M odu le 7 – ( L2 7 – L3 0 ) :
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M a n a ge m e n t of W a t e r Qu a lit y”:
L29
L29–
W a t e r Qu a lit y M ode lin g
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Topics Cove r e d
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Wat er qualit y, prot ect ion, qualit y goals,
Wat er qualit y, prot ect ion, qualit y goals,
Hydrodynam ics, Transport processes,
Hydrodynam ics, Transport processes,
Oxygen regim e, Mat hem at ical m odeling,
Oxygen regim e, Mat hem at ical m odeling,
Governing equat ions, num erical m odeling,
Governing equat ions, num erical m odeling,
Groundw at er t ransport m odeling.
Groundw at er t ransport m odeling.
Keywords:
Keywords:
Wat er qualit y m odeling Hydrodynam ics Wat er qualit y m odeling Hydrodynam ics
I nt roduct ion
I nt roduct ion -- Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er qualit y m odels sim ulat e t he fat e of pollut ant s &
st at e of select ed wat er qualit y variables in wat er bodies
bodies
I ncorporat es variet y of physical, chem ical, &
biological processes which cont rol t he t ransport and t ransform at ion of t hese variables
Tem perat ure, solar radiat ion, wind speed, pH, and
light at t enuat ion coefficient s – im port ant param et ers light at t enuat ion coefficient s im port ant param et ers
Types of Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Types of Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er qualit y is m odeled by one or m ore of t he
follow ing form ulat ions:
g
Advect ive t ransport form ulat ions;
Dispersive t ransport form ulat ion;
Dispersive t ransport form ulat ion;
Heat budget form ulat ion;
Di
l
d
t
t i
R
t i
Dissolved oxygen sat urat ion; Reaerat ion
Carbonaceous deoxygenat ion, Sedim ent , BOD,
Wat er Qualit y
Wat er Qualit y –
– Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological Cycle
Em issions: (Ex = out of) from t he user’s point of view
( com m unit y, fact ory, et c. )
Avoidance and reduct ion of pollut ion int o t he
environm ent - sanit ary engineering
I m m issions: ( I n = int o) - from t he wat er body’s point I m m issions: ( I n int o) from t he wat er body s point
of view: consequences of pollut ion, inj ect ions, et c.
Environm ent al fluid m echanics: flow and t ransport in
f t ( i d l k ) fl d t t
surface w at ers ( rivers and lakes) ; flow and t ransport in soil and groundwat er; flow & t ransport in t he
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er Qualit y Modeling –
– Wat er Cycle
Wat er Cycle
I n du st r y
La w s Pr oce ss e n gin e e r in g
Tr a de
La w s
St or m w a t e r ove r flow
D om e st ic
La w s
D r in k in g &
in du st r ia l w a t e r
W a st e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t
La w s
in du st r ia l w a t e r
Wat er Qualit y Prot ect ion
Wat er Qualit y Prot ect ion–
– Goals
Goals
Wat er qualit y prot ect ion - ensure t he qualit y of wat er
which guarant ees t he preservat ion of environm ent al goods.
goods.
En vir on m e n t a l Goods:
funct ions of t he river as wat er resource; com m unit y of
l f h f f l d
aquat ic living; fishing; irrigat ion of farm land
leisure and recreat ion; focus on cont am inat ion
subst ances from inland & suspended solids & sedim ent s; subst ances from inland & suspended solids & sedim ent s;
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er Qualit y Modeling -- Considerat ions
Considerat ions
Water Substances
-W a t e r Su bst a n ce s
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er Qualit y Modeling -- Considerat ions
Considerat ions
Governing laws
-Con se r va t ion La w s
M a ss M om e n t u m Su bst a n ce s in w a t e r En e rgy/ h e a t
Wat er Qualit y
Wat er Qualit y –
– Mat hem at ical Modeling
Mat hem at ical Modeling
The predict ion of wat er pollut ion using m at hem at ical
sim ulat ion t echniques. sim ulat ion t echniques.
A t ypical wat er qualit y m odel consist s of a collect ion of A t ypical wat er qualit y m odel consist s of a collect ion of
form ulat ions represent ing physical m echanism s t hat form ulat ions represent ing physical m echanism s t hat det erm ine posit ion and m om ent um of pollut ant s in a det erm ine posit ion and m om ent um of pollut ant s in a det erm ine posit ion and m om ent um of pollut ant s in a det erm ine posit ion and m om ent um of pollut ant s in a wat er body.
wat er body.
Models are available for individual com ponent s of t he
hydrological syst em such as surface runoff
Models addressing hydrologic t ransport and for ocean Models addressing hydrologic t ransport and for ocean
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er Qualit y Modeling -- Hydrodynam ics
Hydrodynam ics
Conservat ion of Mass:
M a ss ba la n ce in a CV
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er Qualit y Modeling -- Hydrodynam ics
Hydrodynam ics
Conservat ion of Mom ent um –
Wat er QM
Wat er QM-- Hydrodynam ics & Transport
Hydrodynam ics & Transport
Diffusive processes: Molecular diffusion; Turbulent
diffusion & dispersion
Molecular diffusion is a t ransport process t hat Molecular diffusion is a t ransport process t hat
originat es from m olecular act ivit y ( Brownian
m ovem ent ) . The driving force for m olecular diffusion is a concent rat ion gradient .
is a concent rat ion gradient .
The m olecular diffusion is described by t he m olecular
Wat er QM
Wat er QM –
– Hydrodynam ics & Transport
Hydrodynam ics & Transport
Turbulent flow: N a t u r e of t u r bu le n ce : irregular Turbulent flow: N a t u r e of t u r bu le n ce : irregular
( charact erized by variat ions wit h respect t o t im e) ;
int ensive m ixing; rot at ion; dissipat ive ( increased losses of ene g )
W a t e r QM
W a t e r QM -- H ydr odyn a m ics & Tr a n spor t
H ydr odyn a m ics & Tr a n spor t
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Wat er Qualit y Modeling
Diff i Diffusion
WQM
WQM-- Transport in Rivers & Canals
Transport in Rivers & Canals
WQM
WQM-- Transport in Rivers & Canals
Transport in Rivers & Canals
On e dim e n sion a l t r a n spor t e qu a t ion
Tw o dim e n sion a l t r a n spor t e qu a t ion
WQM
WQM-- Oxygen regim e of Rivers
Oxygen regim e of Rivers
St reet er- Phelps Equat ion for oxygen regim eO2 cont ent in m g/ l
Gr ou n dw a t e r Tr a n spor t M ode lin g
2D non- hom ogeneous
confined aquifer Flow
s
confined aquifer- Flow
Equat ion
2D non hom ogeneous
unconfined
aquifer-Flow Equat ion
t
2D Transport equat ion
x
Water Quality
Water Quality –
– Numerical Modeling
Numerical Modeling
Num erical procedures- approx. sol. t o m ost of field problem s.
Transform a com plex pract ical problem int o a sim ple discret e
form of m at hem at ical descript ion form of m at hem at ical descript ion
Recreat e & solve t he problem on a com put er, & finally reveal Recreat e & solve t he problem on a com put er, & finally reveal
phenom ena virt ually according t o requirem ent s of analyst s phenom ena virt ually according t o requirem ent s of analyst s.
Num erical or approxim at e solut ion for a com plex problem
efficient ly, as long as proper num erical m et hod is used.
Num erical m et hods are used t o analyze t hese phenom ena like
Num erical m et hods are used t o analyze t hese phenom ena like
–
Surface Wat er Qualit y Models
W ASP Wat er Qualit y Analysis Sim ulat ion Program , US
EPA: I nt erpret & predict wat er qualit y responses t o nat ural phenom ena and m anm ade pollut ion for various pollut ion phenom ena and m anm ade pollut ion for various pollut ion m anagem ent decisions
QUAL2K - river and st ream wat er qualit y m odel
Aquat ox-
sim ulat ion m odel for aquat ic syst em s; predict s t he fat e of various pollut ant s, such asnut rient s & organic chem icals, & effect s on ecosyst em nut rient s & organic chem icals, & effect s on ecosyst em
EPD- RI V1-
Riverine Hydrodynam ic and Wat erGroundw at er Qualit y Models
MODFLOW ( 1988) - USGS flow m odel for 3- D aquifers
aquifers
MODPATH - flow line m odel for depict ing st ream lines
MOC ( 1988) - USGS 2- D advect ion/ dispersion code
MT3D ( 1990, 1998) - 3- D t ransport code w orks w it h MODFLOW
RT3D ( 1998) 3 D t ransport chlorinat ed
Groundwat er Transport Modeling – Case St udy
Dh t l (1999) NGRI R t M M l & T I Eldh (2012)
HI NDACO- Belgaum , I ndia)
Dhar et al., (1999), NGRI Report; M. Meenal & T. I. Eldho, (2012) Submitted to Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE
Case study..
Wat ershed area 72 sq km basalt ic
Wat ershed area- 72 sq. km , basalt ic
t errain on nort hern side of Belgaum .
Wat ershed is drained by Markandeya
river in t he nort h
Parameter Value
Hydraulic
river in t he nort h
Red m ud- hydrous silt m uddy, highly
alkaline solid wast e produced by physical and chem ical t reat m ent s of
bauxit e in alum ina product ion.
Red m ud is harm ful t o t he ecological
becom e an environm ent al problem of concern.
Case study..
Mat egaonkar, Meenal, ( 2012) . Ph.D. Thesis,Re fe r e n ce s
Re fe r e n ce s
Guidelines for Wat er Qualit y Managem ent , Cent ral pollut ion
cont rol board ( CPCB)
Websit e : ht t p: / / w w w .cpcb.nic.inp / / p
Hydrological Modeling of Sm all Wat ershed – C.T Han, H.P.
Johnson, D.L. Brakensiek ( Eds.) , ASAE Monograph, Michigan
Freeze R A and Cherry J A ( 1979) Groundwat er Prent ice Freeze, R.A. and Cherry J.A. ( 1979) . Groundwat er. Prent ice
Hall- I NC., Englewood Cliffs, NJ
ww w.epa.gov
ht t p: / / wrm in.nic.in
St andard Met hods for t he Exam inat ion of Wat er and Wast ewat er;
Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.
Crit ically st udy various groundwat er
wat er and surface wat er qualit y
wat er and surface wat er qualit y
m odels available in lit erat ure ( det ails
can be obt ained from I nt ernet :
(can be obt ained from I nt ernet :
( eg.w w w .epa.gov; www.bentley.com )
St udy t he capabilit ies of each m odel
St udy t he capabilit ies of each m odel
and t he problem s where it can be
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.
Q
I llust rat e t he different t ypes of wat er qualit y m odeling.
D ib WQ d li it hi t h t i f t
Describe WQ m odeling w it hin t he perspect ive of w at er
cycle.
Explain various conservat ion laws used in WQ Explain various conservat ion laws used in WQ
m odeling?.
Describe wit h governing equat ions, t he groundwat er Describe wit h governing equat ions, t he groundwat er
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.
g
Q
I llust rat e w at ershed based WQ issues w it hin t he
perspect ive of Hydrologic cycle.
perspect ive of Hydrologic cycle.
What are t he t ypical WQ problem goals?.
Describe w it h governing equat ions t he surface
Describe w it h governing equat ions, t he surface
w at er t ransport m odeling.
I llust rat e t he oxygen regim e m odeling in Rivers
I llust rat e t he oxygen regim e m odeling in Rivers.
Describe various m odels used in surface w at er
Un solve d Pr oble m !.
Un solve d Pr oble m !.
Wit h reference t o a t ypical point source pollut ion
Wit h reference t o a t ypical point source pollut ion
from an indust ry t o groundw at er in your
from an indust ry t o groundw at er in your
t
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it i
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it i
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t h ibl
wat ershed area, crit ically st udy t he possible
wat ershed area, crit ically st udy t he possible
w at er qualit y m odeling for TDS concent rat ion.
w at er qualit y m odeling for TDS concent rat ion.
I dent ify t he possible w at er qualit y m odel from
I dent ify t he possible w at er qualit y m odel from
I dent ify t he possible w at er qualit y m odel from
I dent ify t he possible w at er qualit y m odel from
t he open sources ( from I nt ernet sources: like
t he open sources ( from I nt ernet sources: like
MODFLOW/ MT3D) .
MODFLOW/ MT3D) .
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg
