THE DIFFERENCE
parative Study of Homeschooling and Priva
English Course Students)
RADUATING’S PAPER
the Board of Examiner as a Partial
the Requirements for the Degree of
THE DIFFERENCE
CE OF STUDENT
’S
READING AND
LLS BETWEEN HOMESCHOOLING
ard of Examiner as a Partial Fulfillment o
r the Degree of Educational Islamic Studie
MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (IAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. TentaraPelajar 02 Telp (0298) 323433 Fax 323433 Salatiga 50721 Website:www.iainsalatiga.ac.idemail:[email protected]
Salatiga,August 27th2015
RifqiAuliaErlangga, S.Fil.,M.Hum.
The lecturer of English Education Department State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR’S NOTE
Case:LaelaHidayahAriyani’s Graduating Paper
Dear,
Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Assalamu’alaikumwr.wb.
After reading and correcting LaelaHidayahAriyani’s graduating paper entitled THE DIFFERENCE OF STUDENT’S READING AND LISTENING SKILLS BETWEEN HOMESCHOOLING STUDENTS AND PRIVATE ENGLISH COURSE STUDENTS(A Descriptive Comparative Studyof Homeschooling and Private English Course Students), I have decided and would like to propose that this paper can be accepted by the Teacher Training and Education Faculty. I hope this paper will be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu’alaikum wr. wb.
Counselor,
A GRADUATING PAPER
THE DIFFERENCE OF STUDENT’SREADING AND LISTENING SKILLS BETWEEN HOMESCHOOLING STUDENTS AND PRIVATE
ENGLISH COURSE STUDENTS
(A Descriptive Comparative Studyof Homeschooling and Private English Course Students)
WRITTEN BY:
LAELA HIDAYAH ARIYANI NIM: 11311046
has been brought to the board of examiners of English and Education Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty at State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga on August 29th, 2015and hereby considered to complete the requirements for the degree of Sarjana pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) in English and Education.
Board of examiners
Head :Muh. Khusen, M.A
Secretary :Rifqi Aulia Erlangga, S.Fill, M.Hum. First Examiner :Ruwandi, S.Pd, M.A
Second Examiner :SetiaRini, M.Pd.
Salatiga,August 29th2015
Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Suwardi, M.Pd.
DECLARATION
In the name of Allah,
Hereby, the writer declares that this graduating paper is written by the writer herself. This paper does not contain any materials which have been published by
other people; and it does not cite any other people’s ideas except the information
from the references.
This declaration is written by the writer to be understood.
Salatiga, August 27th2015 The writer
MOTTO
Always Be Yourself and Never be anyone Else Even
if They Look Better Than You
Life is to be Enjoyed Not Endured
DEDICATION
This graduating paper is whole heartily dedicated to:
1. To my God, Allah SWT, who always blesses, cares, and loves me every time and everywhere.
2. To my beloved Parents, Mr Ahmad Zamroni and MrsSitiRiwayati, without whose support this paper might still unfinished.
3. To my beloved Sisters, AfridaNurmalika and TsalisaRahmaNovriyani who always cheer me and give me support when I fall down.
4. To my honorable teachers and lectures who give me knowledge, advice, and support to finish this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah the most gracious, the most merciful, the Lord of universe, Thanks to Allah, the writer could finish this graduating paper as one of the requirement for Sarjana Pendidikan Islam in English Department of Educational Faculty of State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Salatiga in 2015.
Secondly, peace and salutation always be given to our prophet Muhammad SAW who has given us specimen to be pious Moslem.
However, this success would not be achieved without those supports, guidance, advice, help, and encouragement from individual and institution, and I somehow realize that an appropriate moment for me to deepest gratitude for: 1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Ag, the Rector of State Institute for Islamic Studies
(IAIN) Salatiga.
2. Mr. Suwardi, M.Pd, as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty. 3. Mrs. Noor Malihah. Ph.D, as the Head of English Education Department. 4. Mr. Ruwandi, S,Pd., M.A, as my Consultant of Academic.
5. Mr. Rifqi Aulia Erlangga, S,Fil., M.Hum., as the counselor who has educated, supported, directed and given the writer advice, suggestion and recommendation for this graduating paper from beginning until the end. Thanks for your patience and guidance.
6. All lecturers of IAIN Salatiga who have bestowed their knowledge to me, especially the lectures of English Department (TBI). Thanks a lot for the very invaluable education.
8. My beloved father (Mr. Ahmad Zamroni) and mother (Mrs. Siti Riwayati) who always give me support encouragement, finance, love, trust, advice, and everlasting praying. Allah always blesses you.
9. My beloved sisters (Afrida Nurmalika and Tsalisa Rahma Novriyani) who helped me and give the support.
10. My best friends, Badi’atulAzmina, thanks for your helping and support. 11. My friends in TBI 2011 who fight together with me.
12. Mrs Ina as the head master of Destiny Institute Salatiga who give me permission to hold an observation.
13. Miss Yiska, Miss Ita, and Mr Kenan, Thanks for helping and collaborating me when I held the observation.
14. All students who participate in my observation, thanks for the participation. 15. Many people who have help the writer that I can’t mention one by one,
thanks all.
Finally, this graduating paper is expected to be able to provide useful knowledge and information to the readers. I have tried as maximum as possible in finishing this graduating paper, but the writer believes that there are may lack in this graduating paper, so, the writer is pleased to accept more suggestion and contribution from the reader for the improvement of the graduating paper.
Salatiga, August 27th2015
ABSTRACT
Ariyani, LaelaHidayah, 2015, “The Difference Of Student’s Reading And Listening Skills Between Homeschooling Students And Private English Course Students (A Descriptive Comparative Studiy of Homeschooling And Private English Course Students)” A Graduating paper of English Education Department State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga. Consultant :RifqiAuliaErlangga, S.Fil., M.Hum.
Keyword :Reading, Listening, Homeschooling, Comparison.
This research is mainly aimed to know the comparison the achievement of
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR’S NOTE ... ii
PAGE OF CERTIFICATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
MOTTO ... v
DEDICATION ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vii
ABSTRACT ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS... x
LIST OF TABLE... xii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study... 1
B. Limitation of Study ... 3
C. Statement of The Problem ... 4
D. Objective of Study ... 4
E. Significance of Study ... 4
F. Definition of Key Term ... 5
G. Review of Previous Literature ... 7
H. Hypothesis ... 8
I. Outline of the Research ... 8
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Reading Skills ... 10
1. Definition of Reading ... 10
2. Types of Reading ... 11
3. Purposes of Reading ... 12
B. Listening Skills ... 18
1. Definition of Listening ... 18
2. Process of Listening ... 18
3. Strategies of Listening ... 20
4. Basic Modes of Listening ... 21
5. Types of Listening ... 22
6. Improving Listening Skills ... 27
C. Homeschooling ... 29
1. Definition of Homeschooling ... 29
2. History of Homeschooling ... 30
3. Types of Homeschooling ... 31
4. Approach and Method of Homeschooling ... 33
5. Curriculum and Learning Material of Homeschooling ... 35
6. Law of Homeschooling ... 36
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Homeschooling ... 38
D. Private English Course ... 40
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Approach ... 41
B. Type of Research ... 42
C. Setting of Research ... 43
D. Population, Sample, and Sampling Technique ... 46
E. Data Resources ... 49
F. Method of Collecting Data ... 50
G. Technique of Data Analysis ... 50
H. Statistical Hypothesis ... 51
CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. School Description... 52
B. Description of Student ... 53
C. Research Conduct ... 53
E. Data Analysis ... 56 F. Discussion ... 64 G. Research Limitation ... 67
CHAPTER V : CLOSURE
A. Conclusion ... 68 B. Recommendation ... 71
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1 List of Supervisor and Staff Destiny Institute Salatiga 45
Table 3.2 List of Homeschooling Student at Patience Class 47
Table 3.3 List of Private English Course Student 48
Table 4.1 List of Homeschooling Students’s Test Result 55
Table 4.2 List of Private English Course Students’s Test Result 56
Table 4.3 List of 13 Years Old Homeschooling and Private English Course 57
Test Result
Table 4.4 List of 14 Years Old Homeschooling and Private English Course 59
Test Result
Table 4.5 List of 15 Years Old Homeschooling and Private English Course 60
Test Result
Table 4.6 List of 16 Years Old Homeschooling and Private English Course 61
Test Result
Table 4.7 List of 17 Years Old Homeschooling and Private English Course 63
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Education is a process to make the student improves. The improvements are developing their self-ability to have a good religious strength, self control, personality, intelligent, and skills that they need. On the other hands, education is the way to relay the knowledge from the teacher to the student. Besides that,
education is also a tool to change the student’s personality, from the bad personality become good personality.
Every student has a chance to choose what the best for their selves are. It
means that education must pay attention to student’s interest and need in
choosing and deciding the way that will be carried out for their future. By that, every student will be developed and improved properly as their desire, need, and their own style of learning. The parents just have to give the facility for their children for the developing of their intuition and their learning motivation. On the other hand, parents are also having options when making decisions
regarding with their children’s education. What parents require in order to
make a virtuous educational decision is the facts surrounding the options they have, and knowledge of the outcomes or implications one decision may have over another.
passion which can improve the students’ skills and ability optimally. The
conventional method that applied in the formal school tends to treat various kind of student with same procedure. Meanwhile, some students dislike and have no interest to always follow those same rules with the arranged schedule of study in the same time limit that should be taken on, and with same examination.
Viewing the reality above, some people, especially parents that concern about their development of their children, are worry about the phenomena in the formal school. By this reason, homeschooling is becoming one of the alternative ways that people choose. Homeschooling is one of alternative school that trying to place the student as the subject of learning with at home educational approach. It is a kinship approach that allows the children to study comfortably which is suitable with their eagerness and their own learning style, every time, everywhere and with everyone. By this approach, the children are expected can be grown normally and optimally without being restrained.
Then, between those alternative ways to improve the student skills, which way that better than other? As we know, both of them have difference in their curriculum and method of teaching, therefore, they have differences in their
students’ achievements.
Based on that question, the writer would like to make research entitled
“THE DIFFERENCE OF STUDENT’S READING AND LISTENING
SKILLS BETWEEN HOMESCHOOLING STUDENTS AND PRIVATE ENGLISH COURSE STUDENTS (A Descriptive Comparative Study of
Homeschooling and Private English Course Students)”. The writer will try to find out comparative skills between those kinds of education program.
B. Limitation of The Study
Based on the research entitled “the difference of student’s reading and
listening skills between homeschooling students and private english course students (a descriptive comparative studies of homeschooling and private
english course students)” the limitation of the study in this research is the
English skill that student achieved. In this research, the writer makes the limitation of the skills are reading and listening skills. The writer also make the limitation of the respondent are student in homeschooling and private school that have age between 13 until 17 years old.
C. Statement of The Problems
To clarify the problem that is going to be analyzed, the writer formulates the problem statement as follows:
2. What is the profile of the reading and listening skills of the private english course students?
3. What is the difference of reading and listening skill of homeschooling and private english course students?
D. Objectives of The Study
Considering the problems and limitation of the study above, the objectives of this research are as follow:
1. To find out the profile of the reading and listening skills of the homeschooling students.
2. To find out the profile of the reading and listening skills of homeschooling students.
3. To find out the difference of reading and listening skill of homeschooling and private english course students.
E. Significance of The Study
The writer expects that the result of this study can give contribution for academic field and practical field, as follows:
1. Theoretically
a. This research would be helpful to know more about homeschooling. b. The result of the study can be used to develop education either formally
or informally. 2. Practically
a. Students
b. Teacher
This research gives the teacher information about the method and approach that can be used in teaching learning process effectively, so that, their students have better skills.
F. Definition of The Key Term
To avoid the misunderstanding of the title of the research, it is important to explain the key terms related with this research. Therefore, the writer gives some description and explanation of the key terms to make the reader understand the study easier.
1. Comparative
Based on Oxford Dictionaries (2005: 25) comparative is involving the systematic observation of the similarities and dissimilarities between two or more branches of science or subjects of study.
2. Analysis
Analysis is study of something by examining its part. (Oxford, 2003:13) analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it.
3. Reading Skills
4. Listening Skills
Listening is the conscious processing of auditory stimuli that have been perceived through hearing. Listening skill can be define as more than just hearing but understanding and interpret the meaning of conversation. It is also a process similar with reading which should possess knowledge of phonology, syntax, semantics and text understanding.
5. Homeschooling
Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children outside the formal settings of public or private schools and is usually undertaken directly by parents or tutors.
6. Private English Course
G. Review of Previous Literature
In this research, the writer has some literature as comparison of this research. The writer finds the other that has some topic with this research. Those are:
First review that related to this research, the title is “Homeschooling and Legistated Education”. It is a journal written by Terry Harding and Dr Ann Farrell, in years of 2004. The paper contains the critique of homeschooling and legislated education in Australia.
Second review is “Specific Differences in the Educational Outcomes of Those Students who are Home Schooled vs. Students in A Traditional School
Setting” by Kathi Moreau, in years of 2012. The paper is about distinct differences between children who are homeschooled versus those who are schooled in the public setting. The paper reveals that the level of success for homeschoolers is a good argument for this type of education.
Third review is “A Descriptive Study of Developing Student Vocabulary in Homeschooling and Formal School (A Case Study of Salatiga Homeschooling
Community and the First Grade Students of SD N 1 Tengaran)” by UtariaAlfaningrum, in years of 2011. The paper is about the differences of the student vocabulary improvements between homeschooling students and first grade students in SD N 1 Tengaran.
The last review is “The Influence of Homeschooling towards Students
H. Hypothesis
Hypothesis is the problem estimate or answer proposed of problem statements. In this research, the hypothesis is between homeschooling program and private course program, there is one prorgam that better in improving
student’s skill besides the teaching learning process in school.
I. Outline of the Research
Chapter I is Introduction that consist of background of study, limitation of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of study, definition of the key terms, the literature review, hypothesis and the outline of the research.
Chapter II is Theoretical Framework that consists of more explanation about reading skills, listening skill, homeschooling, and private english course.
Chapter III is Research Methodology. It covers the research approach, type of research, setting of the research, population, sample and sampling technique, data resources, method of collecting data, technique of data analysis and statistical hypothesis.
Chapter IV is Research Finding and Discussion. It includes the school description, the description of student, research conduct, data presentation, data analysis, and discussion.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Reading Skill
1. Definition of Reading
Readingis a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how
written symbols correspond to one’s spoken language. Comprehension is
the process of making sense of words, sentences and connected text. Reading skill is the ability to read text, process it and understand its meaning. Reading comprehension or skill also can be defined as the level of understanding text or message. This understanding comes from the interaction between the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge outside the text or message. Someone ability to comprehend text is influenced by their traits and skills, one of which is ability to make inferences. If the word recognition is difficult, people use too much of their processing capacity to read individual words, which interferes with their ability to comprehend what is read.
recognition, the processing of sentence and word structure and their associated sounds.
2. Type of Reading
There are the following types of reading and the corresponding types of
activities to develop the corresponding reading skills:
a. Skimming reading
Skimming is reading to confirm expectations; reading for communicative tasks. Skimming is the most rudimentary type of reading. Its object is to familiarize you as quickly as possible with the material to be read.
b. General reading or scanning
Scanning is reading to extract specific information; reading for general understanding. Scanning is a skill that requires that you read quickly while looking for specific information. To scan a reading text, you should start at the top of the page and then move your eyes quickly toward the bottom. Generally, scanning is a technique that is helpful when you are looking for the answer to a known question.
c. Close reading or searching reading
sensitive to all the nuances and connotations of language as it is used by skilled writers.
3. Purpose of Reading
There are some purposes why people want to read something. Here
some reason that stated by Hall on Stifler’s article “Four Kind of
Reading”(2009:1) as follow:
a. Reading for Information
Reading to learn about a trade, or politics, or how to accomplish something. We read a newspaper this way, or most textbooks, or directions on how to assemble a bicycle. With most of this sort of material, the reader can learn to scan the page quickly, coming up with what he needs and ignoring what is irrelevant to him, like the rhythm of the sentence, or the play of metaphor. Courses in speed reading can help us read for this purpose, training the eye to jump quickly across the page.
b. Reading for Ideas
With a philosopher one reads slowly, as if it was literature, but much time must be spent with the eyes turned away from the pages, reflecting on the text. Intellectual writing requires intellectual reading, which is slow because it is reflective and because the reader must pause to evaluate concepts.
c. Reading to Escape
feeling but in turning off the possibilities of experience and feeling. The reader is in control: once the characters reach into the reader's feelings, he is able to stop reading, or glance away, or superimpose his own daydreams.
d. Reading to Engage
If we read a work of literature properly, we read slowly, and we hear all the words. If our lips do not actually move, it's only laziness. The muscles in our throats move, and come together when we see the word "squeeze." We hear the sounds so accurately that if a syllable is missing in a line of poetry we hear the lack, though we may not know what we are lacking. In prose we accept the rhythms, and hear the adjacent sounds. We also register a track of feeling through the metaphors and associations of words. The great writers reward this attention. Only by the full exercise of our powers to receive language can we absorb their intelligence and their imagination. This kind of reading goes through the ear though the eye takes in the print, and decodes it into sound to the throat and the understanding, and it can never be quick.
4. Strategies to Improve Reading Skill
To improve the reading skill, here some strategies that developed in Melbourne University:
a. Purposeful Reading
Be very clear about exactly what you are looking for. Don’t just
understanding of a topic or issue, detailed knowledge, a range of
perspectives, identification of a writer’s position, evaluation of a writer’s position, arguments that support your position, arguments that
oppose your position, examples, statistics, definitions, explanations, quotes, etc. Try to have the purpose in writing nearby so you maintain focus. Purposeful reading of this nature can help you read faster and more selectively. It can also help your concentration and your ability to remember.
b. Scanning
Scanning is reading quickly to search for specific information. You may not realize it, but you are already good at scanning. You scan, for example, when checking a TV guide or a phone book. Scanning may
allow you to ‘read’ up to 1,500 words a minute. One reason to scan an
academic text that you have found while researching is to locate key
terms as a means to assess the text’s relevance.
c. Skimming
Skimming is reading quickly to gain a general idea. Skimming may
allow you to ‘read’ up to 1000 words a minute. Skimming helps you
d. InformationWords
There will be times when you need to do more than skim a text in the way described above, but still need to read quickly. This may
require ability to conduct “surface reading”. It is worth remembering
that no more than 50% of the words in an average textbook are
“information” words. The other words are like glue and paint: they are
there to provide connections and add interest, but are not essential for meaning. If you concentrate on information words, you can read faster and with better comprehension. But, how do you learn to pick out the important information words? A large part of the trick involves paying attention to what the author is trying to say. Look for the message, and the information words will emerge naturally.
e. PhraseReading
Watch the eyes of a friend or a member of your family while he or she is reading. You will see that they move along each line of print in a series of jerks. The pauses between the jerks are known as fixations. It is during the fixations that your eyes take in words. Poor readers take in only one or two words in each fixation. A good reader, on the other hand, takes in several words in each fixation
f. AnalyticalReading
them, or jot down key words when using this style. As a result, your reading rate can easily drop to below 100 words a minute.
g. MarkingtheText
If the text you are reading is your own copy, you could also underline key words, highlight with a marker, or make notes in margins,or alternatively, if you don’t own the text, you could use little ‘post-it’ labels. This process of marking texts can help you concentrate
and can help you identify key points and make the book easier to survey later when you need to use it again for your assignment or to revise for an exam.
h. Note-Taking
If you don’t take notes well, or don’t take them at all, now is the
time to develop this essential skill! Note-taking can help you gain deeper understanding and reflection, a better ability to remember and good exam preparation materials for later.
i. ManagingVocabulary
j. ReadingwithOthers
Consider getting a “study buddy” or study group. Be careful to
keep focused on what you need to do and you may find that by sharing notes, explaining, asking and quizzing each other, you can increase you ability to understand, reflect upon and remember key points in texts.
B. Listening Skill
1. Definition of Listening
BabitaTyagi on her journal stated that listening skill is the key to receiving messages effectively. Itis a combination of hearing what another person says and psychological involvement with the person who is talking. Listening is a skill of Language. It requires a desire to understand another human being, an attitude of respect and acceptance, and a willingness to open one's mind to try and see things from another's point of view. It requires a high level of concentration and energy. It demands that we set aside our own thoughts and agendas, put ourselves in another's shoes and try to see the world through that person's eyes.
Listening is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages, Purdy &Borisoff stated in Kent Adlemann Journal. It involves an active involvement of an individual. Listening involves a sender, a message and a receiver.
2. Process of Listening
a. Hearing
It is referred to the response caused by sound waves stimulating the sensory receptors of the ear; it is physical response; hearing is perception of sound waves; you must hear to listen, but you need not listen to hear (perception necessary for listening depends on attention). Brain screens stimuli and permits only a select few to come into focus-these selective perception is known as attention, an important requirement for effective listening.
b. Understanding
This step helps to understand symbols we have seen and heard, we must analyze the meaning of the stimuli we have perceived; symbolic stimuli are not only words but also sounds like applause and sights like blue uniform that have symbolic meanings as well; the meanings attached to these symbols are a function of our past associations and of the context in which the symbols occur. For successful interpersonal communication, the listener must understand the intended meaning and the context assumed by the sender.
c. Remembering
Remembering is important listening process because it means that an individual has not only received and interpreted a message but has
also added it to the mind’s storage bank. In Listening our attention is selective, so too is our memory- what is remembered may be quite different from what was originally seen or heard.
Only active listeners participate at this stage in Listening.At this point the active listener weighs evidence, sorts fact from opinion, and determines the presence or absence of bias or prejudice in a message;
the effective listener makes sure that he or she doesn’t begin this activity
too soon; beginning this stage of the process before a message is completed requires that we no longer hear and attend to the incoming message-as a result, the listening process ceases.
e. Responding
This stage requires that the receiver complete the process through verbal and/or nonverbal feedback; because the speaker has no other way to determine if a message has been received, this stage becomes the only overt means by which the sender may determine the degree of success in transmitting the message.
3. Strategies of Listening
Listening strategies are techniques or activitiesthat contribute directly to the comprehension and recall of listening input. Tygan in her Journal stated that Listening strategies can be classified by how the listener processes the input.
a. Top-down strategies are listener based. The listener taps into background knowledge of the topic, the situation or context, the type of text, and the language. This background knowledge activates a set of expectations that help the listener to interpret what is heard and anticipate what will come next. Top-down strategies include :
• predicting
• drawing inferences
• summarizing
b. Bottom-up strategies are text based; the listener relies on the language in the message, that is, the combination of sounds, words, and grammar that creates meaning. Bottom-up strategies include :
• listening for specific details
• recognizing cognates
• recognizing word-order patterns
4. Basic Modes of Listening
In the one of journal article entitle “Listening : An Important Skill and
Its Various Aspects”by BabitaTyagi (2003: 3), there are three basic modes of listening, it was :
a. Active or Reflective Listening
It is the single most useful and important listening skill. In active listening, the listener is genuinely interested in understanding what the other person is thinking, feeling, wanting or what the message means.The person is active in checking his understanding before he respond with his new message. The listener restates or paraphrases our understanding of the message and reflects it back to the sender for verification. This verification or feedback process is what distinguishes active listening and makes it effective. Essentials of Active Listeningare Intensity, Empathy, Acceptance, and recognizing responsibility for completeness.
The listener is genuinely interested in hearing and understanding the
other person’s point ofview. He will be attentive and will passively listen. The Listener assume that what he heard and understand is correct but stay passive and do not verify it.
c. Competitive or Combative Listening
It happens when the Listener is more interested in promoting his own
point of view than in understanding or exploring someone else’s view. He
either listens for openings to take the floor, or for flaws or weak points.
5. Type of Listening
According Dr. ShaileshThaker on is Journal, there are some type of listening. They are as follow:
a. Discriminative listening
Discriminative listening is the most basic type of listening, whereby the difference between difference sounds is identified. If you cannot hear differences, then you cannot make sense of the meaning that is expressed by such differences. We learn to discriminate between sounds within our own language early, and later are unable to discriminate between the phonemes of other languages. This is one reason why a person from one country finds it difficult to speak another language perfectly, as they are unable distinguish the subtle sounds that are required in that language.
b. Biased listening
on the stereotypes and other biases that they have. Such biased listening is often very evaluative in nature.
c. Evaluative listening
In evaluative listening, or critical listening, we make judgments about what the other person is saying. We seek to assess the truth of what is being said. We also judge what they say against our values, assessing them as good or bad, worthy or unworthy. Evaluative listening is particularly pertinent when the other person is trying to persuade us, perhaps to change our behavior and maybe even to change our beliefs. Within this, we also discriminate between subtleties of language and comprehend the inner meaning of what is said. Typically also we weigh up the pros and cons of an argument, determining whether it makes sense logically as well as whether it is helpful to us. Evaluative listening is also called critical, judgmental or interpretive listening.
d. Appreciative listening
In appreciative listening, we seek certain information which will appreciate, for example that which helps meet our needs and goals. We use appreciative listening when we are listening to good music, poetry or maybe even the stirring words of a great leader.
e. Sympathetic listening
f. Empathetic listening
When we listen empathetically, we go beyond sympathy to seek a truer understand how others are feeling. This requires excellent discrimination and close attention to the nuances of emotional signals. When we are being truly empathetic, we actually feel what they are feeling. In order to get others to expose these deep parts of them to us, we also need to demonstrate our empathy in our demeanor towards them, asking sensitively and in a way that encourages self-disclosure. g. Therapeutic listening
In therapeutic listening, the listener has a purpose of not only empathizing with the speaker but also to use this deep connection in order to help the speaker understand, change or develop in some way.This not only happens when you go to see a therapist but also in many social situations, where friends and family seek to both diagnose problems from listening and also to help the speaker cure themselves, perhaps by some cathartic process. This also happens in work situations, where managers, HR people, trainers and coaches seek to help employees learn and develop.
h. Relationship listening
also important in areas such as negotiation and sales, where it is helpful if the other person likes you and trusts you.
i. False listening
False listening occurs where a person is pretending to listen but is not hearing anything that is being said. They may nod, smile and grunt in all the right places, but do not actually take in anything that is said.This is a skill that may be finely honed by people who do a lot of inconsequential listening, such as politicians and royalty. Their goal with their audience is to make a good impression in very short space of time before they move on, never to talk to that person again. It is also something practiced by couples, particularly where one side does most of the talking. However, the need for relationship here can lead to this
being spotted (‘you’re notlistening again!') and consequent conflict. j. Initial listening
Sometimes when we listen we hear the first few words and then start to think about what we want to say in return. We then look for a point at which we can interrupt. We are also not listening then as we are spending more time rehearsing what we are going to say about their initial point.
k. Selective listening
Selective listening involves listening for particular things and ignoring others. We thus hear what we want to hear and pay little attention to 'extraneous' detail.
Partial listening is what most of us do most of the time. We listen to the other person with the best of intent and then become distracted, either by stray thoughts or by something that the other person has said.We consequently dip inside our own heads for a short while as we figure out what they really mean or formulate a question for them, before coming back into the room and starting to listen again. This can be problematic when the other person has moved on and we are unable to pick up the threads of what is being said. We thus easily can fall into false listening, at least for a short while. This can be embarrassing, of course, if they suddenly ask your opinion.
m. Full listening
Full listening happens where the listener pays close and careful attention to what is being said, seeking carefully to understand the full content that the speaker is seeking to put across. This may be very active form of listening, with pauses for summaries and testing that understanding is complete. By the end of the conversation, the listener and the speaker will probably agree that the listener has fully understood what was said. Full listening takes much more effort than partial listening, as it requires close concentration, possibly for a protracted period. It also requires skills of understanding and summary.
n. Deep listening
listen between the lines of what is said, hearing the emotion, watching the body language, detecting needs and goals, identifying preferences and biases, perceiving beliefs and values, and so on.
6. Improving Listening Skill
Hearing and Listening are two different activities. Hearing is passive whereas Listening is active. Listening is a psychological process. It can therefore be improved by regular practice. Listening is a very helpful skill. Active listening is really an extension of the Golden Rule. Here are some of the tips which can help the person to improve his Listening skill:
a. Face the speaker. Sit up straight or lean forward slightly to show your attentiveness through body language.
b. Maintain eye contact, to the degree that you all remain comfortable. c. Minimize external distractions. Turn off the TV. Put down your book or
magazine, and ask the speaker and other listeners to do the same.
d. Respond appropriately to show that you understand. Murmur (“uh-huh” and “um-hmm”) and nod. Raise your eyebrows. Say words such as “Really,” “Interesting,” as well as more direct prompts: “What did you do then?” and “What did she say?”
e. Focus solely on what the speaker is saying. Try not to think about what you are going to say next. The conversation will follow a logical flow after the speaker makes her point.
g. Keep an open mind. Wait until the speaker is finished before deciding that you disagree. Try not to make assumptions about what the speaker is thinking.
h. Avoid letting the speaker know how you handled a similar situation. Unless they specifically ask for advice, assume they just need to talk it out.
i. Even if the speaker is launching a complaint against you, wait until they finishtodefending yourself. The speaker will feel as though their point
had been made. They won’t feel the need to repeat it, and you’ll know
the whole argument before you respond.
j. Engage yourself. Ask questions for clarification, but, once again, wait
until the speaker has finished. That way, you won’t interrupt their train of
thought. After you ask questions, paraphrase their point to make sure you
didn’t misunderstand. Start with: “So you’re saying…”
C. Homeschooling
1. Definition of Homeschooling
means the parents are involved in their children educational process, starting in deciding the purpose of study, values that will be developed, intelligence and skill that will achieved, curriculum and material, until the method of learning.
As named, the process of learning is centered at the home. However, the process of homeschooling is not always taking place in the
home. Homeschoolers’ parents usually use the facility around them for their children homeschooling process. For doing the learning process and enrichment, parents also use the public infrastructure and facility. The used facility for the learning process can be paid or free facility. For
learning process, homeschoolers’ parents can use the real facility, like
educational facility (library, museum, laboratories), public facility (garden, station, main road), social facility (orphanage, hospital, garden), or business facility (mall, showbiz, restaurant, factory). Beside of that, parents also can use private teacher, tutor, or registering their children in a course or hobby club. Internet and audio-visual technology also can be learning facility for the homeschooler.
2. History of Homeschooling
In the book of ”Homeschooling: Leap For Better Learning” by Sumardiono (2007:14) , the history of homeschooling that developed today is traced from the development of idea about education around 1960s. Started by idea that stated by John Cadwel Holt trough his book
failure of student not only caused by lack of school system effort, but also caused by the existence ofthe school itself. Although Holt didn’t urge for
the making of alternative education system, his idea initiate the educational people and family to rethink about education and school.
At the same time, at the late of 1960s and early 1970s, Ray and
Dorothy Moore did a research about the parent’s tendency to register their
children early. The research shows that the phenomena give bad influence for the children academically, socially, mentally, even physically. They state that emotional development and bond which made together with parent when they young cannot be changed with formal education.
Besides Ray and Moore, another thinker that has contribution in founding homeschooling is Ivan Illich with his book “Deschooling Society”and Harold Bennet with his book“No More Public School”.After that, homeschooling are developing with various reasons. Besides belief reason, the growing of homeschooling is also initiated by the dissatisfaction of school education system.
In Indonesia, there is no research yet about the beginning history of homeschooling. However, if we traced by looking at the concept of homeschooling, that is self-educated, we will find some figures in
Nowadays, the development of homeschooling in Indonesia was influenced by easier access of information that makes parents have various
choices for their children’s education. Moreover, the dissatisfaction of
education quality are also become instigator for families to manage homeschooling that appraised can achieve the purpose of education.
3. Types of Homeschooling
Basically, there are three types of homeschooling according to Sumardiono (2007:62), those are:
a. Single Homeschooling
Single homeschooling are form of homeschooling that applied by parents in one family and implemented by parent without join other family that also applied single homeschooling purposely. This type of homeschooling is usually chosen by the parents that have flexibility to implement homeschooling. This kind of homeschooling also has high complexity, because all of the task and responsibility are in the family. Even though, family can use supporting system, every initiation is in
family’s hand.
b. Compound Homeschooling
The biggest obstacle of this form is looking for the main point and compromise for things that has been agreed by the member of compound homeschooling.
c. Community of Homeschooling
Homeschooling community is association of some compound homeschooling that arranged and decided syllabi and learning material for homeschooler. It carried out the teaching learning process in family with commitment between parents and community with certain ratio. According to the guide that published by National Education Department, consideration about the implementation of homeschooling community is to make more complete structure in performing educational academic activity to build good character, intelligence development, and life skills from learning, evaluating, and getting criteria to be success with certain quality standard without losing self identity that built in family and environment.
Moreover, trough Homeschooling community, better teaching learning facility that cannot be obtained by single and compound homeschooling can be built, such as, workshop, laboratories, library, science or language laboratories, auditorium, and athletics or art facility.
4. Approach and Method of Homeschooling
homeschooling model. There are some approach and method that have been used by homeschooler family according to Sumardiono (2007:33) : a. School at-home Approach
It is type of education that similar with education that performed in the school. However, it was not take place in school, but in the home. The method also similar with the one that performed in school, so, this approach also called as textbook approach, traditional approach, or school approach.
b. Unit Studies Approach
It is one of education type that based on theme or unit study. This approach is usually used by the homeschooler parents. In this approach,
student doesn’t study one particular subject, but they study some subject at one trough a theme that studied. This method was improved because of the idea that learning process should have integrated not segmented.
c. The Living Book Approach
It is an approach that using the real experience as the material and facilities. This method was developed by Charlotte Mason. The approach are teaching about good habit, basic skills (reading, writing, and mathematic), along with exposing the children about real experience, like walking around, visiting museum, shopping to the market, looking for information in library, attending an exhibition, and other.
The classical approach is type of education that developed by using curriculum that structured in three step of children developed, called
Trivium. The main point of this method is the ability of verbal and written expression. The approach based on text or literature not image. e. The Waldorf Approach
This approach was developed by Rudolph Steiner and implemented by almost alternative school in America. The method is believed to be adapted easily for homeschooling because Steiner tries to produce a setting of school like situation in home.
f. The Montessori Approach
It is an approach that encourages the preparing of real and natural supporter setting, observe children interaction process with environment, and also develop the surrounding so that the children can improve their ability physically, mentally, and spiritually.
g. Un-schooling Approach
Un-schooling approach started by the belief that every child has natural desire to learn. If that desire was introduced and facilitated with real experience, they will learn more than using other approach.
Un-schooling approach not started with textbook, but from the children’s
desire that facilitated. h. The Electric Approach
5. Curriculum and Learning Material of Homeschooling
Besides approaches and methods that used in learning, every homeschooler family has a lot of choices to decide the curriculum and material that will be used. Curriculum contains education goals that want to be achieved in particular range. Meanwhile learning material is practical material that used for daily learning. Sumardiono (2007:36) divided 2 kind of curriculum and material for homeschooling. For choosing curriculum and learning material, the homeschooler family can choose whether they want to use bundle material or unbundle material.
a. Bundle Material
When homeschooler family use bundle material, they can use curriculum and learning material that already provided by institution that provide it. The materials that will be given are curriculum, theory, activity, work sheet, test, and other. Choosing this kind of material will give ease and practicability for homeschooling family, because they
don’t need to search the learning material on other place. However, it
also has big risk if they have no agreeable between homeschooling family needs and the available material.
b. Unbundle Material
Besides the two choices above, homeschooling family also can developed their creativity to decide their curriculum and learning material that will be used. Homeschooling family can combine the material they paid with material in the home or making their own material they needs.
6. Law of Homeschooling
Children education process that organized by parents as homeschooling education is legal activity and guaranteed by law. Families as part of society have privilege, and it was guaranteed by UU no 20/2003, to performing education for their children. Explicitly, National Education System (Sisdiknas) constitution admits the existence of education that based on family and environment. That kind of education is also included in informal education course.
In the special part of explanation about informal education, UU no 20/2003 about National Education System chapter 27 re-affirm about the homeschooling existence admission as the model of education performed by family. Every informal education that held by family and society formed as self learning (kegiatan pendidikan informal yang dilakukan oleh keluarga dan lingkungan berbentuk kegiatan belajar secara mandiri).
The government didn’t arrange the content and process of informal
community acknowledged as one of non-formal institution that have privilege to perform education.
As non-formal education institution, function of homeschooling community is performing non-formal education, including the equality examination performance. It was in compliance with UU no 20/2013 chapter 26:
“hasi lpendidikan non-formal dapat dihargai setara dengan hasi lpendidikan formal setelah melalui proses penilaian penyetaraan oleh lembaga yang ditunjuk oleh pemerintah atau pemerintah daerah dengan mengacu pada standar nasional pendidikan”
(non-formal education result can be valued equaly with the result of formal education trough the process of equalizing assesment by chosen institituon that selected by government or province reffered to national education standart)
One of principles in National Education System that useful for homeschooling family is the performing of education with opened system. This system make possible for the homeschooler to move from one educational course to other course. For example, If homeschooling family (informal education course) want to move to the school (formal education course), according to UU no.20/2003, it can be happen and it was guaranteed. Moreover, explicitly, in UU 20/2003 chapter 12 paragraph 1,
stated that: “every student at every education unit have right to move from
one educational program to other education unit that have same level and equality(setiap peserta didik pada setiap satuan pendidikan berhak pindahke program pendidikan pada jalur dan satuan pendidikan lain yang
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Homeschooling
Homeschooling is new thing for Indonesian education, so that, there are some advantages and disadvantages of it. Here below are some advantages and disadvantages about homeschooling according to Sumardiono (2007:16) :
a. Advantages of Homeschooling
1) Customized, appropriate with children’s’ needs and family
condition. Homeschooling make possible to do educational adjusting individually. Each family can have various model of homeschooling because of various children situation and needs. Every child can get lesson that appropriate for their needs with their appropriate method for them.
2) Giving more chance for individual independence and creativity that cannot be got in the regular school model.
3) Maximizing children potency without follow the standard time that school arranged.
4) Be more ready to begin the real world, because the learning process based on the daily activity around them.
5) Children protected from anomaly value and sociality.
6) Have the ability to socialize with older person and different ages (vertical socialization).
7) The education fees can be accommodated with family’s’ financial
condition.
1) Need high commitment and involvement from the family.
2) Have high complexity because parents have high responsibility for all educational process.
3) Low horizontal socialization with same age person.
4) There is a risk for teamwork skills, organization, and leadership. 5) Parent’s protection can give side effect about inability of social
situation solving and unpredictable complex problem.
D. Private English Course
According to Marzuki (2010:137) course is a learning process that being organized outside the formal school system, that can be conducted individual or attached on one of important process of bigger event, that have function attend to serve the student and their learning process.
There are two purposes of course, according to Marzuki (2010:90). First purpose is to change the behavior. It means that there is an improvement in their study. It is about improving their knowledge, skill, and attitude to be better than before. Second purpose is social changes. It means that there is an improvement of their passion to learn and work which can make a good changes for their life.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Approach
This research is descriptive comparative research that uses quantitative approach. A quantitative study consistent with quantitative paradigm is an inquiry of a social or human problem, based on testing of a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedure, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of theory hold true. Quantitative approach recommends the researcher should make distance and be independent to object being research. According to Maslikhah (2013:177) ,The quantitative approach research usually has purpose to know relationship between variable, to find out the variation of percentage of the problem that expected to have relation, to know the relation model, the influence of each variable and other. Kasiram (2010:172) state that quantitative research is a process of finding out a knowledge that uses the numeric data as instrument to analyze explanation what we will know. The design of quantitative research is operationalization of the distinct concept and can be arranged as investigating, developing, constructing of theory, and descrypting.
if accompanied with table, graphic, chart, picture and other. Besides the number form data, in quantitative data also have qualitative data information.
Kasiram (2010:172) also stated that quantitative research ontology view that the single reality can be separated and observed one by one. The logic that used is positive logic. It also has purpose to avoid the subjective features. The pattern of idea that used is deductive pattern, which is trying to understand a phenomenon with using some general and abstract concepts to find out about special thing from the phenomenon that observed.
B. Type of Research
Then, this research is descriptive comparative research. Descriptive research means that the data display is in written or picture form, not in number form. It means that the data which are being analyze and the data analysis results have form of descriptive phenomenon. According to Sudjud (2010:310) in the book of ProsedurPenelitian, SuatuPendekatanPraktikby Prof. Dr. SuharsimiArikunto, comparative analysis research can found the similarities and differences about objects, people, procedures, ideas, or critique of objects, people, ideas, and procedures. It also can compare the same point of view
about objects, people, ideas, or events. If it had associated with Van Dalen’s
statement about Jenis-jenis Interrelationship Studies, comparative research included incasual comparative studieswhich is want to compare two or three phenomena by discern the causes.
result directly. Then, from the result, the researcher will try to find out the reason why the phenomenon is happened.
C. Setting of Research
1. Homeschooling
For homeschooling research, the writer set an observation in one of homeschooling community in Salatiga. It named as Destiny Institute. The complete profile of Destiny Institute can be seen as below:
a. General Information
Destiny institute is a community for homeschoolers that take place in Salatiga Central Java, Indonesia. It use ACE (acceleration Christian Education) which also known as the SOT curriculum from Australia. ACE itself is a curriculum with a Christian basic education; this curriculum has been helping many pastors and parents by developing and publishing Bible-based, character building Christian educational since 1970. By integrating character-building principle and scripture
memory into academics, children grow to see life from God’s point of
view. By focusing on the individual needs of each child, the ACE program help children master each concept before moving to the next one. Children learn goal-setting habits and how to take responsibility for their own learning. The results of graduated student are with excellent academic knowledge and the strength of character to do right.
The details of this homeschooling community described as follows: Name : Destiny Institute Salatiga
Phone : (0298) 321 307 Postcode : 50721
Sub-district : Mangunsari District : Sidomukti City : Salatiga Province : Central Java
Website : destinyinstitute.sch.id/ E-mail : [email protected] b. Vision and Mission
1) Vision
To empower the next generation to walk in their God’s given and
destiny and lead with godly character. 2) Mission
To educate the next generation with godly principles and the knowledge to fulfill their destiny.
c. Supervisor and staff
In this homeschooling community, there are 13 supervisor and staff. The list of supervisor and staff in Destiny Institute Salatiga can be seen on the table 3.1 below:
Table 3.1List of Supervisor and Staff Destiny Institute Salatiga
No Name Position
1 Inawati B. Head Master
2 Ratih H. Secretary
3 Efi B Regent
5 Yafet A N Music Course 6 A Salim Paket C Equalizer 7 Kadasta E L Supervisor Level 1-3 8 Amalia W B Supervisor Level 4-6 9 Yisca K A Supervisor Level 7-9 /
Paket B Equalizer 10 Carolina F L Supervisor Level 10-12 11 Anton S Paket A Equalizer
d. Time of Research
This research is conducted in Destiny Institute Salatiga. There are some steps that the writer did to conduct this research, they are
authorization, observation and the analysis data. Those steps described as follows:
1) Authorization
a) Application of Research Permission : 1stAugust 2015 b) Research Permission : 3rdAugust 2015 2) Observation / Data Collection : 4th- 6thAugust 2015 3) Analysis Data
2. Private English Course
student. The writer did the research on August 10th2015. The writer did an achievement test as the method of collecting data in this research. As the observation, the writer do some little interview to the student to know how they learning in the school and in the English course.
D. Population, Sample and Sampling Technique
1. Population
The population of this research is the students that enroll in homeschooling education program and student who take private english course in Salatiga. There are around 90 students that study in Destiny Institute and around 15 student that join the private course
2. Sample
In this research, the sample is students who enroll in homeschooling education program and private english course program at age of 13-17 years old.
a. Homeschooling student
In the destiny institute, the students who are age of 13– 17 years old are in the patience class. So, the writer conducts the research in the patience class. The data of the homeschooling student who become respondents of this research are presented on the table 3.1 below:
Table 3.2List of Homeschooling Student at Patience Class
No Name Date of Birth Age
3 KeziaMeliga 25 March 2001 14 y.o 4 JesicaKasih 29 June 2001 14 y.o 5 Raudy Putra 31 Mach 2000 15 y.o 6 Giovani Adeline 19 June 1999 16 y.o 7 Kevin A S 23 March 1998 17 y.o
8 Rico 12 April 1998 17 y.o
b. Private English Course Student
The object of private english course student to this research is come from some school in Salatiga, because the writer did the research in an English course. Their ages are between 13-17 years old, same as the homeschooling student. The data of the private english course student who become respondents of this research are presented on the table 3.2 below:
Table 3.3List of Private English Course Student
No Name Date of Birth Age
3. Sampling Technique
For this research, the writer uses the stratified sampling techniques. Stratified sampling technique used if the population consisted of some group that being stratified (Kasiram, 2010: 262). Because of the population are divided in some level or stratum, so, the sample election cannot be done randomly. The level of the population cannot be denied. If the level in the population was being concerned, so, first the entire thing that should be done is to make sure how many level that present. Then, every level must have representative as the sample of the observation. Besides that, the sampling technique of this research also can be determined as proportional stratified sampling, because in this research, the proportion or the amount of the subject from every stratum or level are being concerned.
E. Data resources
Arikunto states that data sources are divided into primary and secondary sources (Arikunto, 2010:22). In order to know more detail, the writer will present as below:
1) Primary Data
It is a source of data in verbal form that uttered orally, motions, or behavior that done by trusted subject. In this case is the subject of research. It has relation with the variable that has been observed. In this research, writer will use the result of achievement test as primary data of this research.
There are source of data, which support and complete the primary data source. This data are acquiring from any kinds of literary books and sources, picture, film, video recorded, and other that support the primary data. Then, the writer will use the documentation as the secondary data of this research.
F. Method of Data Collection
In this research, there are several the techniques of data collection as follow below:
1. Achievement test
Test is some question or task or other instrument that used to measure skills, intelligent, ability that someone or some group had. In this research, the writer use achievement test as one of methods of data collection. Achievement test is test that used to measure someone achievement after learning something. Different with other test, this achievement test was given after someone has learned the material that would be tested. (Arikunto, 1997:127)
2. Documentation
Documentation may refer to the process of providing evidence (to document something or to the communicable material used to provide such documentation) (SutrisnoHadi, 1981:4). Moreover, Arikunto (2006: 131), documentation is a number of data that presents the verbal data such as correspondence, journal, memory, report and others which can be mutually responsible. In this research, the documentation is the question of the test
G. Technique of Data Analysis
Technique of quantitative data analysis usually uses statistical analysis. There are two model of statistical analysis that can be used. It was descriptive statistical analysis and inferentialstatistical analysis. For this research, the writer will use the descriptive statistical analysis to analyze the quantitative data. Descriptive statistical analysis revolves the analysis of frequency distribution, central tendency, and distribution of frequency distribution from the central tendency. There are three kind of central tendency, it was mean (average of the score), median (the central score) and Modus (The most appeared score). But, in this research, the writer will just use mean (average of the score) as the technique of analysis data. The formula is :
Me =∑
Explanation: Me : Mean
∑ : Total Score
n : Quantity of the score
H. Statistical Hypothesis
Based on the research methodology explained above, the writer formulates the statistical hypothesis is both of homeschooling program and private course
program are good in improving student’s skill besides the teaching learning
