PT Cibaliung Sumberdaya, Indonesia Sandro Flanaehan SIRAIT, Nuhindro Priagung WIDODO, Mikha SIMANIUNTAK 05 Support Design of Cut and Fill Mine Method at Underground Gold Mine 29 PURWANTO, Hideki SHIMAD Takashi SASAOKA Kikuo MAISUI, Ridho WATTIMENA 06 Disc

INESI

ngs

of

rnrGrnail0nil symrusium

0n

Iarth

$cience

.i

:and

leohnologu

2013

lnamori [oundation

Memorial

Hall

l(yushu

Uniuersity,

Iulruofia,

lasan

0rganized

by

Gooperative International Network

for

Earth Science and Technology

(CINEST)

MAII'SUSHIMA CO.,LIfID.

Processing Institute of Japan (MM|J) Kyushu Branch

.of Goal Mining Technology

t*.:1._;6

@

by

CINEST

,::,."'.

..

: _{1 .t"- - .} ,

ffi-1r

"r*

.

t' ':'r-=@q

...,:::1:e.+:,:::;.'+!

""'=:

Gontents

Paper

No.

Paper Title and

Authors

page

Prenary

Educating

Managers

and

Leaders

for

Sustainable and Socially

Responsible

l

I

Mining in

Africa

Jean-Paul

FRANZIDIS

Prenary

Energy Efficiency

Improvement Opportunities

in

the

Mineral

Industry

3

II

Raj SINGHAL,

_{Kostas FYTAS}

01

Information and

System Management

in

the

Framework

of

the

Project:

8

Innovation

of

Bc

and

Ms

Study

Programmes

at the

Faculty

of

Mining

and

Geology, VSB-Technical

University of

Ostrava

(INO

HGF)

Oldrich KODYM

02

Development

of

New

Type Expansion

Rock

Bolt

t4

Yun-Young _{Jeong, Sang-Ho Cho, Sang-Sun |eong}

03

Visualization

of

Methane Flow

in

Area

with

Two Degassing

Boreholes

18

Pavel

STASA,

Oldrich

KODYI4 Miroslav

STOLBA

04

Study

on

Estimation of Re-entry Time

after

Blasting in Underground

Mining

24

PT

Cibaliung Sumberdaya, Indonesia

Sandro Flanaehan SIRAIT,

Nuhindro

Priagung

WIDODO, Mikha SIMANIUNTAK

05

Support

Design

of

Cut

and

Fill Mine Method

at

Underground Gold

Mine

29

PURWANTO,

Hideki

SHIMAD&

Takashi SASAOKA

Kikuo

MAISUI,

Ridho

WATTIMENA

06

Discontinuity

Spacing

Correction

Factor

on

Predicting

Penetration

Rate

of

37

Rotary-Percussive

Drill:

The Laboratory

Scale

Model

Ganda

M.

SIMANGUNSONG, Prathama I. FEBRIANTO, Suseno

KRAMADIBRATA

07

Bearing Capacity

Correlation

by

Using

Dynamic

Cone Peneterometer

Test

43

and

California

Bearing

Ratio

Test

for

Mining

Equipment

Recommendation

Barlian

DWINAGARA, Oktarian

Wisnu

LUSANTONO

0B

Geotechnical

Study

for

Optimizing

the Outpit

Dump

at

PT

Bhumi

Rantau

48

Energi Open

Pit

Coal

Mine

Budi

Sulistianto,

Kristijuliantika

Agustian,

Tri

Karian

Ginting _{Jalu Kusuma, Cecep H. Setiadi}

09

Assigning Economic

Values

on

Mining

blocks

and

Cut-off

Grade

54

Determination

by Break-Even

Analysis:

A Case

Study

of

the

Marampa

Iron

Ore

Deposit.

Abu-Bakarr ]allotr,

Kyuro

Sasaki

10

Recycling

of

Trash Mixture Tsunami Sludge

by

using Screening

and

59

Improvement

Hiroshi

TAKAHASHf

Shinya

IZUML

Satoshi

SHIBAT,!

Masato

MORI

11

Removal

of

Cesium, Cobalt,

Strontium,

or

Some

Other

Metals

Detected

64

Around

Fukushima

from

the

Aqueous

Solution

Using Microbial

Cells

Takehiko TSURUTA" Kazluya

SAWAMUKA|

Ryohtaroh

NAKAMURA

Shun OGASAWARA, Rie

NATSUBORI

Daishi

UMENAI

-1-Paper

No.

_{paper Titte and Authors}

12

A

Preliminary

study

on

the

Simulation

of the

Effects

of

parameters

on

Hydraulic Fracturing

of

a

Horizontal Well

in a Shale-Oil

Reservoir

sujaree

woRAporpISAN,

Chatsuda KULTAVEEWUTI,

supol ]IARASUPHAT

Svein Tore OPDAL, Kreangkrai

MANEEINTR

13

codeposition of

Silica

with

suspended

particles

in

porous

Media

Loren TUSARA,

Ryuichi

ITo!

Yoshitaka

KAWAHARA,

Daisuke

FUKUDA, osamu

KAT9

14

EoR Development Screening

of

A

Heterogeneous Heavy_oir

Field

in

Southern of

Oman Using

Stejm

Flooding

71

83

Page

70

112

IbrahimAl

HADABI, Kyuro

_SASAKI,

yuichi

_SUGAI

15

Natural

state

Numerical

Model

of

Lahendong

Geothermal

Reservoir,

North

87

Sulawesi, Indonesia

AIiASHAT

Nurita

putri

HARDIANI, Ahmad

yANf

Ryuichi ITOI

16

Numerical

Simulation

of

Groundwater Flow

and Heat rransportation

in

93

Krang

Volcanic

Area,

Indonesia

Aiko

HARADA'

Ryuichi

ITOf

_Boy yoseph _{CSS Syah}

ALAM

17

Recharge

source

and

Groundwater

Flow

system in

Mt.

Karang

west

Java,

Indonesia

Based

on

the

Stable Isotopes

Boy Yoseph

css

syAH ALAI\{, Ryuichi

IToI,

sachihiro

TAGUCHI

18

Granitic

Magmatism

and

Related

ore

Deposit

in sulawesi,

Indonesia

Adi MAULANA,

Kotaro YONEZU,

Koichiro WATANABE

Akira IMAI

19

Sr-Nd-Hf

Isotope

Geochemistry

of

Early

Yanshanian

Granitoids in

Central

Nanling Region,

south

china:

Impricafions

foi

wigmatic

Evorution

and

Tectonic

Environment

I

Huan LI,

Koichiro

_{WATANABE, Kotaro}

YONEZU

20

characterizations

of

LREE

or

Nd

Doped Aruminosirica Gers

by

Sor_Ger

Method

for

preparing

a

caribration

cuive with nigh

;..rru.v

JUNYA

KANEMITSU,

KOIATO YONEZU, KOiChirO

WAriruANg,

_TAKUShi

YOKOYAMA

21

RFID Technorogy

in Industriar

Environments

with

Risk

of

Exprosion

pavel STAS,{

}iri

SVUB,

ZbynekKOCUR,Iakub

UNUCKA

22

Utirization

of

RFID Technorogy in

Transportation

systems

of

opencast

Mine

Filip

BENEg pavel _{STASA, Jiri SVLIB,}

Vladimir

KEtsO

23

Reliability

of

Reading.in

Management

system

Based

on

AIDC

Technorogy

for

Special

Goods

and

process-es.

- '

---'

]uraj

VACLTLI6 peter KOLAROSZKL

Iifi

_TENGLER

Identification

of

Metal Objects

and

RF

Transparent

Up

with

Liquids

Jiri SVUB,

Vladimir

KEBO, _Jakub

UNUCKA,

Lukas

VOITECH

25

The

Use

of

RFID

Technology

in

Underground

coal

Mines

Environment

t43

Vlaclimir

HoN,

Milan

ODRIHOCK!

Miian

KRPEC, purr"l

etNoa,

Vlatlimir

KEBo

108

24

Radio

Frequency

Containers

Filled

120 123 129

IJ '

139

-u-Paper

No.

_{paper Tifle and}

Authors

_page

26

The

Use

of

Physical Model

to

Predict Surface Subsidence

of

prototype

by

147

using

Dimensional Analysis

Tri KARIAN,

Suseno

KRAMADIBRATA,

Budi

SULISTIANTO

27

Stability

Control

of

Roadway

in

Protected Seam

of

Deep

High-gas

₁₅₄

Multi-seams

through

Ascending Mining

in

China

Deyu

QIAN,

Takashi SASAOKA,

Hideki

SHIMADAV

Kikuo

MAISUf

Cheng WANG

28

Mechanism

of

Localized Stress Concentration

in

Interlayer

Rock Mass

and

161

Its Impact

on

Deep

Multi-seam

Mining

Mingwei ZHANG,

Takashi SASAOKA'

Hideki SHIMADA" Kikuo

_MATSUI

29

Geotechnical Issues

of Narynsukhait

open

pit

coal

Mine

169

TsedendorjAMARSAIKHAN,

_Ryo

yAMAMoro,

Akihiro HAMANAKA,

_Deyu

eIAN

Iakashi

SASAOKA,

Hideki

SHIMAD&

Kikuo

MATSUI

30

Post

Closure

Water Quality Simulation

of

Mangkalapi

pit in

Batulicin

Coal

₁₇₄

Mine,

South Kalimantan,

Indonesia.

Sendy

DWIKI,

Rudy Sayoga

GAUIAMA,

Fatimah KOTEN

Hideki SHIMADA,

Ginring _Jatu

KUSUMA

31

Preliminary Assessment of Groundwater Contamination

Hazard in Open

pit

₁₈₀

Coal Mine, Barito

Timur, Central

Kalimantan, Indonesia

Shofa

Rijalul HAQ,

Doni prakasa Eka pUTRA, Barlian

DWINAGARA

32

Study of

Silicate Coating

on

Pyrite Oxidation Suppression:

Fundamental

I89

Mechanism

and

Kinetic Analysis

Hajime

MIKI,Tsuyoshi

HIRAIIMA, Mutia Dewi

yuNIArI,

Keiko

sASAKI

33

Electrochemical

Study

of

Silicate

Coating

on Sulphide

Minerals

Oxidation

1g3

Suppression

Mutia Dewi YUNIATI,

Tsuyoshi

HIRAIIMA,

Hajime

MIKI,

Keiko SASAKI

34

Atrnospheric

Leaching

Behavior

of

East

Java

Chalcopyrite Ore

in

Sulfuric

1g7

Acid

Solution and

Hydrogen peroxide as Oxidizing Agent

M.Z. MUBAROK

A.

DILOVA

35

Leaching

Behavior

of

Nickel

from

Indonesian Nickel Laterite Ores

by

2oz

Atmospheric

Acid Leaching Using Citric

Acid

Widi

ASTUTI, Tsuyoshi

HIRAIIMA,

Keiko

SASAK!

Naoko OKIBE

36

Purification

of

MgCl2

Solution Generated

By

Leaching

of

Ferronickel

2a6

Smelting

Slag

for

preparation

of

MgO

powder

A. YUDIARTO, M.Z.

MUBAROK

37

Delineating Biodiversity Conservation Corridors

Using

Analytic

Hierarchy

₂₁₁

Process (AHP)

and GIS:

A Case

Study

in Thua

Thien

Hue

province, Central

Vietnam

Nguyen Tien

HOANG,

pham Van

HtIyNH,

Katsuaki KOIKE

38

Construction

of

a

GIS Comprehensive

Base

System

for the

Development,

217

Circulation and Utilization of

Geospatial

Information

PoPPy

INDRAYANI,

Yasuhiro

MITANI, Ibrahim DJAMALLIDDIN

_and

Hiro IKEMI

-111-0n [erut Scic[co and Isch[oloCy Zltto

Preliminary

Assessment of

Groundwater

Contamination

Hazard

in

Open

Pit

coal

Mine,

Barito

Timur, central

Kalimantan,

rndonesia

shofa Rijalur

HAe',

Doni prakasa Eka

purRA2,

_{Barlian DWINAGARA3}

I

Postglaluate

program

of Georogicar Engineeiing of

uGM,

yogtakarta

2 _{Department of Geological}

Enginiering

UbU, fog,,o*oio

3

Department of Mining Engineering of

UpN

,,veteran,,, yog,,akarta

coal

mining industry is an important sector

n tn!!rsJ"Xt2!ono.,"

_{of Indonesia. Many mining companies are} widespread

in

Indonesia, especially

in

Kalimantan

iland. It

is

,"cognired

_{that environmental'impacts of open}

pit

mines are not only natural _{landscape changing, but also human hf,alth hazards. The}

mos;t _{sign'ificant of them}

is

the

probability of

_{groundwater contaminaiion. According}

to

_{erwironmental regulations}

in

_Indonesia, each

mining

campony

is

obliged

to

have

Environmental

Impact

Assessment

(EIAI

document, beJbre starting

production'

The

purpose

of

this study

is

to

assess _{groundwater contamination}

hazard

_caused

by

_mining

activities,

as a

part of

EIA.

Groundwater contamination

hazard

is

evaluated

by

combinrng

the

intrinsic

groundwater

vulnerability and the

_contaminants

loading

in

the

_mine

area.

DRAST1c

methoi is

applied to

obtain

the

gtoundwater vulnerability, while contaminait

_loading

potential

is

evaluated based

on

stepwise

procedure _{hazard of contaminants,}

application.

The resubs

of

this study are groundwatei

iontamination

hazard maps. Based

on

the

it

can be concluded th'at the ilighest

ground.rte,

hazard area

will

be occurred at the

North of

study

area'

Therefore,

the

mitigation

for thi

dociment

of EIA

will

be

concerned

there.

Further

research may need to complete this preliminary study.

Keywords: EIA, Loading Coniqminant, _{Groundwater Vulnerability, open}

pit

_{Coal Mine, DRASTIC.}

INTRODUCTION

Coal mining

industry

is

important sector

to

Indonesia.

It

is a

substantial

provider

of

export

eamings, economic

activity

and employment, and

supports

regional

development.

Many

mining

companies are widespread

in

Indonesia. One area

in

Indonesian where there are many

coal

mining

activities is Kalimantan _{Island. Study area is one}

of

the

coal mining

concessions

located

in

Barito

Timur,

Central Kalimantan (see

Figure

l)-

The

company

has

a

concession

covering

an

area

of

]000

Ha

The coal target

of

its

companl,

is

about 500,000 ton per month

with

open

pit

system. Open

pit

coal

mining is

recognized

as an activity

_ihar

causes

the

environmental degradation.

The

environmental impacts

of

open

pit

mines are not

only the changing

ofthe

natural landscape but also

human

headth hazards.

The most

significant

of

them is the groundwater contamination.

Based on environmental

law in

_{Indonesia number}

32, 2009 about protection and management

of

the

environment

and

also

several

invironmental

regulations

of

_{Indonesia, each}

mining

_{company in}

Indonesia

is

obliged

to

have

the

EiA

document.

The

EIA

document must be assessed by committee

first,

before

the

company

is

allowed

to

start the

coal

production.

The

purpose

of

this

study

is

_to

assess _{groundwater contamination hazard,, caused}

by mining activity, as a part

of

EIA.

LOCATION MAP

",$'

"-s\,

vu

ffi

, Oi*rrd Eoundn.y

Arei Study

Figure

l.

Location of Area Study

-iBO-According

to

Putra (2007),

the

groundwater

contamination hazard

is

defined

as

the

probability

that

groundwater

in

the

aquifer

will

_experience negative impacts

flom

a given anthropogenic activity

to

such

level that

its

groundwater

would

_become

unacceptable

for

human

_consumption.

The

_most

logical

approach

to

assess

the

groundwater

contamination hazard based

on

Foster

&

Hirata

(1988), Foster et al, (2002), Morris et al. (2003) is to

regard

it

as

interaction

between

the

contaminant

loading

(that is,

will

be,

or,

might be,

applied on subsurface environment as a result of human activity)

and intrinsic groundwater vulnerability at the Iocation

concerned (See Figure 2).

probably

the

most

widely

applied,

scheme

of

lulnerability

assessment was developed

in

USA

and

is known as the DRASTIC methodology

(Aller

et al.,

1987).

It

uses seven parameters

in

its

calculation

of

"Vulnerability

Index,,

with

each

parameter being assigned a specific weight and rating values as shown

in Table

l.

The

following

_{seven parameters are depth}

to

groundwater,

net

recharge,

aquifer media,

soil

media, topography,

impact

of

vadose zone.

and

hydraulic

conductivity. Vulnerability

_to

contamination

is a

dimensionless

index function

of

hydrogeological factor, anthropogenic infl uences and

source

of

contamination

in

any given area (pllnnale

and Angle, 2002): The r,ulnerability index consists

of

seven parameters with difference weighting factors.

It

is calculated based on Equation

I

below.

7

V

=

L{Wix

RiJ

trl

Where

tr/

is

the index

value,

W'i

is

the

weighting

coefficient

for

parameter

i

with

an associated

iating

value

of

R,. The

DRASTIC

parameters are weighted

from

1

to

5 according to

their

relative _{importance in}

contributing

to

the

contamination potential.

The

original DRASTIC

method published

by

Aller

et al.

(1987) does

not

provide vulnerability

classification

ranges.

It

allows the user to interpret the vulnerability

index using

their own field

knowledge

and

hydrogeological experience

(private

communication

with

Putra, 2013)

Therefore,

in

this

study,

the

vulnerability index

is

using the classification system

from

Civita

and

De

Regibus 1995,

Corniello et

al. 1997.

This

classification system defines

five

classes

of vulnerability of DRASTIC:

.

Very high vulnerability (rulnerability

_index

>199),

.

_{High vulnerability (160-199),}

.

_{Moderate vulnerability (120-159),}

.

_{Low vulnerability (80-1}

l9),

_and

.

_{Very low vulnerability (<79).}

Contaminant Loading

Potential

Foster (1987) and Foster and Hirata (1988) developed

a rating method

for

a common evaluation

of

various

anthropogenic

contamination

sources.

The

rating

system

is

based

on the

evaluation

of

four

key

characteristics

of

the

groundwater

contamination

sources (Johansson and HiratE 2002):

1.

Class

of

contaminants;

t)?e

of

contaminants,

mobility

and

persistence properties

of

a

contaminant

in

respect

of its

potential

to contaminate groundwater.

2.

Intensity

of

contaminants: concentrations and

extend

of

contaminant,

which load

to

the subsurface.

3.

Mode

of

disposition; refer to the vertical location

of

contaminant sources

and

the

associated

hydraulic loading.

Figure 2. Groundwater

contamination hazard

as

interaction between groundwater

vulnerability

and

contaminant

load

(Morris

et al., 2003)

The

relationship between contaminant

loading

potential

(caused

by

mining activities),

_intrinsic

groundwater

vulnerability

and

probability

of

groundwater contamination

in

the

area study

is

needed

to

assess

the

environmental

impact

to groundwater as a part of document.

METHODOLOGY OF ASSESMENT

Intrinsic

Groundwater

Vulnerability

According

to

Foster

et al.

(2002),

the

term

"vulnerability"

began

to

be

used intuitively

in

hydrogeology from the 1970s

in

France

(Albinei

and

Margat, 1970) and more

widely

in rhe I 980s (Haertle,

1983;Aller

and other, 1978; Foster and Hirata, lggg).

The concept is based on the assumption that the

soil-rock-groundwater system

may provide

a

degree

of

protection against contamination

of

groundwater by

"self

purihcation" or "natural

attenuation,, (Romijn,

2AA4.

The

overall

aim

of

the

vulnerability

assessment process is to provide relevant information

for

land-use

planning

decisions, so

that

potentially

polluting _{developments can be located and controlled}

in

an

environmentally

acceptable

way (Daly

and

Warren, 1998).

Groundwater

vulnerability

is

usually

estimated in

difference methods.

In

most case, these methods are

analytical

tools

that

try to

relate

groundwater

contamination

to

land

use

activities

(Javadi,

20ll).

Depend

on

Foster

(1998),

the

best known,

and

il

tffi

l';r-nrgnl

-Table

l.

DRASTIC

W

and

Rati

tem i: t j !' !

4.

Duration

of

application; probability

that

contaminant

will

be

_{discharged and period or}

intervals for which contaminant load

ij

applied.

In.the

view

of

complexity

of

factors

aiGcting

pollutant migration

and uniqueness of. each

field

situation,

it

would be logical

to

treat each activity

or

source

of

individual

merit and

undertake

independent

field

investigations

to

assess

contaminant

loading potential (Foster

&.

_Hirata,

1988). However, such investigation

will

be

of

a

high cost and therefore simpler but consistent low

cost procedures are needed.

A

further complicating

factor

is

that

contaminant

loading

potrniiul

*ill

itself

change

with time,

as

humanlitivities

at the

ground

surface change

(putra, 2007). There

_are

glty

few

comprehensive

methods

_specifically

directed

to

quantiry

the

contaminant

_loading

potential. Modified

_{method version according to}

l:huT.ron

&

Hirata (2002) is applied in this st"udy

(See Figure 3).

A

relative

ratingof

the contaminant

loading potential

of

a

source

is

differentiated in

five-

classes:

high,

moderate

high,

moderate, moderate low, and low. The

final

rating is obtained

by applying stepwise procedure

ofthree

evaluation

steps,

the

stepwise procedure promotes

better

understanding

of

the

evaluation

process

_and

evaluates

the

result

of

the

combination of

parameter at time . (Johansson andHirata,2002).

The

first

step

is

determination

of

_contaminant

transport characteristic.

At

the first

_{diagram, the}

contaminant

class

is

evaluated based

on

the

mobility

and persistence of _{each contaminant in the}

subsurface.

At

the

second diagram,

the

mode

of

disposition

of

the

contaminant

is

_evaluated

according to relation between depth of contaminant

discharge

to

the

groundwater surface

and

_the

hydraulic load

of

source. Contaminant transport is

a matrix combination

of

the _{contaminant class and}

the mode of disposition.

The second step is determination

of

contamination source strength.

The relative

_contaminant

load

_is

evaluated based on the proportion

oflocal

_recharge

affected and the contaminant concentration, which

relative

to

WHO

guidelines

value.

On

the

_other

hand, the duration

of

contaminant load diagram is evaluated

by

the

probability

and the duration

of

a

contaminant load. _{Each contaminant concentration}

load is

predicted

by

analogical _data

fiom

_effluent

groundwater _{in existing coal mine area.}

The last

step

is a

matrix

evaluation

of

the

contaminant

transport obtained

first

step

_and

contamination

source

strength obtained

in

_the second step. The

final

result

of

these steps

is

the

final

classification

of

the

potential

_groundwaler contamination load of _{the contamination source.}

Groundwater Contamination

Hazard

After the

groundwater

wlnerability

and

_the

contaminant loading _{potential in mining concession}

plan

are assesSed, _{then continued}

byletermining

the groundwater contamination hazaid. According

to

Putra (2007),

the

combination

_between

groundwater vulnerability (natural factor of hazard)

and contaminant loading

potential

(anthropogenic

factor

of

hazard)

are

proved scientifically

_as

significant parameters- _{on estimating the probaLility}

of

contamination hazard. Therefore,

_matrix

evaluation

(private

communication

with

putra,

2013)

for

groundwater contamination

hazard, assessment

is

applied

in

this

study.

Conceptual stages

to

assess _{groundwater contamination hazard,}

in this study are presented in Figure 4.

-182-Depth to Water

(Meter)

Re c ha rge

(Milimeter)

Topog rap lry

(slope % )

Corductivity Aquifer Media _{lmpact ofvadose Soil Media}

Zo ne

1.s) 10

1.

'4.6) 9

Rating Range Rating _{Range RatirE Range Ratir€ *"n,}

Cmfinir€

{0-50.8) 1 (o-2) 10 {0.044.1) 1 Masive Shale 2 Layer 1 Thin d Absent 10

(50.&101.6) 3 (2-6) g _{l4.t-12.3| 2 Metamorphjc 3}

Siltrclay 3 cravel 10 W ea tfu red

Metamorph ic/l

(101.6-177.8) 6 (5,12) 5 112.+28.71 4 Sneous 4 Shate 3 Sand g 1L77.8-254]1 8 i12-18) 3 (28.7-41) 6 GtaciatTlil 5 Limestore 3 peat ₈

Bedded

Sandstore,Lim

{>254) 9 (>18) 1 i41€2) 8 estore 6 sand$ore 6 shrinking ciay 7 8ed ded

Ma$ive Limestore,Sa

(>82 ₎ 10 $nd*ore ₆ ndsttre 6 sandy Loa m 6

Ma$ive Sand and

Limestore g Gravel 6 L@m 5

Sand and W. Silt, Sand

Gravel 8 and _{Gravel 8 Sitty Loah 4}

Basalt 9 Basalt 9 Clay Loam 3 Ka rst Kars,

Limestore 10 Limestore 10 Muck 1

NoShrinking Clay 1 DRAST lC Weig ht:4 DRAST lC Weig ht:1 DRAST tC Weig ht:3 DR AST tc WeiB fr:3 DR ASI rC weig ht:5 ?p.4sr ta :..r.tE l-i- 2

.G9.1) 7

.1-1s.2) s -22.8J 3

22.8-30.4) 2

=

l:

=t_{i- l!} E IF_!,

t--,L

I;

H 1l

IJ

M

M

-i

M M L

M H MH L ML

u

L

M M MH H H M M MH H H

L ML M MH H

L L ML M M

L L l\,tL M M M

ML

t-l u

I

u

lrrar-l

r.a

|

rur

I

i:rtffe*ryrm

M MH H ,{

Maerare'----S*$95*'*"6t'

Figure

3'

Stepwise proc€ss of

obtaining

the

final rating

_{of contaminant loading}

potential

_{(Johansson and}

Hirata,2002, modified

by

putra,

20071

Oes<.iption :

N ₌ N.tlitlbl.

ML ₌ Moderate Low

M - Mod.6tc

MH . ModcEte Hith

H - Hlth

(modified

from

Putra,

2007)

Figure 4.

conceptuar

stages to assess

groundwater

_{contamination hazard}

RESULT

AND DISCUSSION

Intrinsic Groundwater Vulnerability

of

Coal

Mine

Area in Barito

Timur

The attribute layers

for

DRASTIC

parameters are

assembled

within

a

Geographic

Information

System

(GIS) format.

Depths

to

groundwater are

about 9.4 to 33.3 meter, measured from exploration

and

geotechnical boreholes.

Using

the measurements at these points, the

two

dimensional

variation

of

depths to _{groundwater are constructed.}

Recharge

is

calculated

flom rainfall in

coal mine

area.

Rainfall

in

study

area

is

included

in

high

category.

It

is

approximately

3000 mm.

High

rainfall

may influence significantly

to

groundwater

contamination.

High rainfall

makes

_contaminant

able

to

reach

the

groundwater

easily.

_{Based on}

drilling

logs

for

each borehole,

soil

tlpes

in

area

study

are

categorized

by

sandy loarn and

peat,

while _{aquifer media and vadose zone are classified}

by

massive

sandstone

and clay.

Hydraulic

conductivity distribution

in

area

study

is

0.0gg_ 1.334 m/day.

It

is

developed using

slug test

and

-183-MH H

ML

L ML

Contaminant Loading Potential

L r rt. \IL

rot lt

L

L

L t[ Nt \l]I t!

Groundwater Contamination

GIII$I18.3I tTilIPEDGil

pumping test at geotechnical boreholes. Using the

topographic

map

of

the

study

area prepared by

USGS, a

digital

elevation model

(DEM)

is created.

According to slope map obtained from DEM model,

the slopes values are varied between 8-15 %.

After

determining

all

the

necessary maps, each

map

is

classified

and

rated,

then

multiplied

by

its

weighting factor to calculate DRASTIC index.

The index result was

divided into

5

equal groups

(Aller et

al.,

1987). Large numbers indicate high

rulnerability

potential and small numbers indicate

low

vulnerability, based

on

the

classification

system

fiom

Civita and

De

Regibus

1995,

Corniello et al. 1997 (see Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Intrinsic

Vulnerability

Level

Loading

Contamination

Hazard

of

Coal

Mine

Area in Barito

Timur

Natural

groundwater

quality

in

Barito Timur

is

malyzed,

to

know

the

probability

of

existing

loading contaminant

in

study area (Table 2). Based on guideline value for drinking water (WHO, 2004), natural groundwater

in

Barito

Timur

is acceptable.

None

of

water component concentration

is

higher

than the guideline value.

Mining

operation does not

only

need the heavy equipment,

but

also

a

lot

of

employee as operators, officers, mechanics, helpers,

chefs,

and

others

The effect

of

this

condition

is

commonly

adverse

on the

quality

of

recharge source. The most important recharge source would

be the

infiltration

of

waste water

fiom

large

numbers

of

septic

tanks, latrines, and

soakways

(Lerner, 2002).

ln

addition, amount

of

nitrates are

also

generated

by

blasting

activity which

using

TNT

(trinitrotoluene).

The most commonly problem associated

with

coal

mining is acid mine drainage. The acid forms when

precipitation brings water

in

contact

with

pyrite

(FeS2) (Zaporozec,2002). _{The acid mine drainage}

does not have a

typical

composition, but generally

it

contains relatively high concentrations

of

sulfate,

iron,

and other

metal;

low pH;

high acidity

(U.S.

EPA,

1977

in

Zaporozec,

2002).

poly-Aromatic

Hydrocarbons

(PAHs)

are formed as

a

complex

mixture

of

compounds

during

incomplete

combustion

of

organic matter

(fuel, tar,

oil

and

grease)

in

workshop area. These contaminants tend

to

be

absorbed

to

the organic

matter

in

the

soil,

instead

of

being dissolved

in

the

infilhating

water

and through

this

be transported downwards

to

the

groundwater.

Effluent

groundwater

of

coal

mines

in

developed country (Table 3) and developing country (Table 4)

are presented to be used to analogy the probability

of

contaminant loading

in

study area.

In

addition,

the result assessments

of

the

loading contaminant

in

coal mine

area

are

summarized

in

Table

5.

According _{to Table 3, sulfate,} nitrate and pAHs

(oil

and grease) concentrations

in

effluent groundwater

of

coal mine

in

developed

country

are about 33*

14,565.2

me/|,

<0.2-125.3

me/l and

<0.5,

respectively.

While,

the

concentrations

in developing country are smaller, they are about

220-8477

m/l

of

nitrate, 0.9-58

mg/l

of

nitrate

and

0.05-4.78

of

PAHs. However, the concentration

of

contaminant,

which

used

to

assess

loading contamination hazard

in this

study, are analogized

by

the

highest

value

of

effiuent

groundwater

quality of coal mines

in

Indonesia

The

contaminant

transport

in

first

step

and

contamination source strength

in

the

second step,

are evaluated

by

matrix

evaluation

to

obtain

the

final

classification.

The

final

classification

of

stepwise process step

is

the potential groundwater

contamination

load

of

the

contamination source.

Sulfate loading

contaminant,

pAHs

loading

contaminant and

Nitrate loading

contaminant are

presented

in

Figure

6,

Figure

7

and Figure

g,

respectively.

Table 2.

Natural

Groundwater

euality

of

Coal

Mine Area in Barito

Timur

]TDS Total Dissolve Solid

rCOD _Chemical

Oxigen Demancl

rBOD Biological Oxigcn Demand

-184--lomponent LJn it

Guide

lrnc Val ucl

Sample Number

H-l H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5

:I I 6 5-8 7.2 7.3 1.04 689 7.01 rDST mgl l 000 t1+ 201 r08 68 51 3ODT m9l 0.2

0l

0.7 0.2 0.2

loDl

mg/'l 5.1 3.9 4.4 45 5.2 ron msll 0.3 ) 0I 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.07 t4anganese mgil 0.1 ) 01 0 01 0.02 008 0.01

lhloride ms/l 250 83 t2.4 6.23 10.3 623

'litratc mg/l 50 nla nla nla n/a nla

iulphate mgr'l 250 3.5 3.4 2.9 3.4

l.t

Magnesium mg/l 0.2 0.1

0I

012 2.4 Calcium mC/l 103 10. I 6.04 16 1 604

Groundwater Contamination Hazard

of

Coal

Mine Area in Barito

Timur

The results

of

the lulnerability

index and

each

contaminant

loading

are

combined

in a

matrix

evaluation

to

obtain

three

maps.

They

are

groundwater

sulfate hazard

map

(Figure

9),

groundwater poly-aromatic hydrocarbon

hazard

map

(Figure

l0),

and groundwater nitrate hazard

map (Figure I 1).

Based

on the

degree

of

hazard

contamination,

sulfate contamination hazard map

is

divided

into

five

classes

(low,

moderate

low,

moderate,

Table 3.

Source

Pollution (Banks et aI,2003), 3underground water Impact Report (oakley creek coal pty Ltd,z}lz)

Table 4.

A

Effl

uent

Ground

Groundwater

Qualill of

Coal Mines

in

Developing

Count

Constituent Unit

lndonesia Indias Bolivias

Beraur Kutai Kartanegara2

Kutai

Kartanegarar

Kutai

Barat4

Jharia

Coalfield

Ranigan

Coalfield

San Jose pH 3.12 6.5 2.1 _{6.23 7.3} 1A _I.47

Alkalinity meq/l 188.7 448 0

Oil and

qrease _{mE/l 0.t] 0.05 4.78}

TDS me/1 167 I 3 1220 54 200 r 1622

Iron mP/l 13.19 3.65 2.4 0. l3 24 28 2460

Manganese mg/l ,1.05 _0.67 4.4 <0.02 _27.1

Zinc mP/l 0.61 79.4

Chloride

mill

695 85.51 32670

Nitrate

mill

4.5 8 1.26 0,9 58 4.6

Sulphate mgl 220 34 94 349 84.49 789 8477

Magnesium

mill

46.82 43.38 r80

Calcium mC/l 43 12 _{59 08 216} I 780

Natrium ms/l 10.05 ₁₇₂₅₆

Aluminium ms/l _5s9

& Noviardy, 2010, and Development Ministq of Home Affair Republic of I

Source Data

:

tMarganingrum

&

ndonesia,20l0 ,

rEnvironmental Management and Monitoring Report of PT. Tunas Sinar Abadi, 2012, aEnvironmentd Management and Monitoring

Reportof PT. Singlurus PratamaCoal,20125lmpactofCoal Miningin MineWaterQuality(Singh, 1988),6prediction of Watereuality

moderate

high and high)

poly-aromatic

hydrocarbons

(PAHs)

contamination

hazard

is

divided

into five

classes (negligible, low, moderate

low,

moderate, moderate

high),

then

nitrate

contamination hazard

is

divided

into

seven classes

(negligible, low, moderate low, moderate, moderate

high, high, extreme).

Almost

all

concession

of

coal mine has probability

of

sulfate contamination, as a result

of

acid mine

drainage.

However,

the

nitrate

contamination

hazard

has

the

higher

degree

of

hazard contamination.

rng

A

Effluent Groundwater

of Coal Mines

in

Industrial

Coun

Constituent I lnit

Pennsyl ania' Norrvay2 UK2 Wales2 Australia3

\mstrong Clarion Kongens

Gruvc I-okkcn

Magpie

Sough Dunston Ynsarwed Morlais Queensland

pH _{2 2.2 2.7 2.Il 7.2 6.3}

6.9 669 Alkalinitv meq/l 0 0 0 0 4.28 374 2.76 6.01 2100

Oil and

grease ms/l _<0.5

TDS msJl _l5

I ron mP/l 2200 3200 134 4720 <0.00 _{05 10.6 180 26.6}

0.94 Manganese mill 3.3 260 n/a nla <0.c002 1.26 6.1 0.93 0.28

Zinc me/l 363 81 .4 0 074 <0.007 0.061 <0.002 0.015

Chloride ms/l nla _l9 26 32 25 6600

Nitrate me/l _{<0. I}

Sulphate m9l r 4565 14000 901 t7036 JJ 210 I 554 455 2100

Magnesium mdl ₅₉₀

Calcium mgl 47.8 330 98 645 222 64.5 270

Natrium

m/l

n/a nla 8 51.4 109 155

Aluminium mill 33.1 s80 0 00s <0.045 <0.5 <0.01 0.004

Data

:

' Prediction of Water _{Quality at} Surface Coal Mines 2000)'ZGeochemical Processes M

at Surface Coal Mines (Kleinmann,2000)

ble

T

able 5. Assessment _{of loading contamination hazard of coal mine area}

in Barito

Ti

No. Type of Contaminant _{Nitrate PAHs}

Sulphate

I Class of Contaminant

Contaminant

Nlohilitv Ver,v liigh Low High

Attenuation of

Contaminant Very Lorv Moderate Lorv ) Intensity of

Contaminant

Concentration of

Contaminant Lorv (.1.58 nrgll) Lorv (0.17 rrgrl) Low (3,19 mg/l)

Proportion of

recharge DilTuse (>l[)%) NlLrltipoint (1 - l0 9./o) Dilf usc (> 1 0%)

3 Mode of

Dispotion

Hydraulic Load Moderate (l-10 mntl,d) N'loderate(0.1 - l0

mmrd) iligh ( I 0-l 00 nrnr/d)

Discharge Position Moderatc (LJnsaturated

zone) Deep (saturated zone) Moderate _z0ne (l lnsaturated

)

4 Duration of

Application

Duration t.ong (Decade) Short (flour to Da),) Short (Da1, to Month)

Probability of Load I'ligh (60-100%) L.orv (0-25%) _{N,loderatc (30-7Oyo)}

ilii:l,5ll$i 'ffi

qrLP[rTELOaooaG , ] coilIAHHAr t,AP j :

i :!

A

':

a 036 0d _r,: ,r :: ffi :i trgand

€l* ol sufFae L6drB hrd.t

stffi h iir::ri*mry'

Figure

6. Sulfate Loading

Contaminant Map

_{Figure 8.}

Nitrate

_Loading

Contaminant Map

3ul'ruE@frMUmX ffire

bdCffi

w6

Figure 9. Sulfate

Contarnination

Flazard

Map

HITRAT LOAOIXG

CONTAMIUT MAP

A

-::::::::-Log.nd

Figure 7. PAHs

Loading Contaminant Map

-

186

,',:

Pdrcoaftmrm t{gmre

A oosoB

Lesrld

Cell.htu Iffiffi

,1i:.i1::io

li-it:Ste Wdee

Figure

10.

PAH Contamination Hazard Map

Oo*OB L.!ed hscdHfr Cd&lltd

ffiw

li:iii:ii:,rgq

We*

Figure

1I.

Nitrate Contamination Hazard Map

CONCLUSIONS

Open

pit

coal

mine

has

many

impacts

on

groundwater

quality.

Hence,

an

Environmental

Impact

Assessment

is

required

as paft

of

the

authorization

process.

Groundwater

contamination

hazard

assessment ensures

better

consideration

of

environmental

impacts

on

groundwater

quality,

caused

by

open

pit

coal mine.

By

groundwater

contamination hazard,

in

study

area,

a

groundwater

protection management can be developed. Based on

the

hazard

of

contaminant

(sulfate,

poly-aromatic

hydrocarbon and nitrate),

it

can be conclude that the

largest

probability

of

contamination hazard

in

study

area

is

sulfate,

which

is

generated

as acid

_mine

drainage reaction

in

environment. While, the highest

level

of

contamination hazard

is

nitrate.

In

addition,

the highest hazard of groundwater contamination area

will

be occun'ed

at

North

of

coal

mine concession,

which may

reach

to

_{groundwater. Therefore, the}

mitigation

and

protection

management

in

Environmental _{In.rpact Assessment document}

rvill

_be

concemed there. This

is

a preliminary assessment

of

groundwater contamination _hazard,

which is

_applied

in

coal mine area as a part

of

Environmental Intpact

Assessment,

thus

further comprehensive research is

needed to complete this study.

REFERENCES

Aller.

L.. Bennet, T., Lehr, J. H., petty. R. J., Hackett,

G.,

DRASTIC;

A

Standardized

_{S);srem .for}

Et'aluating

Groundtt.ater

pollution

potential

using

Hydrogec.tlogical Settings.

EpAi600i2-87i035.

US

Environmental protecrion _Agency,

usA

(1e87).

Banks

et al,

Geochemical proces.s

_Controlling

l.,linewater

Pollution,

proceeding

of

the

_2id

IMAGE-'IILAIN

_{Advanced Studv Course.} pecs.

Hungary. June 23 -27 (2003).

Brady,

et

al.,

Hov,

Gec.tlog, AlJbcts iv{ine Drainuge

Prediction,

in

Kleinrnen,

R.L.p

(ed1, prediction

of

l|/ater Quality

at

Surface

Coal Mines,

The

National

Mine

Land

Reclamation

Center

Located

at

West Virginia

Universitr,

in Moranrown. West Virgirria t20001.

Civita,

M.

and

De

Regibus.

C..

Sperimentazione

tli

alcttne

metdologie

per

la

t:alutazione

clella

vulnerabilitd

degli

aqui,fer.

a

Geol

_Appl

Pitagora Bologna

3:63-71

(1995).

Chilton, .1..

Schrnoll.

O and

Applevard.

S.,

Assessment of Groundv,ater

pollution

potential.

ln:

Scntoll,

O,

Hott'ard,

G,

Chilton.

J

antl

Chorus,

I.

(ed)

_{Prole(:tit1g Grotutchtater Jbr}

Heulth:

Mctnaging

euatity

_o.f

Drinking

_ll.oter

S,trrctr. WHO

Drinking

earer

eualitr

_Serie. (2006)

Cornie

llo. A.,

Ducci,

D.,

and

Napolitano.

p...

Comparison belvteen

parantetric

ntethocl.s lo

eyaluote

aqtti/br pollutictrt

tulnerubility

u.sing

G1S:

o,,,ronr1ri,

in

the

piana

Clntpurt,

,\ottlhern [tal],.

ln'

Lfarino.r

p.,

Koukis

G..

Tsiambaos

G.,

Stournttrus

G.

(Eds).

Engineering

Geology and

the

_{E,nvironmental.}

Balkerna, Rofterdarn,

l72l-1j26

( 1997).

Daly'.

D.,

Dren,.

D.. Irish

Methoclologies

.for

Karst

.4quifer

Protection.

In.

"

Hr-drogeolog,

_and

engineering geolctg. of sinkholes and karst (.ed.;..

Beek

B.

Balkerna- Rotrerdarn,

pp.267_272

( I eee).

Foster,

S..

and Hirata,

R..

Grottndu,ater

pollution

R/.rf

Assessment,.

..1

Ltethctdolog.

_U,sing

.lvtil,thlt

l).rl.r. PAN

American

Cenler

For

Sanitary

E,ngineering

and

Environmental Sciences (CEPIS). _{Lirna. peru}

(l9gg).

Javadi.

5.. ,)fotl(ictttiott oJ

_{DR.ISTIC il4r.tdel}

to

_fulap

(jrotrrtdttoter

_{L'ulnerabili4,}

to

pollution

_[,,sing

Nitrate

l,leasurenrenta

in

Agriatltural

_Areas,

Journal

of Asricultural

Science and Technology,. 13, pp.23e-219 (201 I _).

Johansson.

P.-O,

and

Hirata.

R..

Rating

o.f

(iroundu,ater Contaminant

Source.s,

in

Zaporosec. (ed1, Groundw,ater Contamination

Irrt,enton,:

A

llethodo/ogical

Guide.

IHp_VI.

-iB7-GlItSTlS-31 ffull paDErl

Series on Groundwater

No. 2,

UNE,SCO, p.63-74 (2002).

Lerner,

DN..

Identtfiing and Quantifi,ing

Urban Recharge: .4 Review, Hydrogeology Journal, 10,

pp. I 43- I 52 (2002).

Marganingrurn D

&

Noviardi R, Pencentqran

Air

dan Tanah

di

Ku*-usan Pertambangan Battrbara di

PT.

Berau

(loal,

Kalimantan Timur,

Riset

Geologi

dan Pertambangan

Vol. 20 No.

l,

pp I I -20 (20 I 0).

Morris,

B.L.,

Larvrence,

A.

R.,

Chilton,

p.J.C..

Adains,

B.,

Calow, R.C., and Klinck.

B.A.

Groundtvater

and irs

sttsceptibility*

to

degradation:

A

globol

assessment

oJ.

the

problem

and

oTttions

Jbr

ruanagement. F.arlv

Waming and Assessment Repoft Series, RS.

03-3.

United

Nations Environment

program,

Nairobi, Kenya (2003).

Nonner, J. C., Scnrce of Groundwater Cohtantinution,

in Zaporo;-ec

kd),

Grrnndvtuter C ontomindt iL)n

lnventory:

A

Methodologicul Guide. IHp-VI,

Series on Groundwater No. 2, UNESCO, p. 23-38 (2002).

Piyrnale,

C.

L.,

Angle,

M.

P.,Groundtt,ater

pollution

potential

o.f

Fulton

Coun4,,

Ohio.

Ohio

Department

of

Natural

Resources

Division of

Water, Water Resources Section. Groundrvater

Pollution Potential, Report No. ,15 _(2002).

Putra,

D.P.E,

The lmpacl

of

Llrbctnization

on

Grotrndv,ater

Quality,

A

Case Study

_in

Yog:akarta Ciy-

-

Indonesla, Mitteilungen zur

lngenieurgeologie und Hydrogeologie,

Heft

96,

148 S, Okt 2007, Herausgegeben vorn Lchrstuhl

fuer

Ingenieurgeologie

und

Hydrogeologie,

Univ.-Prof.

Dr.

R.

Azzatn,

RWTH

Aachen. Germany (2007).

Raden et al, Kajian Dampak Penantbangan Batubara

Terhodap Pengentbangan _{Sosial Ekonomi} clon

Lingkungan

di

Kabupaten

Kutui

Kartanegara,

Research and Developrnent

Ministry

of

Horne

Alfair

Ilepublic of lndonesia (2010).

Sineh, Gurdep,

Impoct

of

Coctl

ltlining

ott

llfine

Water Quality. Intentational

Journal

of

Mine

Water,

Vol.7. No.3.

pp..19-59 (1988).

Vbra.

J.,

Zaporosec,,,l.

Guidebr.tok

on

lllupping

(jroundy,ttter

L'ulnerohility.

_{International}

Association

of

Hydrogeologist

(lntenrational

Contributions

to

Hydrogeoiogy

l6).

Verlag Heinz Heise, Hannover ( 1994).

\Vorld llealth

Organization

(WHO).

Guidelines for

Drinking _{Water Qualit1,,}

Vol.

I :3'd ed. (2004).

---.

En"-ironmental l.lanugement

antl llonitoring

Report,

PT.

'funas Sinar Abadi.

Kutai

Kananeglra (2011,).

---,

Enyironmenlal Munttgentent

and

Moniloring

Report.

PT.

Singlurus pratanta

Coal.

KLrtai

Barat. (2012).

---,

[indet.grouttl

LYctter

Intpact

Report, Oakley Creek Coal Pty, Ltd. _{eueensland (2012).}