
Tujuan PO a/ mengganti/mengubah pandangan
yg sudah tertanam, dengan memberikan fakta berbasis ilmu pengetahuan & penelitian.
ILMU PENDUKUNG PO
Psikologi.
Ilmu yg mengukur, menjelaskan, mengubah perilaku
manusia
Psikologi sosial.
Memadukan konsep psikologi dengan sosiologi yang
fokus pada pengaruh seseorang kepada yang lain
Sosiologi.
Studi mengenai manusia dalam kaitannya dengan
lingkungan sosial budaya
Antropologi.
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HAL MUTLAK DALAM PO
Hanya ada sedikit prinsip universal yang
menjelaskan PO
Tidak ada yang pasti dalam studi PO karena
melibatkan manusia
Mempelajari PO harus mempertimbangkan kondisi situasional & banyak kemungkinan
Manusia adalah makhluk yang kompleks
• Dalam situasi yang sama, 2 orang, bagaimana mereka bersikap?
• 1 orang, situasi yang berbeda, bagaimana mereka bersikap?
Contingency Variable (Z) Independent Variable (X) Dependent Variable (Y) In American Culture Boss Gives “Thumbs Up” Sign Understood as Complimenting In Iranian or Australian Cultures Boss Gives “Thumbs Up” Sign Understood as Insulting - “Up Yours!”
CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES
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Responding to Economic Pressures Responding to Globalization
Managing Workforce Diversity
Improving Quality and Productivity Improving Customer Service
Improving People Skills
Stimulating Innovation and Change Coping with “Temporariness”
Working in Networked Organizations
Helping Employees Balance Work-Life Conflicts Creating a Positive Work Environment
Kondisi Ekonomi
Effective management when economic crisis Dealing with difficult activities such as firing
employees, motivating employees to do more with less and working through the stress employees
feel when they are worrying about their future.
Focuses on issues such as stress, decision
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Globalisasi
More foreign assignment
Work in multi-nations, culture, and race
environment
Keragaman Angkatan Kerja
Perubahan demografi penduduk Indonesia Perkembangan tuntuan keahlian
Keragaman kepentingan dan sasaran individu Y Generations, & future generations
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Peningkatan Layanan Pelanggan
More services
More job need to interact with customer
Organization has to make sure their employee
Peningkatan
Ketrampilan Karyawan
Complex work need new skills and ability
Technology development demand employee to
adjust their skills
Manager should be aware of the requirement and
Partono - Telkom University 2013 23 Inovasi &
Perubahan
Organization needs to adjust their practices with
the surrounding
Creating flexible environment
Continually improve the business practices Think ahead of the competitor
Create new product & services
Company and employee face the challenge to
Meningkatnya Kebutuhan untuk Berkembang
Today strengths can become tomorrow
weaknesses
Need to continous knowledge & skills
improvement
New tools and practices in the business
Today’s managers and employees must learn to
cope with temporariness, flexibility, spontaneity, and unpredictability.
Partono - Telkom University 2013 25 Bekerja dalam &
dengan jaringan
Technology & communication change the way we
do our job
People are more connected More collaborating in work
New communication skills needed to interact in
Work-Life Balance
Increasing demand in work and life
Technology make work and social life difficult to
separate
Almost no boundaries or limit (country, time,
space)
Employee required to be ready all the time (long
hour, after work hour, vacation)
Dual career individual
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Environment
Improving Ethical Behavior
When the expectation is high, employee will do
whatever necessary to save them
Facing the ethical dillema and ethical choices Which practices are wrong or right
It is the issue of the moral principle of each
individual when facing the provocative environment
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REFRESHMENT
• TANGGAPI PERNYATAAN BERIKUT !!!
• Apakah kita harus melaporkan jika menemui adanya penyimpangan dlm organisasi
• Apakah kita harus menjalankan tugas yang tidak kita setujui/sukai
• Apakah kita akan memberikan nilai yg bagus agar karyawan tidak di PHK
• Apakah kita harus berpolitik demi kemajuan karier • Apakah kita layak menerima sesuatu dari mitra kerja
TANTANGAN & PELUANG PO
• Kunci mengelola PO adalah memadukan
keragaman setiap pekerja sehingga dapat secara optimal memberikan kontribusi pada peningkatan kualitas kerja atau hasil akhir.
• Kemampuan yang dibutuhkan untuk ini antara
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MENGEMBANGKAN MODEL PO
Model
Gambaran sederhana dari beberapa fenomena nyata An abstraction of reality. A simplified representation of
some real-world phenomenon
3 tingkat analisis dalam OB
Individu, Kelompok, Organisasi
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MENGEMBANGKAN MODEL PO
• variables like personality, group structure, and organizational culture that lead to
processes. These variables set the stage for what will occur in an organization later
Input
• actions that individuals, groups, and organizations engage in as a result of inputs and that lead to certain outcomes
Proccess
• key variables that you want to explain or predict, and that are affected by some other variables
THE GOALS of OB
Attitude & stress
Task performance - The combination of effectiveness and
efficiency at doing your core job tasks.
Citizenship behavior - Discretionary behavior that
contributes to the psychological and social environment of the workplace
Withdrawal behavior - The set of actions employee take to
separate themselves from the organization
group cohesion The extent to which members of a group
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THE GOALS of OB
Group functioning - The quantity and quality of a work
group’s output
Productivity - The combination of the effectiveness and
efficiency of an organization
Effectiveness - The degree to which an organization
meets the needs of its clientele or customers
Efficiency - The degree to which an organization can
achieve its ends at a low cost.
Organizational survival - The degree to which an
