TANGGUNG GUGAT RISIKO DARI MAJIKAN ATAS PERBUATAN MELANGGAR HUKUM PENGEMUOI YANG MENJALANKAN KENDARAAN MIL1K PERUSAHAAN

J U A R N I

TANGGUNG GUGAT RI SI KO DARI MAJI KAN

ATAS PERBUATAN MELANGGAR HUKUM PENGEMUOI

YANG MENJALANKAN KENDARAAN MI L1K PERUSAHAAN

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AT AS PERBUATAN MELANGGAR HUKUM PENGEMUDI

YANG MENJALANKAN KENDARAAN MI LI K PERUSAHAAN

MEMO HUKUM

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K A T A P E N D A N T A R

F u j i s y u k u r k e h a d i r a t A l l a h S W T y a n g s e n a n t i a s a mefflberikan t a u f i k d a n h i d a y a h n y a k e p a d a k i t a s e k a l i a n ,

sert.a atas- p e r k e n a n - M y a h l n g g a p e n u l i s a n m e m o h u k u m ini d a p a t t e r s e l e s a i k a n .

M e m o hukuffl ini s a y a b e r i j u d u l " T a n g g u n g G u g a t R i s i k o d a r i M a j i k a n a t a s P e r b u a t a n M e l a n g g a r H u k u m P e n g e m u d i y a n g M e n j a l a n k a n K e n d a r a a n M i l i k P e r u s a h a a n " .

D i a j u k a n s e b a g a i p e n u l i s a n skrips-i p r o g r a m s a r j a n a h i d a n g i.lmu h u k u m d a n d i s u s u n u n t u k melengfcapi t u g a s d a n m e m e n u h i

syarat. g u n a roencapai g e l a r S a r j a n a H u k u m d i F a k u l t a s H u k u m ( J n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a .

Tel a h b a n y a k d u k u n g a n d a n b a n t u a n y a n g s a y a t e r i m a , b a i k m o r i l m a u p u n m a t e r i i l h i n g g a t e r s e l e s a i k a n n y a m e m o h u k u m i n i . B e r k e n a a n d e n g a n ini s a y a .ingin m e n g h a t u r k a n

t e r i m a kssiih y a n g s e d a l a m — d a l a m n y a k e p a d a :

- I b u n d a d a n A y a h a n d a (Aim?-, y a n g d e n g a n p e n u h k a s i h s a y a n g m e n g a s u b , m e n d i d i k , m e m b i m b i n g d a n m e n g a r a h k a n E e r t a s e n a n t i a s a m e n d o ' a k a n s a y a d a l a m m e n g h a d a p i d a n B j e n y e l e s a i k a n p e r k u l i a h a n , s e r t a k a k a k k u t e r s a y a n g y a n g s e n a n t i a s a m e m b a n t u d a n m e m b e r i k a n s e m a n g a t d a l a m

m e n y e l e s a i k a n s t u d i

d e n g a n segertap c i v i t a s a k a d e m i k a n y a , y a n g m e m b e r i k a n k e & e m p a t a n d a n s e k a l i g u s merobantu unt.uk m e n y e l e s a i k a n s t u d i d a l a m m e n c a p a i g e l a r S a r j a n a H u k u m .

— Y a n g t e r h o r m a t B a p a k D e k a n F a k u l t a s H u k u m U n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a .

— Y a n g t e r h o r m a t I b u M o e r d i a t i Soeba.gyo, S . H . , M . S . s e l a k u d o s e n p e m b i m b i n g d a n p e n g u j i y a n g tel a h b e r s e d i a m e l u a n g k a n w a k t u n y a u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n b i m b i n g a n d a n b a n t u a n s e r t a p e t u n j u k d e n g a n p e n u h k e s a b a r a n h i n g g a s e l e s a i n y a m e m o h u k u m ini.

— Y a n g t e r h o r m a t B a p a k D j a s a d i n Sarag . i h 5 S - H . ? L . L . M . d a n B a p a k M. I s n a e n i , S . H . , M . S . y a n g b e r s e d i a m e l u a n g k a n

w a k t u n y a d a n b e r k e n a n u n t u k m e n g u j i m e m o h u k u m .ini.

— S e r t a k e p a d a t e m a n — t e m a n y a n g m e m b a n t u s a y a d a l a m m e n y e l e s a i k a n m e m o h u k u m

ini-A k h i r n y a , t i a d a manussia y a n g s e m p u r n a , u n t u k itu s a r a n s e r t a k r i t i k u n t u k m e m o h u k u m i n i a k a n s a y a t e r i m a d e n g a n s e n a n g d a n h a t i t e r b u k a .

S e m o g a m e m o h u k u m s e d e r h a n a i n i d a p a t bermanfaat. b a g ! k i t a s e m u a d a l a m m e n d a l a m i i l m u h u k u m .

Pada dasarnya pelaku suatu perbuatan melanggar hokum tidak dapat melepaskan diri

dari tanggung gugat yang dibebankan kepadanya. Apabila seseorang telah menimbulkan

kerugian pada orang lain sebagai akibat perbuatannya yang melanggar hukum, maka wajiblah

ia untuk mengganti kerugian tersebut (pasal 1365 BW).

Namun ada kalanya seorang subyek perbuatan melanggar hukum mempunyai

kedudukan tertentu dalam masyarakat sedemikian rupa sehingga dirasakan adil atau patut

bahwa disamping orang itu, atau dengan mengesampingkan orang itu, seharusnya ada juga

orang lain yang juga turut untuk dipertanggung-gugatkan. Tanggung gugat atas perbuatan

melanggar hukum dari pelaku tersebut tidak hanya dibebankan pada seorang manusia saja,

tetapi bisa juga dibebankan pada suatu badan hukum, yaitu badan yang disamping

orang-orang manusia perseorang-orangan juga dapat dianggap bertindak dalam hukum serta mempunyai

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C. PEMBAHASAN

I. Perbi.iat.an M e l a n g g a r H u k u m s e b a g a i D a s a r u n t u k Menuntut. G a n t i R u g i d a l a m K e c e l a k s a n L a 1 u Lintas- ... ... ... ... . . . 9

II. T a n g g u n g G u g a t Pengeroudi y a n g M e n j a l a n k a n K e n d a r a a n Mi lik P e r u s a h a a n ... . . . 17 III. Keniungkinan u n t u k M e n u n t u t K'embali G a n t i R u g i

T A N G G U N G G U G A T R I S I K O D A R I M A O 1 K A N A T A S P E R B U A T A N M E L A N G G A R H U K U M

P E N G E M U D I Y A N G M E N J A L A N K A N K E N D A R A A N M I L I K P E R U S A H A A N

A- U R A I A N F A K T A

P a d a d a s a r n y a p e l a k u s u a t u p e r b u a t a n m e i a n g g a r h u k u m t i d a k d a p a t m e l e p a s k a n d i r i d a r i t a n g g u n g g u g a t y a n g d i b e b a n k a n k e p a d a n y a . A p a b i l a s e s e o r a n g t e l a h m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n p a d a o r a n g l a i n s e b a g a i a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n n y a y a n g m e l a n g g a r h u k u m , reaka w a j i b l a h ia u n t u k m e n g g a n t i k e r u g i a n

t e r s e b u t ( p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W ) „

N a m u n a d a k a l a n y a s e o r a n g s u b y e k p e r b u a t a n m e i a n g g a r h u k u m roeropunyai k e d u d u k a n t e r t e n t u d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a d i r a s a k a n a d i l at.au p a t u t b a h w a d i s a m p i n g o r a n g i t u , a t a u d e n g a n m e n g e s a m p i n g k a n o r a n g itu, s e h a r u s n y a a d a j u g a o r a n g l a i n y s n g j u g a t u r u t u n t u k d i p e r t a n g g u n g — g u g a t k a n _ T a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m d a r i p e l a k u t e r s e b u t t i d a k h a n y a d i b e b a n k a n p a d a s e o r a n g m a n u s i a s a j a , t e t a p i b i s a j u g a d i b e b a n k a n p a d a s u a t u b a d a n h u k u m , y a i t u b a d a n y a n g d i s a m p i n g o r a n g — o r a n g m a n u s i a p e r & e o r a n g a n j u g a d a p a t d i a n g g a p b e r t i n d a k d a l a m h u k u m s e r t a mempuriyai hak d a n k e w a j i b a n d a n h u b u n g a n h u k u m

t e r h a d a p o r a n g a t a u b a d a n lain.

K a r e n a i t u a p a b i l a t e r j a d i k e c e l a k a a n l a l u - l i n t a s y a n g m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n p a d a k o r b a n a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n

m e l a n g g a r h u k u m s e o r a n g p e n g e m u d i y a n g s e d a n g m e n j a l a n k a n k e n d a r a a n m i l i k p e r u s a h a a n , di m a n a a n t a r a p e n g e m u d i y a n g b e r t i n d a k s e b a g a i b u r u h d a n p e m i m p i n p e r u s a h a a n y a n g b e r t i n d a k s e b a g a i m a j i k a n t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n k e r j a , m a k a y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a d a l a h m a j i k a n ( p e r u s a h a a n ) . H a l ini s e s u a i d e n g a n k e t e n t u a n y a n g terfliuat d a l a m p a s a l 1 3 6 7 a y a t

(3) B W .

M e n g e n a i t a n g g u n g g u g a t m a j i k a n ( p e r u s a h a a n ) t e r h a d a p p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m s e o r a n g p e n g e m u d i y a n g b e r t i n d a k s e b a g a i b u r u h n y a d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a p e r k a r a y a n g t e l a h d i p u t u s o l e h M a h k a m a h A g u n g R - I d a l a m p u t u s a n n y a t a n g g a l 2 0 N o p e m b e r 1 9 9 0 N o . 3 6 7 9 K / P d t / 1 9 8 7 a n t a r a A l i P o e r w o t o s e b a g a i

F e n g g u g a t m e l a w s n S o e r a d j i sebagai. T e r g u g a t I, E d y H a r y a d i s e b a g a i T e r g u g a t II d a n K a r m a n A m a t s e b a g a i T e r g u g a t I I I . 2

T e n t a n g d u d u k p e r k a r a s P a d a t a n g g a l 2 8 A p r i l 1 9 8 6 b u s d e n g a n N o , P o l . N - 4 3 I S — U K s e d a n g m e l a j u di J a l a n R a y a K r a k s a a n - P r o b o l i n g g o y a n g d i k e m u d i k a n o l e h s o p i r S o e r a d j i ,

k a r y a w a n " P 0 M I L A S E J A H T E R A " d a r i p e r u s a h a a n y a n g b e r g e r a k di b i d a n g t r a n s p o r t a s i y a i t u " P T M I L A S E J A H T E R A ” - K e m u d i a n

b u s ir».i m e n a b r a k d a r i b e l a k a n g s e b u a h k e n d a r a a n m o b i l c o l t t a x i d e n g a n N o . P o l N — 4 7 7 4 — RK. A k i b a t b e n t u r a n i n i m o b i l c o l t

" M a j i k a n B e r t a n g g u n g J a w a b K e s a l a h a n K a r y a w a n " , V a r i a P e r a d i l a n . E d i s i N o „ 7 2 y i 9 9 1 , h.5.

t a x i t e r s o r a n g d a n roasuk k e p a r i t s a w a h d i p i n g g i r j a l a n r a y a . M o b i l t a x i m e n g a l a m i k e r u s a k a n d a n s e l a n j u t n y a

d i k a t r o l ( d i d e r e k ) k e l u a r p a r i t .

K a r e n a p e r i s t i w a ini, m a k a s o p i r b u s , S o e r a d j i , d i u s u t o l e h p i h a k K e p o l i s i a n L a l u L i n t a s d a n p e r k a r a n y a d i a j u k a n k e P e n g a d i l a n N e g e r i K r a k s a a n . H a k i m p i d a n a y a n g

m e m e r i k s a p e l a n g g a r a n P e r a t u r a n L a l u L i n t a s J a l a n R a y a ini, m e m b e r i k a n p u t u s a n b a h w a s o p i r b u s S o e r a d j i d i n y a t a k a n b e r s a l a h m e l a n g g a r p a s a l 2 a y a t (i) U . U . L . L . , ( U n d a n g - U n d a n g No. 3 T a h u n 1 9 6 5 ) y a n g i s i n y s s e b a g a i b e r i k u t ; “D i l a r a n g m e n g g u n a k a n j a l a n r a y a s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a d a p a t roerintangi a t a u m e m b a h a y a k a n k e a m a n a n / k e b e b a s a n l a l u l i n t a s ,

a t a u y a n g d a p a t m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u s a k a n p a d a j a l a n t e r s e b u t * ’. S e m e n t a r a itu, p i h a k p e m i l i k m o b i l t a x i m e m p e r b a i k i k e r u s a k a n m o b i l n y a akifoat k e s e r u d u k b u s t a d i , d a n s e l a m a d i p e r b a i k i , t a x i t i d a k d a p a t d i o p e r a s i k a n u n t u k m e n c a r i u a n g s e p e r t i b i a s a n y a . P e m i l i k m o b i l ta>:i m e n g e l u a r k a n u a n g u n t u k

— p e r b a i k a n m o b i l R p . 1 . 4 0 0 . 0 0 0 , — — k a t r o l / d e r e k m o b i l Rp. 6 0 0 . 0 0 0 , — j u m 1 a h R p . 2 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 ,

K a r e n s m u s y a w a r a h d a m a i t i d a k b i s a d i c a p a i , a k h i r n y a p i h a k p e m i l i k m o b i l ta>ii, A l i P o e r w o t o , m e n g a j u k a n g u g a t a n p e r d a t a di P e n g a d i l a n M e g e r i P r o b o l i n g g o t e r h a d a p p a r a t e r g u g a t r

I, S e o r a d j i : s o p i r b u s N — 7 4 4 7 - R K

II- E d y H a r y a d i : D i r e k t u r P . T . M I L A S E J A H T E R A

III. K e r m a n A m a t s D i r e k t u r U t a m a d a r i P e r u s a h a a n O t o b u s P . T M I L A S E J A H T E R A

-D e n g a n p e t i t u m y a n g p o k o k n y a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t s

a- A k i b a t k e s a l a h a n d a r i s o p i r b u s T e r g u g a t I ( S o e r a d j i ) , m a k a T e r g u g a t II ( D i r e k t u r ) d a n T e r g u g a t III ( D i r e k t u r U t a m a ) P . T - M I L A S E J A H T E R A h a r u s i k u t b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a t a s k e r u g i a n y a n g d i d e r i t a P e n g g u g a t .

b. M e n g h u k u m p a r a T e r g u g a t I — II— III, s e c a r a b e r s a m a — s a m a u n t u k merobayar g a n t i r u g i k e p a d a P e n g g u g a t s e b e s a r Rp.

2 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 , - d a n u a n g Rp- 1 0 - 0 0 0 , — p e r h a r i s e j a k t a n g g a l 2 8 A p r i l 1 9 8 6 s a m p a i p u t u s a n i n i b e r k e k u a t a n h u k u m t e t a p

d i t a m b a h b u n g a 65C.

P i h a k p a r a T e r g u g a t m e n o l a k g u g a t a n P e n g g u g a t d e n g a n d a l i h , b a h w a s o p i r b u s ( T e r g u g a t I) d i n y a t a k a n b e r s a l a h m e l a n g g a r e>; p a s a l 2 (1) U . U . L . L . P e langgarar* ini t i d a k a d a

h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n k e r u s a k a n m o b i l ta>i.i m i lik P e n g g u g a t .

P E N G A D I L A N N E G E R I s

d i a j u k a n o l e h P e n g g u g a t s e l a k u p e m i l i k m o b i l t a x i . P u l u s a n h a k i m p e r t a m a i n i d i d a s a r i o l e h p e r t i m b a n g a n h u k u m y a n g

p o k o k n y a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t ;

B a h w a b e r d a s a r a t a s b u k t i p a r a s a k s i d a n b u k t i s u r a t , m a k a h a k i m p e r t a m a b e r p e n d a p a t b a h w a P e n g g u g a t t i d a k d a p a t m e m b u k t i k a n f a k t a t e n t a n g a d a n y a h u b u n g a n a n t a r a k e s a l a h a n T e r g u g a t I ( s o p i r b u s ) d e n g a n t i m b u l n y a a k i b a t ; b e r u p a k e r u s a k a n m o b i l ta>:i m i l i k P e n g g u g a t .

B a h w a h a k i m p i d a n a d a l a m p u t u s a n n y a m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a s o p i r bus- b e r s a l a h m e l a n g g a r e>s p a s a l 2 (I) U . U . L . L . D a l a m p u t u s a n h a k i m t e r s e b u t t i d a k m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a t e r d a k w a s o p i r b u s b e r s a l a h m e l a k u k a n s u a t u p e r b u a t a n s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a m e n g a k i b a t k a n r u s a k n y a m o b i l t a * i m i l i k P e n g g u g a t .

B a h w a P e n g g u g a t j u g a t i d a k d a p a t m e m b u k t i k a n b a h w a T e r g u g a t II ( E d y H a r y a d i ) s e b a g a i p e n a g g u n g j a w a b d a r i P . T . M I L A S E J A H T E R A d a n T e r g u g a t III ( K a r m a n A m a t ) s e b a g a i D i r e k t u r U t a m a d a r i P . O . M I L A S E J A H T E R A . D e n g a n p e r t i m b a n g a n b a h w a T e r g u g a t II s e b a g a i D i r e k t u r t i d a k b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b ,

m e l a i n k a n y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a d a l a h D i r e k t u r U t a m a n y a . S e d a n g k a n T e r g u g a t III b e r d a s a r k a n a k t a p e n d i r i a n P T t e r s e b u t b u k a n b e r k e d u d u k a n s e b a g a i D i r e k t u r U t a m a , m e l a i n k a n s e b a g a i P r e s i d e n Kosiisaris, d a n k a r e n a n y a d i a

t i d a k b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b p u l a a t a s p e r b u a t a n Tergugat. I.

P E N G A D I L A H T I H G G I :

A t a s p u t u s a n h a k i m p e r t a m a t e r s e b u t p i h a k P e n g g u g a t roengajukan p e m e r i k s a a n h a n d i n g k e P e n g a d i l a n T i n g g i J a w a T i m u r d i S u r a b a y a . H a k i m b a n d i n g s e t e l a h m e m e r i k s a p e r k a r a i n i , di d a l a m p u t u s a n n y a h e r p e n d i r i a n b a h w a p e r t i m h a n g a n h u k u m y a n g d i p a k a i o l e h h a k i m p e r t a m a s e b a g a i a l a s a n u n t u k m e n j a t u h k a n p u t u s a n s e r t a p u t u s a n n y a a d a l a h b e n a r .

D e n g a n a l a s a n ini, m a k a h a k i m b a n d i n g m e m b e r i k a n p u t u s a n inenguatkan p u t u s a n h a k i m p e r t a m a d a r i P e n g a d i l a n N e g e r i P r o b e 1 i n g g o

-M A H K A -M A H A G U N G :

P e n g g u g a t a s a l , p e m i l i k m o b i l t a x i , m e n g a j u k a n p e m e r i k s a a n kasas-i t e r h a d a p p u t u s a n P e n g a d i l a n T i n g g i -M a h k a m a h A g u n g RI s e t e l a h m e m e r i k s a p e r k a r a i n i b e r p e n d i r i a n b a h w a p u t u s a n jude>: f a c t i e ( P e n g a d i l a n T i n g g i y a n g m e n g u a t k a n p u t u s a n h a k i m p e r t a m a ) , d i n i l a i s e b a g a i p u t u s a n

y a n g s a l a h d a l a m roenerapkan h u k u m n y a , s e h i n g g a p u t u s a n j u d e x f a c t i e t e r s e b u t h a r u s d i b a t a l k a n , d a n s e l a n j u t n y a M a h k a m a h A g u n g a k a n m e n g a d i l i s e n d i r i p e r k a r a i n i - P e n d i r i a n M a h k a m a h A g u n g ini d i d a s a r i a t a s p e r t i m b a n g a n h u k u m y a n g i n t i n y a

s e b a g a i b e r i k u t j

T e r g u g a t I t e l a h m e l a n g g a r s u a t u k e w a j i h a n h u k u m y a n g d i b e b a n k a n o l e h u n d a n g - u n d a n g k e p a d a n y a , b e r u p a k e w a j i b a n

b a g i s o p i r b u s d.i d a l a m m e n g e m u d i k a n mobilrrya u n t u k b e r s i k a p a t a u b e r b u a t s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a t i d a k m e m b a h a y a k a n

k e a m a n a n l a l u l i n t a s j a l a n r a y a .

D e n g a n d i l a n g g a r n y a " k e w a j i h a n h u k u m ” t e r s e b u t o l e h T e r g u g a t I, m a k a s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t d a r i " P e r b u a t a n M e l a n g g a r H u k u m ” ( o n r e c h t m a t i g e d a a d ) e x p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W t e l a h d i p e n u h i ,

B a h w a P e r b u a t a n T e r g u g a t I t e r s e b u t t e r b u k t i m e n g a k i b a t k a n t i m b u l n y a k e r u s a k a n m o b i l t a x i m i l i k

P e n g g u g a t

-B a h w a T e r g u g a t I a d a l a h k a r y a w a n d a r i T e r g u g a t II d a n T e r g u g a t III; y a n g s e c a r a y u r i d i s s e b a g a i m a j i k a n h a r u s b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a t a s p e r b u a t a n k a r y a w a n n y a y a n g m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n b a g i o r a n g I a i n , y a k n i P e n g g u g a t s e s u a i d e n g a n k e t e m t u a n e x p a s a l 1 3 6 7 (3) B W - B e s a r n y a g a n t i r u g i y a n g h a r u s d i b a y a r o l e h p a r a T e r g u g a t k e p a d a P e n g g u g a t y a i t u R p - 2 . 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , - ( d u a j u t a r u p i a h ) .

D e n g a n p e r t i m b a n g a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , a k h i r n y a M a h k a m a h A g u n g m e m b e r i k a n p u t u s a n y a n g p o k o k n y a sebagai.

b e r i k u t : M e n g a d i l i s

- M e m b a t a l k a n p u t u s a n P e n g a d i l a n T i n g g i J a w a T i m u r . M e n g a d i l i s e n d i r i ;

- M e n e t a p k a n T e r g u g a t I ( s o p i r bus) roelakukan " P e r b u a t a n M e l a n g g a r H u k u m ” .

- M e n y a t a k a n T e r g u g a t II d a n T e r g u g a t III t u r u t b e r t a n g g u n g

j a w a b a t a s k e r u g i a n t e r s e b u t .

- M e n g h u k u m T e r g u g a t I, II, d a n III s e c a r a t a n g g u n g r e n t e n g mentbayar g a n t i r u g i Rp. 2 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 , - k e p a d a P e n g g u g a t .

B. P E R M A S A L A H A N

B e r d a s a r k a n u r a i a n f a k t a d i a t a s , meng&nati t a n g g u n g g u g a t r i s i k o m a j i k a n t e r h a d a p p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h s e o r a n g p e n g e m u d i y a n g b e r t i n d a k s e b a g a i b a w a h a n n y a , k h u s u s n y a d a l a m ha.1 t e r j a d i k e c e l a k a a n l a l u l i n t a s , m a k a b e b e r a p a p e r m a s a l a h a n y a n g a k a n s a y a b a h a s d a l a m m e m o h u k u m i n i a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t ;

1. D a s a r p e r t i m b a n g a n a p a y a n g d a p a t d i k e m u k a k a n o l e h p i h a k P e n g g u g a t u n t u k m e m b u k t i k a n a d a n y a h u h u n g a n k a u s a l a n t a r a p e l a n g g a r a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n p e n g e m u d i d e n g a n k e r u g i a n y a n g d i d e r i t a o l e h P e n g g u g a t a g a r t u n t u t a n g a n t i r u g i d a p a t d i k a b u l k a n ?

2. D a l a m h a l t e r j a d i k e c e l a k a a n l a l u l i n t a s y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h s e o r a n g p e n g e m u d i y a n g s e d a n g m e n j a l a n k a n k e n d a r a a n m i l i k p e r u s a h a a n , s i a p a y a n g h a r u s b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t ?

3- A p a k a h d i m u n g k i n k a n m a j i k a n ( p e r u s a h a a n ) m e n u n t u t k e m b a l i k e r u g i a n t e r h a d a p b a w a h a n n y a a t a s g a n t i r u g i y a n g t e l a h

C. P E M B A H A S A N

I. P e r b u a t a n M e l a n g g a r H u k u m s e b a g a i D a s a r u n t u k M e n u n t u t G a n t i R u g i d a l a m K e c e l a k a a n L a l u L i n t a s

" T i a p p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m , y a n g m e m b a w a k e r u g i a n k e p a d a o r a n g l a i n m e w a j i b k a n o r a n g y a n g k a r e n a s a l a h n y a m e n e r b i t k a n k e r u g i a n i t u , m e n g g a n t i k e r u g i a n

t e r s e b u t " - D e m i k i a n l a h b u n y i p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W tersebut..

D a r i u r a i a n p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W t e r s e b u t , t e r n y a t a s e s e o r a n g h a n y a b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s k e r u g i a n o r a n g l a i n j i k a s y a r a t — s y a r a t d a l a m p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W t e r s e b u t t e r p e n u h i 5 yakni. d a l a m hal s

a. A d a n y a p e r b u a t a n y a n g b e r s i f a t m e l a n g g a r h u k u m ; b. A d a n y a k e r u g i a n a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n t e r s e b u t ;

c * A d a n y a h u b u n g a n k a u s a l a n t a r a p e r b u a t a n d e n g a n k e r u g i a n ;

3

d- A d a n y a k e s a l a h a n d a l a m d i r i p e l a k u .

K e e m p a t u n s u r t e r s e b u t s e c a r a b e r s a m a — s a m a m e r u p a k a n s y a r a t y a n g m u t l a k u n t u k t a n g g u n g g u g a t b e r d a s a r k a n p a s a l 1 3 6 5

BW-A p a y a n g d i m a k s u d d e n g a n p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m 71. U n d a n g - u n d a n g s e n d i r i t i d a k m e m b e r i k a n p e r u m u s a n n y a , n a m u n s e p e r t i y a n g t e l a h d i j e l a s k a n di m u k a d a n s e s u a i d e n g a n y u r i s p r u d e n s i y a n g t e t a p di I n d o n e s i a ( y a n g j u g a d i a n u t di W e g e r i B e l a n d a s e j a k p e r k a r a L i n d e b a u m — C o h e n A r r e s t H o g e R a a d 3 1 J a n u a r i 1 9 1 9 ) a d a 4 k r i t e r i a d a r i p e r b u a t a n

m e l a n g g a r h u k u m , y a k n i b e r b u a t a t a u t i d a k b e r b u a t y a n g s (1) b e r t e n t a n g a n d e n g a n k e w a j i b a n h u k u m si p e l a k u ; a t a u (2)

m e l a n g g a r hafc o r a n g lain; a t a u (3) b e r t e n t a n g a n d e n g a n k e s u s i l a a n ; a t a u (4) b e r t e n t a n g a n d e n g a n k e c e r m a t a n y a n g h a r u s d i i n d a h k a n d a l a m l a l u l i n t a s raasyarakat t e r h a d a p d i r i d a n b a r a n g o r a n g

lain-K r i t e r i a p e r t a m a d a n k e d u a bersuirtber p a d a h u k u m t e r t u l i s , d a n t u n t u t a n g a n t i r u g i k a r e n a k e c e l a k a a n l a l u l i n t a s p a d a u m u m n y a d i d a s a r k a n p a d a k r i t e r i a y a n g p e r t a m a , y a i t u b e r t e n t a n g a n d e n g a n k e w a j i b a n h u k u m p e l a k u . D i s i n i y a n g d i a r t i k a n d e n g a n ‘’k e w a j i b a n h u k u m " a d a l a h k e w a j i b a n y a n g d i r u m u s k a n d a l a m p e r a t u r a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n , s e h i n g g a d e n g a n d e m i k i a n , a p a b i l a T e r g u g a t I ( s o p i r b u s ) o l e h h a k i m p i d a n a d a l a m p u t u s a n n y a d i n y a t a k a n b e r s a l a h m e l a k u k a n p e l a n g g a r a n p i d a n a e x p a s a l 2 { 1 ) U . U . L . L - , m a k a p a d a h a k e k a t n y a k e s a l a h a n ini m e n g a n d u n g a r t i b a h w a T e r g u g a t I t e l a h m e l a n g g a r s u a t u " k e w a j i b a n h u k u m " y a n g d i b e b a n k a n o l e h u n d a n g - u n d a n g k e p a d a n y a , b e r u p a s u a t u k e w a j i b a n d i d a l a m m e n g e m u d i k a n m o b i l n y a u n t u k b e r s i k a p a t a u b e r b u a t s e d e m i k i a n

r u p a s e h i n g g a t i d a k m e m b a h a y a k a n a t a u m e n g h a l a n g i k e b e b a s a n s e r t a k e a m a n a n l a l u l i n t a s p e m a k a i j a l a n lain.

N a m u n d e m i k i a n , p e l a n g g a r a n t e r h a d a p k a i d a h h u k u m p i d a n a t i d a k begit.u s a j a m e r u p a k a n p e r b u t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m

m e n u r u t p e n g e r t i a n p a s a l 1 3 6 5 BW, a k a n t e t a p i m a s i h a d a b e b e r a p a p e r s y a r a t a n l a g i , y a i t u j

a- b a h w a d e n g a n p e l a n g g a r a n t e r s e b u t k e p e n t i n g a n p e r d a t a p e n g g u g a t t e r a n c a m j

b, b a h w a k e p e n t i n g a n p e n g g u g a t d i l i n d u n g i o l e h p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i l a n g g a r ;

c. b a h w a t i d a k a d a a l a s a n p e m b e n a r m e n u r u t h u k u m . a d a s

S u a t u p e l a n g g a r a n n o r m a ( k a i d a h h u k u m ) b a r u l a h d i k a t a k a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m b i l a m a n a k a r e n a p e l a n g g a r a n t e r s e b u t k e p e n t i n g a n p e r d a t a s e s e o r a n g terancaro. K a r e n a itu a p a b i l a s e s e o r a n g t e t a p m e n g e m u d i k a n k e n d a r a a n n y a w a l a u p u n l a m p u l a l u l i n t a s roenyala a t a u m e n g e m u d i k a n k e n d a r a n n y a m e l e b i h i b a t a s k e c e p a t a n y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n t a n p a m e m b a h a y a k a n o r a n g a t a u p u n b a r a n g m i l i k o r a n g I a i n , m a k a ia t e l a h m e l a k u k a n p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m m e n u r u t p e n g e r t i a n p i d a n a {w e d e r r e c h t t e l i j k ), n a m u n b u k a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m m e n u r u t p e n g e r t i a n p e r d a t a ( o n r e c h t m a t i g e ) , s e h i n g g a d a l a m k e j a d i a n t e r s e b u t t i d a k d a p a t d i a j u k a n g u g a t a n b e r d a s a r k a n

p a s a l 1 3 6 5 BW,

-ad „ b :

S y a r a t ini d i k e n a l d e n g a n n a m a R e l a t i v i t a e - a t a u S c h u t z n o r m t h e o r i e - M e n u r u t t e o r i i n i p i h a k y a n g d i r u g i k a n h a n y a d a p a t m e n u n t u t p e m b e r i a n g a n t i r u g i d a r i p e l a k u i i k a n o r m a y a n g d.ilanggar o l e h p e l a k u t e r s e b u t m e m p u n y a i s t r e k k i n g ( l u a s n y a r u a n g l i n g k u p p e r 1i n d u n g a n ) u n t u k m e l i n d u n g i k e p e n t i n g a n p i h a k y a n g d i r u g i k a n . Jad.i p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m n y a h a n y a b e r s i f a t r e l s t i f , d a l a m a r t i

p e r b u a t a n t e r s e b u t h a n y a m e l a n g g a r h u k u m t e r h a d a p p i h a k y a n g d i r u g i k a n - X l l u s t r a s i ;

A m e n g e n d a r a i m o b i l n y a d i j a l a n r a y a , k a r e n a k e k u r a n g h a t i - h a t i a n n y a i a m e n a b r a k m o b i l mi lik B y a n g p a d a s a a t itu b e r m a k s u d ftendak m e n g a n t a r k a n s e j u m l a h u a n g d a n s u r a t - s u r a t b e r h a r g a k e p a d a C. A k i b a t t a b r a k a n t e r s e b u t m o b i l A m e n g a l a m i k e r u s a k a n b e r a t d a n s e j u m l a h u a n g d a n s u r a t - s u r a t b e r h a r g a m i l i k A h i l a n g d a l a m k e r u m u n a n m a s s a y a n g m e n y a k s i k a n d a n m e n o l o n g k e j a d i a n t e r s e b u t .

B a i k B roaupun C b e r m a k s u d m e n g a j u k a n g u g a t a n g a n t i r u g i d a r i A.

D i s i n i k i r a n y a h a k i m a k a n r o engabulkan g u g a t a n B d a n m e n o l a k g u g a t a n C d e n g a n m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n s i f a t r e l a t i f n y a p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m y a n g d i l a k u k a n A. N o r m a y a n g d i l a n g g a r A b u k a n u n t u k m e l u n d u n g i k e p e n t i n g a n C ? t e t a p i u n t u k m e l i n d u n g i k e p e n t i n g a n p e m a k a i l a l u l i n t a s , d a l a m hal

D a l a m k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n k a s u s d i a t a s , n o r m a y a n g d i l a n g g a r o l e h T e r g u g a t I m e m p u n y a i s t r e k k i n g untuk. m e l i n d u n g i k e p e n t i n g a n e o p i r t a x i m i l i k P e n g g u g a t s e b a g a i p e m a k a i l a l u l i n t a s

-ad - c :

S y a r a t ini. m e n g e n a i t i d a k t e r d a p a t n y a a l a s a n p e m b e n a r m e n u r u t h u k u m ( r e c h t v a a r d i g i n g s g r o n d e n >- A l a s a n p e m b e n a r m e n u r u t h u k u m a d a l a h a l a s a n y a n g m e n i a d a k a n s i f a t m e l a w a n h u k u m - J a d i s i f a t m e l a n g g a r h u k u m d a p a t h a p u s a p a b i l a a d a a l a s a n p e m b e n a r - D e n g a n d e m i k i a n t a n g g u n g g u g a t e>; p a s a l

1 3 6 5 B W d a p a t h a p u s k a r e n a t i d a k a d a n y a u n s u r e s e n s i a l , y a i t u s i f a t m e l a n g g a r h u k u m - M a c a m — m a c a m a l a s a n p e m b e n a r

y a i t u ; d a y a p a k s a (o v e r m a c h t . ) 9 p e m b e l a a n t e r p a k s a ( n o o d w e r ) , m e l a k s a n a k a n k e t e n t u a n u n d a n g - u n d a n g , p e r i n t a h j a b a t a n , d a n

a l a s a n p e m b e n a r y a n g d i h a s i l k a n o l e h p e r a d i l a n , y a i t u i z i n p i h a k y a n g d i r u g i k a n d a n p e n e r i m a a n r i s i k o o l e h p i h a k y a n g d i r u g i k a n - 5

S e l a i n p e r b u a t a n y a n g b e r s i f a t m e l a n g g a r hukum., s y a r a t u n t u k t a n g g u n g g u g a t e>; p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W j u g a d i s y a r a t k a n a d a n y a h u b u n g a n k a u s a l a n t a r a p e r b u a t a n d e n g a n k e r u g i a n y a n g d i t i m h u l k a n n y a . P a d a k a s u s t e r s e b u t P e n g a d i l a n N e g e r i P r o b o l i n g g o d a l a m p u t u s a n n y a , y a n g m a n a p a d a t i n g k a t b a n d i n g t e l a h d i k u a t k a n o l e h P e n g a d i l a n T i n g g i , m e n y a t a k a n

b a h w a t i d a k a d a h u b u n g a n a n t a r a k e s a l a h a n d a r i T e r g u g a t I d e n g a n t i m b u l n y a a k i b a t / k e r u g i a n b e r u p a r u s a k n y a m o b i l ta>;i

m i l i k P e n g g u g a t , d e n g a n p e r t i m b a n g a n b a h w a T e r g u g a t h a n y a d i p e r s a l a h k a n o l e h h a k i m p i d a n a m e l a n g g a r ex p a s a l 2 (1) U . U . L . L . d a n d a l a m p u t u s a n h a k i m p i d a n a t e r s e b u t t i d a k m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a t e r d a k w a s o p i r b u s b e r s a l a h melak.ukan s u a t u p e r b u a t a n s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n b e r u p a k e r u e a k a n p a d a m o b i l t a x i m i l i k P e n g g u g a t - A t a s p e r t i m b a n g a n i n i P N P r o b o l i n g g o m e m b e r i k a n p u t u s a n m e n a l a k g u g a t a n ( t u n t u t a n g a n t i r u g i ) d a r i P e n g g u g a t , y a n g m a n a d a l a m t i n g k a t b a n d i n g p u t u s a n t e r s e b u t d i k u a t k a n o l e h P e n g a d i l a n T i n g g i .

A p a b i l a k i t a a m a t i d a s a r p e r t i m b a n g a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n o l e h h a k i m P N P r o b o l i n g g o d i a t a s n a m p a k b a h w a p e r t i m b a n g a n n y a h a n y a d i u k u r d a r i p e r a t u r a n p e r u n d a n g a n B a j a y a i t u p a d a p u t u s a n h a k i m p i d a n a y a n g h a n y a m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a T e r g u g a t d i p e r s a l a h k a n m e l a n g g a r U . U - L . L , d i m a n a d a l a m p u t u s a n t e r s e b u t t i d a k m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a s o p i r b u s b e r s a l a h m e l a k u k a n s u a t u p e r b u a t a n s e d e m i k i a n r u p a s e h i n g g a

T e r g u g a t I o l e h P M K r a k s a a n t e l a h d i h u k u m p i d a n a .

U n t u k roenentukan a d a / t i d a k n y a s y a r a t h u b u n g a n k a u s a l a n t a r a p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m d e n g a n a k i b a t k e r u g i a n y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n n y a d i t e m p u h p r o ^ e d u r s e b a g a i b e r i k u t y

a„ A p a k a h p e r b u a t a n i t u m e r u p a k a n s y a r a t y a n g h a r u s a d a u n t u k m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n ? ( t e o r i c o n d i t i o s i n e q u a n o n } ; b- A p a k a h k e r u g i a n i t u d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i a k i b a t y a n g w a j a r d i h a r a p k a n d a r i p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m ? ( t e o r i

a d e q u a t )

J i k a j a w a b a n n o - I d a n 2 p o s i t i f b e r a r t i a d a h u b u n g a n k a u s a l a n t a r a p e r b u a t a n d e n g a n k e r u g i a n - 45

D a s a r p e r t i m b a n g a n ya*"ig d a p a t d i k e m u k a k a n o l e h P e n g g u g a t u n t u k m e m b u k t i k a n a d a n y a h u b u n g a n k a u s a l a d a l a h b a h w a d a l a m k a s u s t e r s e b u t T e r g u g a t I m e l a k u k a n s u a t u p e r b u a t a n m e l a w a n h u k u m d e n g a n d i l a n g g a r n y a U . U - L - L ^ y d a n p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i l a n g g a r t e r s e b u t m e m p u n y a i s t r e k k i n g u n t u k

m e l i n d u n g i k e p e n t i n g a n P e n g g u g a t , a k i b a t p e l a n g g a r a n ini k e p e n t i n g a n p e r d a t a P e n g g u g a t t e r a n c a m y a n g p a d a a k h i r n y a m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n b e r u p a k e r u s a k a n p a d a m o b i l n y a a k i b a t t a b r a k a n t e r s e b u t . D a r i s i n i j e l a s 1a h b a h w a a n t a r a

p e l a n g g a r a n U - U . L . L . y a n g d i l a k u k a n T e r g u g a t d e n g a n m e n a b r a k m o b i l t a x i m i l i k P e n g g u g a t d e n g a n k e r u g i a n y a n g d i d e r i t a P e n g g u g a t b e r u p a k e r u s a k a n p a d a m o b i l n y a a k i b a t t a b r a k a n

t e r s e b u t d i t i n j a u d a r i t e o r i c o n d i t i o s i n e q u a n o n d a n teori. a d e q u a t t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n k a u s a l , s e h i n g g a d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a h w a p e r t i m b a n g a n h u k u m y a n g d i g u n a k a n o l e h H a k i m t i n g k a t p e r t a m a ( P N P r o b o l i n g g o ) s e r t a a l a s a n u n t u k m e n j a t u h k a n p u t u s a n d a n p u t u s a n n y a a d a l a h s a l a h . D e m i k i a n p u l a p u t u s a n P e n g a d i l a n T i n g g i J a w a T i m u r a d a l a h t i d a k b e n a r d a n t i d a k t e r p e r i n c i k a r e n a p e r t i m b a n g a n t e r s e b u t h a n y a m e n g a m b i l a l i h d a r i p e r t i m b a n g a n P e n g a d i l a n N e g e r i P r o b o l i n g g o d a n t i d a k

r o e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n s e n d i r i d e n g a n m e n g e m u k a k a n a l a s a n d a n d a s a r h u k u m y a n g t e p a t .

U n t u k b e r h a s i l n y a t u n t u t a n g a n t i r u g i ex p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B . W j u g a d i s y a r a t k a n a d a n y a k e s a l a h a n d a l a m d.iri p e l a k u . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n , o r a n g y a n g m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n itu b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t h a n y a j i k a i a b e r s a l a h , d a n o r a n g y a n g m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n i t u b e r s a l a h a p a b i l a t i n g k a h l a k u n y a y a n g m e l a n g g a r h u k u m t e r s e b u t d a p a t d i s e s a l k a n a t a u d i p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b k a n k e p a d a n y a «

s u b y e k t i f , y a i t u a p a k a h p e l a k u b e r d a s s r k a n p e n g e t a h u a n n y a d a p a t m e n d u g a a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n n y a - D a r i s u d u t i n i T e r g u g a t I b e r d a s a r k a n p e n g e t a h u a n n y a (terutaroa s e b a g a i p e n g e m u d i ) d a p a t m e n d u g a a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n n y a d a l a m r o e n g e m u d i k a n k e n d a r a a n n y a d e n g a n c a r s d e m i k i a n i a d a p a t m e n a b r a k k e n d a r a a n l a i n , A p a b i l a j a w a b a n dari. k e d u a s u d u t p a n d a n g t e r s e b u t p o s i t i f , b e r a r t i a d a k e s a l a h a n d a l a m d i r i p e l a k u . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n T e r g u g a t I s e b a g a i p e l a k u p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m d a p a t d i s e s a i i a t a s p e r b u a t a n n y a d e n g a n k a t a l a i n T e r g u g a t I b e r s a l a h . J a d i s y a r a t d a l a m p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W m e n g h e n d a k i b a h w a d i s a m p i n g s i f a t t e r c e l a n y a p e r b u a t a n ( p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m ) , 3u 9 a d i s y a r a t k a n d a p a t d i s e s a l i n y a p e l a k u p e r b u a t a n t e r s e b u t ( a d a k e s a l a h a n ) .

D a r i urai.an di a t a s , d e n g a n d e m i k i a n j e l a s l a h b a h w a s o p i r b u s S o e r a d j i ( T e r g u g a t I) t e l a h m e l a k u k a n p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m s e s u a i k e t e n t u a n p a s a l 1 3 6 5 B W , d a n a n t a r a p e r b u a t a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n k e r u g i a n y a n g d i . t i m b u l k a n n y a a d a h u b u n g a n k a u s a l , s e h i n g g a d i a b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s k e r u g i a n y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n n y a

-II. T a n g g u n g G u g a t P e n g e m u d i y a n g M e n j a l a n k a n K e n d a r a a n M i l i k P e r u s a h a a n

g u g a t ini t i m b u l s e b a g a i a k i b a t p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a n n y a a t a s p e r b u a t a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n . T e t a p i d i s i n i t a n g g u n g g u g a t

t i d a k s a j a t i m b u l a k i b a t p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a h a n a t a s p e r b u a t a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n t e t a p i j u g a t i m b u l k a r e n a p e r b u a t a n o r a n g

l a i n , a s a l s a j a d i a n t a r a m e r e k a a d a h u b u n g a n

huku/n-S i f a t h u b u n g a n h u k u m a n t a r a s u b y e k p e l a k u p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m d e n g a n o r a n g l a i n a d a 2 m a c a m , y a i t u s i f a t p e n g a w a s a n d a n s i f a t p e m b e r i a n k u a s a d e n g a n r i s i k o p e r e k o n o m i a n

D a l a m hal h u b u n g a n a n t a r a b u r u h d a n m a j i k a n , s e o r a n g b u r u h b e r a d a d i b a w a h p e n g a w a s a n m a j i k a n n y a . P e n g a w a s a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h m a j i k a n b e r g a n t u n g d a r i s i f a t m a s i n g - m a s i n g p e r j a n j i a n p e r b u r u h a n . A d a s e o r a n g b u r u h y a n g s e l a l u b e r a d a di b a w a h p e n g a w a s a n m a t a m a j i k a n , m i s a l n y a s e o r a n g k u l i di

p e l a b u h a n , d a n a d a p u l a s e o r a n g b u r u h y a n g h a m p i r b e b a s d a r i p e n g a w a s a n m a t a m a j i k a n , m i s a l n y a s e o r a n g s o p i r b u s u m u m

d a r i s u a t u p e r u s a h a a n t r a n s p o r t a s i

d i l a k u k a n o l e h b u r u h . J a d i a p a b i l a T e r g u g a t I ( s o p i r b u s S o e r a d j i ) r o e n g e m u d i k a n b u s n y a d i l u a r r o u t e yar*9 t e l a h

d i t e n t u k a n , m a k a m2iiika.r\nya ( p e r u s a h a a n ) t i d a k b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s k e r u g i a n y a n g t i m b u l a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r

h u k u m y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h s o p i r t e r s e b u t .

S i f a t p e m b e r i a n k u a s a d e n g a n r i s i k o p e rekonoroian d i d a s a r k a n p a d a pert i r a b a n g a n b a h w a d i r a s a k a n a d i l d a n pat.ut u n t u k m e m p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b k a n s e s e o r a n g a t a s p e r b u a t a n o r a n g

l a i n , t e r l e t a k p a d a s o a l p e r e k o n o m i a n , y&itL\ k a l a u k e n y a t a a n b a h w a o r a n g y a n g m e l a k u k a n p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m itu k e d u d u k a n efconominya t i d a k b e g i t u k u a t , s e h i n g g a p e r c u m a s a j a k a l a u o r a n g itu d i p e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b k a n k a r e n a h a r t a n y a t i d a k c u k u p u n t u k m e n u t u p k e r u g i a n y a n g d i s e b a h k a n o l e h n y a y a n g d i d e r i t a o l e h o r a n g lain, s e h i n g g a k a l a u d a l a m hal ini s o p i r b u s S o e r a d j i ( T e r g u g a t I) d i d a l a m m e n g e m u d i k a n k e n d a r a a n n y a s e c a r a k u r a n g h a t i — h a t i m e n a b r a k m o b i l m i l i k P e n g g u g a t s e h i n g g a m o b i l t e r s e b u t r u s a k , m a k a b a g i P e n g g u g a t t i d a k a d a g u n a n y a m e n g g u g a t s o p i r b u s t e r s e b u t s e o r a n g d i r i

m e r u p a k a n p e r b u a t a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e r u s a h a a n k a r e n a t i n d a k a n s o p i r b u s a d a l a h d a l a m r a n g k a u n t u k m e w a k i l i

p e r u s a h a a n , d a n k e s a l a h a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h s o p i r b u s d a l a m menjalanfcan t u g a s n y a m e r u p a k a n k e s a l a h a n y a n g

d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e r u s a h a a n - U n t u k i t u p e r u s a h a a n (PT M I L A S E J A H T E R A ) h a r u s b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s k e s a l a h a n y a n g

d i l a k u k a n o l e h s o p i r b u s - S e h i n g g a d a l a m hal i n i g u g a t a n d e n g a n d a s a r p a s a l 1 3 6 7 (3) B W h a r u s d i t u j u k a n k e p e r u s a h a a n s e b a g a i b a d a n h u k u m (PT M I L A S E J A H T E R A ) y a n g d i w a k i i i o l e h D i r e k s i , b u k a n d i t u j u k a n k e p a d a p e n g u r u s n y a s e c a r a p r i b a d i . J a d i y a n g d a p a t d i g u g a t m e w a k i l i p e r u s a h a a n a d a l a h T e r g u g a t II s e b a g a i D i r e k s i , s e d a n g k a n T e r g u g a t III t i d a k d a p a t d i g u g a t k a r e n a b e r d a s a r k a n a k t a p e n d i r i a n k e d u d u k a n n y a a d a l a h s e b a g a i P r e s i d e n iComisaris.

D a l a m k a s u s ini M a h k a m a h A g u n g m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a b a i k T e r g u g a t II m a u p u n T e r g u g a t III t u r u t b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h T e r g u g a t I (z>opir b u s ) . P e n d i r i a n M A i n i d i d a s a r k a n b a h w a g u g a t a n e>t p a s a l 1 3 6 7 ( 3 ) B W ini b u k a n d i t u j u k a n p a d a p e r u s a h a a n s e b a g a i b a d a n h u k u m , m e l a i n k a n k e p a d a pengurus---pengurusnya s e c a r a p r i b a d i , di m a n a k e d u d u k a n p e n g u r u s t e r s e b u t a d a l a h s e b a g a i m a j i k a n si s o p i r b u s s e h i n g g a ia h a r u s b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s p e r b u a t a n b a w a h a n n y a . S e h a r u s n y a g u g a t a n e x p a s a l .1367(3) B W d i t u j u k a n k e p e r u s a h a a n ( P T M I L A S E J A H T E R A ) y a n g d i w a k i i i o l e h d i r e k s i

y a n g d a p a t d i t u n t u t m e w a k i l i p e r u s a h a a n u n t u k b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s k e r u g i a n y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n o l e h b a w a h a n n y a d e n g a n

m e n g g u n a k a n k e k a y a a n p e r u s a h a a n u n t u k m e r o b a y a r n y a

-T e r h a d a p p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m p e n g e m u d i y a n g b a g a i m a n a m a j i k a n h a r u s b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t ? T a n g g u n g g u g a t t e r s e b u t b e r g a n t u n g p a d a k e a d a a n b a h w a p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m i t u d i l a k u k a n d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n t u g a s o l e h b a w a h a n { d a l a m l i n g k u p t u g a s n y a ) . S e h i n g g a m i s a l n y a s i s o p i r b u s t e r s e b u t m e n g e m u d i k a n b u s n y a u n t u k k e p e r l u a n n y a s e n d i r i , di J u a r r o u t e d a n j a d w a l y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n , m a k a a p a b i l a t e r j a d i k e c e i a k a a n p a d a s a a t m e n g e m u d i k a n b u s n y a , m a k a y a n g b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b a d a l a h s o p i r i t u s e c a r a p r i b a d i . S e l a i n i t u m a j i k a n j u g a b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a p a b i l a f u n g s i b a w a h a n t e r s e b u t m e n c i p t a k a n k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k m e l a k u k a n p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m s e h i n g g a d a p a t m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n b a g i p i h a k l a i n . K e n y a t a a n b a h w a m a j i k a n d e n g a n t e g a s m e l a r a n g p e r b u a t a n y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n , t i d a k m e r u p a k a n p e n g h a l a n g b a g i t u n t u t a n a t a s t a n g g u n g g u g a t m a j i k a n .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n u n t u k t a n g g u n g g u g a t r i s i k o e>t p a s a l 1 3 6 7 a y a t 3 B W i n i t i d a k b e r g a n t u n g p a d a s u a t u p e l a n g g a r a n n o r m a a t a u k e s a l a h a n o l e h m a j i k a n ( p e r u s a h a a n ) . P i h a k y a n g d i r u g i k a n ( P e n g g u g a t ) c u k u p b e r p e g a n g a n p a d a b u k t i ;

— a d a n y a p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m d a n k e s a l a h a n d a r i s o p i r b u s ( T e r g u g a t I);

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p e m i l i k k e n d a r a a n s e b a g a i m a j i k a n .

- a d a n y a f a k t a b a h w a t u g a s b a w a h a n m e n c i p t a k a n k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k roelakukan p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m ,

P e n g e r t i a n a d a n y a h u b u n g a n a t a s a n d a n b a w a h a n a n t a r a p e n g e m u d i d a n p e m i l i k k e n d a r a a n ini d a p a t k i t a l i h a t d a r i p e r j a n j i a n k e r j a y a n g m e r e k a b u a t s e b e l u m n y a - D a l a m hal t i d a k a d a p e r j a n j i a n k e r j a , u n t u k mer o b u k t i k a n h u b u n g a n a t a s a n d a n b a w a h a n a n t a r a p e n g e m u d i ( s o p i r b u s ) d a n p e m i l i k k e n d a r a a n (P.T. M I L A S E J A H T E R A ) d a p a t k i t a l i h a t d a r i k e d u d u k a n s o p i r b u s y a n g d a l a m m e n j a l a n k a n t u g a s n y a m e n g e m u d i k a n b u s n y a h a r u s m e m e n u h i p e t u n j u k p e m b e r i p e r i n t a h (P.T. M I L A S E J A H T E R A ) s e s u a i d e n g a n j a d w a l d a n r o u t e y a n g t e l a h ditentukar* y a n g h a r u s d i l a l u i n y a . J a d i w a l a u p u n si p e n g e m u d i s e t i a p h a r i n y a h a r u s m e n y e r a h k a n s e j u m l a h u a n g s e b a g a i s e t o r a n k e p a d a p e m i l i k b u s t e r s e b u t , i a t i d a k d a p a t m e n y i m p a n g d a r i k e t e n t u a n m e n g e n a i j a d w a l d a n r o u t e y a n g h a r u s d i l a l u i n y a . B e r b e d a d e n g a n p e n g e m u d i ta>:i, p e m i l i k t a x i h a n y a m e n e r i m a s e t o r a n s e j u m l a h u a n g d a r i p e n g e m u d i

t a n p a m e m p e r h a t i k a n j a d w a l d a n r o u t e p e r j a l a n a n t a x i n y a . J a d i p e n g e r t i a n b a w a h a n ( " o n d e r g e s c h i k t e " ) m e n u r u t p a s a l 1 3 6 7 a y a t 3 B W a d a l a h si p e n e r i m a p e r i n t a h d a l a m m e n j a l a n k a n t u g a s n y a h a r u s r o e n y e s u a i k a n d e n g a n p e t u n j u k si

p e m b e r i p e r i n t a h .

M I L A S E J A H T E R A ) t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n m a j i k a n d a n b a w a h a n , k a r e n a d a l a m m e n j a 1a n k a n t u g a s n y a , T e r g u g a t I h a r u s m e n y e & u a i k a n d e n g a n p e r i n t a h m e n g e n a i r o u t e d a n j a d w a l p e r j a l a n a n y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n o l e h p e r u s a h a a n . S e h i n g g a b e r d a s a r k a n k e t e n t u a n p a s a l 1 3 6 7 a y a t 3 BW, a t a s p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h Tergugat. I y a n g m e n i m b u l k a n k e r u g i a n b a g i Penggugat-, u n t u k i t u p e m i l i k k e n d a r a a n <PT M I L A S E J A H T E R A ) y a n g b e r k e d u d u k a n s e b a g a i

m a j i k a n h a r u s b e r t a n g g u n g g u g a t a t a s k e r u g i a n t e r s e b u t .

D a l a m p r a k t e k { k h u s u s n y a d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a m a j u ) k e r u g i a n t i d a k d i p i k u l o l e h p e l a k u a t a u k o r b a n , t e t a p i o l e h p i h a k k e t i g a , y a i t u p e r u s a h a a n a s u r a n s i . B a i k p e l a k u a t a u k o r b a n m e l i n d u n g i d i r i n y a t e r h a d a p k e m u n g k i n a n g u g a t a n g a n t i r u g i a t a s p e r b u a t a n n y a y a n g m e l a n g g a r h u k u m . K o r b a n m e l i n d u n g i d i r i n y a t e r h a d a p k e m u n g k i n a n d i t i m b u l k a n n y a k e r u g i a n o l e h p i h a k k e t i g a . P e n g e n d a r a m o b i l y a n g m e n u t u p

a s u r a n s i "all r i s k ” m e l a k u k a n k e d u a - d u a n y a .

BW-A p a b i l a m e n y a n g k u t a s u r a n s i kerugian;, p a s a l .1365 B W t e t a p p e n t i n g , k a r e n a d a l a m hal k e r u g i a n a d a l a h a k i b a t p e r b u a t a n m e l a n g g a r h u k u m , m a k a p e r u s a h a a n a s u r a n s i d a p a t m e m i n t a p e n g e ? » b a l i a n b i a y a y a n g t e l a h d i b a y a r k a n d a r i p e l a k u (hak

s u b r o g a s i , p a s a l 2 B 4 K U H D }

-III- K e m u n g k i n a n u n t u k M e n u n t u t K e m b a l i G a n t i R u g i o l e h M a j i k a n t e r h a d a p B a w a h a n

B e r d a s a r k a n k e t e n t u a n p a s a l 1 3 6 7 a y a t 5 B W , h a n y a m e r e k a y a n g t e r c a n t u m d a l a m a y a t 2 d a n 4 s a j a y a n g d i b e r i k e m u n g k i n a n u n t u k d i s c u l p a t i e ( m e m i n t a m a a f ) , y a i t u t e r h a d a p o r a n g t u a a t a u w a l i d a n g u r u a t a u k e p a l a t u k a n g , k a r e n a t a n g g u n g g u g a t m e r e k a a d a l a h t a n g g u n g g u g a t k a r e n a k e s a l a h a n

(s c h u l d a a n s p r a k e l i j k h e i d } d e n g a n p e m b u k t i a n s e b a l i k n y a , y a k n i p a r a o r a n g t u a a t a u w a l i , g u r u a t a u k e p a l a t u k a n g l a h

y a n g h a r u s m e m b u k t i k a n b a h w a m e r e k a t i d a k d a p a t m e n c e g a h p e r b u a t a n a n a k / o r a n g y a n g m e n j a d i t a n g g u n g a n n y a . T a n g g u n g g u g a t m e r e k a a k a n b e r h e n t i j i k a m e r e k a d a p a t m e m b u k t i k a n b a h w a m e r e k a t e l a h m e l a k u k a n s e g a l a d a y a u p a y a m e n u r u t akal s e h a t d a p a t d i h a r a p k a n d a r i p a d a n y a a g a r t e h i n d a r t i m b u l n y a k e r u g i a n p a d a o r a n g l a i n ( s u b j e c t i v e o v e r m a c h t )