THE TRANSLATOR’S VOICE IN THE TRANSLATED VERSION OF MICHAEL SCOTT’S THE SORCERESS: THE SECRET OF THE IMMORTAL NICHOLAS FLAMEL.

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THE TRANSLATOR’S VOICE IN THE TRANSLATED VERSION OF MICHAEL SCOTT’S THE SORCERESS: THE SECRET OF THE IMMORTAL

NICHOLAS FLAMEL

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department of the Faculty of Language and Arts Education of the Indonesia University of Education as Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By

BAYU SURYA PURNAMA 0809083

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Bayu Surya Purnama, 2013

The Translator’s Voice In The Translated Version Of Michael Scott’s The Sorceress: The Secret Of The Immortal Nicholas Flamel

THE TRANSLATOR’S VOICE IN THE TRANSLATED VERSION

OF MICHAEL SCOTT’S

THE SORCERESS: THE SECRET OF

THE IMMORTAL NICHOLAS FLAMEL

Oleh

Bayu Surya Purnama

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Juni 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

The Translator’s Voice in The Translated Version of Michael Scott’s The Sorceress: The Secret of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel

By

Bayu Surya Purnama 0809083

Approved by:

First Supervisor

Dr. Hobir Abdullah, M.Pd. NIP. 195202091977021001

Second Supervisor

Susi Septaviana, S.Pd., M.Pd. NIP. 197609042009122002

Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Arts Education

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ABSTRACT

The present study entitled The Translator’s Voice in The Translated Version of

Michael Scott’s The Sorceress: The Secret of The Immortal Nicholas Flamel is a

content analysis of Michael Scott’s translated novel by Mohammad Baihaqi focusing on the translator’s voice. The discussion focuses on the strategies which

are used by the translator to contribute his voice. Therefore, the discussion is framed

within the theories of translation strategies (Venuti, 2010) and the translator’s voice in translated narrative (Hermans, 2010). The study utilizes a qualitative method particularly content analysis. The result of the present study shows that three most frequent strategies used by the translator are preservation, omission and addition. The study also discovers that the translator contributes his voice mostly through two cases; case of self-reflexiveness and self-referentiality and case of contextual overdetermination. The study shows that the translator has his voice visible through the use of strategies in foreignization and in the cases above since it may be seen

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... Error! Bookmark not defined. PREFACE ... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 1

LIST OF TABLES ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF FIGURE ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1 Background of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Statement of Problem ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Aims of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.4 Significance of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5 Research Methods ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5.1 Research Design ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5.2 Data Collection ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5.3 Data Analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.6 Clarification of Terms ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.7 Organization of the Paper... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1 Translation ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2 Translation Strategies ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2.1 Foreignzation-Domestication Continuum ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3 Narrative Voice ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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2.5 Previous Studies ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGYError! Bookmark not defined.

3.1 Formulation of Problem ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 Research Method ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3 Synopsis ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4 Data Collection ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.5 Data Analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6 Data Presentation ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONSError! Bookmark not defined.

4.1 Findings ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.1 The Translator’s strategies in The Sorceress: The Secret of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.2 The Translator’s Voice in The Sorceress: The Secret of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2 Discussions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

5. 1 Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2. Suggestions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. BIBLIOGRAPHY ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains a brief introduction of the study. It consists of the

background, the statement of the problem, aims of the study, significance of the

study, research methods, clarification of terms and the organization of paper.

1.1 Background of the Study

Nowadays, society has a strong urge to fulfill their needs towards information.

They seek information from around the world to satisfy their needs. Moreover, the

presence of globalization and technological advances help the society to get

information from around the world. However, language barriers have become an

obstacle in getting the information. Brisset (cited in Venuti, 2000, p.333) affirms that

translation is a dual-act of communication which involves both source text and target

text. Hence, translation plays an important role as the media of communication and

helps society to fulfill their needs towards information.

Translation can be defined as a process of transferring meaning from source

language (SL) to target language (TL) (Larson, 1984, p.3; Newmark, 1988, p.5), and

it specifically deals with written text (Munday, 2008, p.5). In other words, the

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language. Thus, translation consists of studying lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication studies, and cultural context both source language and target

language (Larson, 1984, p.3).

When translators translate a text, they use several methods or strategies in

translation. Newmark (1988) identifies several strategies that can be classified into

two categories. The first strategy is source language oriented. It is word-for-word

translation, literal translation, faithful translation and semantic translation. Then

second strategy is target language oriented. It is communicative translation, idiomatic

translation, free translation, and adaptation. In line with Newmark (1988), Venuti

(2010) also identifies other methods which are used by translators. They are

foreignization and domestication. Foreignization refers to the process of pressuring

on domestic values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of a foreign text.

Meanwhile, domestication refers to the process of change of a foreign text to

target-language cultural value.

The process of translation may change the structure of the source text. In

addition to the structures, the process also changes other aspects of the text such as

ideology or world view manifested in the text and voice especially in narrative. The

changes of ideology have been demonstrated by several scholars. For examples,

Mason (2010) conducted a study by investigating the traces of systematic ideological

shifts in the language used in a text about Mexican history and translation.

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documentary film was imported and recieved by Japanese theory of cinema. Baker

(2010) conducted a research by using the concept of framing on several translations,

for example Arabic translation of Samuel Huntington‟s The Clash of Civilizations.

The change of voice especially in translated narrative has been demonstrated by

Hermans (2010). He investigated the translator‟s voice in Max Havelaar novel by

Multatuli published in 1860. It is originally written in Dutch, and it was translated

into English, French and Spanish. The study discovered three kinds of discursive

presence of the translator‟s voice and it also discovered ideology underlying the

translated texts.

Hermans (2010) affirms that the translated narrative discourse contains second

voice or in his term „translator‟s voice‟. This voice may be identified directly in the

text; however, it may be hidden behind the narrator of the narrative text. The degree

of visibility of the translator‟s voice depends on the translation strategies which are

used in certain situation or cases. Hermans (2010, p.198) has identified several

situation or cases in which the translators manifest their voice in the texts. Those

cases are texts‟ orientation towards an implied reader, cases of self-reflexiveness and

self-referentiality and case of „contextual overdetermination‟.

As globalization and technical advances overtly invade the world by

providing a large and various amount of information, the obstacle concerning

language barriers is considered to be unnecessary. Thus, the needs of translation have

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The abundance numbers of translation product especially in novels contain different

voices which do not merely came from the author in nature. The product of

translation may consist of more than one voice including the voice of the author or

the translator. Readers may not realize the discursive presence of the translator‟s

voice, however, the translator‟s voice does exist.

The present study investigates the discursive presence of the translator‟s voice

in translated narrative. It specifically examines The Sorceress: The Secret of the

Immortal Nicholas Flamel (United States: Delacorte Press, 2009), a novel by Irish

author Michael Scott and translated into Indonesian language by Mohammad Baihaqi

(Indonesia: Matahati, 2010). The novel tells about magical adventure of 15-years-old

twins named Josh and Sophie Newman and a spouse named Nicholas and Perenelle

Flamel in battling against dark elders who want to conquer the world by bringing

back their golden age and making human as their slave and food. The present study

analyses the strategies used by the translator and how the translator contribute his

voice in the translated text.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The present study is guided by the following questions:

1. In what strategies does the translator contribute his voice in translating

Michael Scott‟s The Sorceress: The Secret of the Immortal Nicholas

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1.3 Aims of the Study

Based on the questions above, the study aims to:

1. Reveal the strategies which are used by the translator to contribute

his voice.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study has three essential significances. The first is a potential to enrich

the finding of previous research. It was expected to add new information, knowledge

and understanding about the translator‟s voice in translated narrative. Then, this study

was also expected to provide good practical guidance for other translators in

translating narrative text. Finally, the study is expected to be a guidance for readers

and researchers in analyzing the translator‟s voice in translated narrative.

1.5 Research Methods

1.5.1 Research Design

This study is conducted within qualitative approach and descriptive method to

describe and interpret data. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993, p.380),

qualitative research deals with the analysis of the qualitative relationship, activities,

situations or materials. The present study deals with data in a form of text. Hence,

qualitative approach is a proper method to be applied in the study. As mentioned by

Walliman (2011, p.130), qualitative approach emphasizes words rather than number.

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Hancock (2002, p.17), content analysis is a step to categorize the data, for purposes of

classification, summarization and tabulation.

1.5.2 Data Collection

The present study conducted several steps in collecting the data which

includes setting the boundaries for the study, identifying the purposefully selected

files and indicating the type of the data to be collected (Creswell, 2003, p.187-188).

The data were collected from a novel entitled The Sorceress: The Secret of the

Immortal Nicholas Flamel by Michael Scott and its Indonesian version which is

translated by Mohammad Baihaqi. The data did not cover every part of the novel;

rather, it covered the beginning part, the middle part as well as the last part of the

novel. It was purposively chosen to represent the whole novel and to simplify the

study. As stated by Creswell (2003), choosing participants or sites purposively helps

the study in understanding the problem and research questions. Due to the study

mostly deals with narrative textual analysis, the data of the study are in the form of

words, phrases, clauses and sentences.

1.5.3 Data Analysis

After the data had been collected, they were analyzed by using content

analysis method. Content analysis consists of two levels of analysis; they are

descriptive level and interpretative level (Hancock, 2002, p.17). The first step is a

close reading of both source text and target text to get the gist of the story and it was

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text. The next step is to identify and label the data based on Hermans‟ (2010)

framework on the translator‟s voice in the translated narrative. Then the data were

analyzed based on the frameworks of Hermans (2010) and Venuti (2010) in order to

answer the research questions. After analyzing the data, the data are presented by

using narrative passage to convey the findings. And the last step is to make an

interpretation of the data.

1.6 Clarification of Terms

In order to avoid ambiguity or confusion, there are terms that should be

clarified.

1. Voice : “Voice refers to the speech or other overt

means through which events and existents are

communicated to the audience” (Chatman,

1978, p.153).

2. Translator‟s Voice : It is an “index of the translator‟s discursive

presence” where he/she has “to come out of the

shadow and directly intervene in a text which

the reader had been led to believe spoke only

with one voice” (Hermans, 1996, p.27)

3. Foreignization : Foreignization deals with the process of

pressuring on domestic values to register the

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text. It can help reader in understanding

expressions or terms of foreign languages and

enrich vocabularies in target language and

culture (Venuti, 2010).

4. Domestication : In contrast to foreignization, domestication

associates with the process of changes of a

foreign text to target language cultural value.

Domestication can make the translated text

natural and smooth (Venuti, 2010).

5. Narrative : It refers to the series of events, real or

fictitious, that are the subjects of the discourse,

and their several relations of linking, opposition,

repetition, etc (Genette, 1987).

1.7 Organization of the Paper

The paper of the study is organized into five chapters. The first chapter is

Introduction and it deals with an introduction of the study. It consists of background

of the study, statement of the problem, aims of the study, significance of the study,

research method and organization of the paper. The second chapter is Literature

Review and it involves theoretical review ad previous studies which are related to the

study. The next chapter is Research Methodology. This chapter describes all steps and

procedures of the study. The fourth chapter is Findings and Discussion which

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Conclusion and Suggestion. This last chapter contains the interpretation towards the

result of the research in the form of conclusion and suggestion in accordance with the

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter is an elaboration of steps and procedures of the study. It

encompasses of problems of the study which are formulated in question, an

elaboration of research design, process of how the data is collected and an elaboration

of how data is analyzed and interpreted.

3.1 Formulation of Problem

The problem of the study is formulated as follows:

1. In what strategies does the translator contribute his voice in

translating Michael Scott’s The Sorceress: The Secret of the

Immortal Nicholas Flamel?

3.2 Research Method

In order to achieve the aims of the study, this study employed qualitative

approach and descriptive method to describe and interpret data. Creswell (2004, p.12)

stated that qualitative approach tends to explore the unknown variable, ask broad and

general question to the participants, collect data of words and report all the study in

subjective way. In addition, qualitative research deals with investigating the quality of

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Qualitative research “aims to help us understand the world in which we live and why

things are the way they are” (Hancock, 2002, p.2).

Qualitative method depends on data expressed mostly in the form of words

rather than number (Walliman, 2011, p.130). As mentioned also by Creswell (2003,

p.197) “qualitative procedures rely on text and image data”. In other words,

qualitative research asserts on the data presentation which is described descriptively.

Hence, in describing and interpreting data, this study employed descriptive method.

Descriptive method encompasses collecting data to answer question involving correct

status of subject of the study (Gay, 1987, p.139). Gay added this method discovers

and describes the way things are. Since the data are in the form of text, qualitative

method is a proper method to be applied in this study.

In regard to the content of the study which is in the form of text, this study

applied content analysis to analyze the strategies which are used mostly by the

translator and how the translator contributes his voice in the translated text. Content

analysis deals with categorization of data with the aim of classification,

summarization and tabulation (Hancock, 2002, p.17). Furthermore, Hancock (2002)

added there are two levels in analyzing content. The first and basic level is descriptive

account of the data and it is called as manifest level or type of analysis. This level

presents what was actually stated without trying to read into them and assuming

about them. The next higher level is interpretative and it is called as latent level of

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spouse named Nicholas and Perenelle Flamel in battling against dark elders who want

to conquer the world by bringing back their golden age and making human as their

slave and food. The dark elders are assisted by the immortals who work for them.

Josh, Sophie and Nicholas managed to escape from Dr. John Dee in California

and Nicollo Machiaveli in Paris but they missed Scathach in Paris. Dee hade the

Codex, but he still needed the last two pages of the Codex which were ripped by Josh

back in Nicholas’ bookshop in San Fransisco, California. He also needed the twins to

complete the process of summoning the dark elders into the world. Both Sophie and

Josh’s magical ability has been awaken. Sophie had mastered elements of air and fire

and she had all of Witch of Endor’s memories. While Josh had not mastered any

elements but he had received military knowledge from Mars Ultor. Perenelle was

trapped in Alcatraz which is owned by Dee. She was nearly killed by Sphinx and she

was helped by spider elder Aerop-Enap.

Nicholas, Josh and Shopie arrived in London. Francis asked Palamedes a

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his junkyard in London. Then, Nicholas, Josh and Sophie met William Shakespeare.

Meanwhile, the dark elders were disappointed in Dee’s continuous failure. The

monster had awaken an archon named Cernunnos or well known as the Horned God

to help Dee chasing after Nicholas and the twins. Then, the Horned God with wild

hunts and Dee attacked the Junkyard. Nicholas, Josh, Sophie, Palamedes and William

put a fight with help from Gabriel Hounds who were loyal to William. Once again,

Nicholas, Josh, Sophie and Palamedes managed to escape and headed to find

Gilgamesh the King to ask him a favor to teach the twins element of water.

Meantime, Perenelle found herself trapped in Alcatraz with Aerop-Enap. She

could not escape because the sea was guarded by Nereus the old man of sea and his

daughters. The Sphinx also kept looking for her, but with the help from a ghost

named Juan Manuel de Ayala she managed to survive. Perenelle made a contact with

Scathach and Joan of Arc by scrying and asked her a favor. Then, Scathach and Joan

of Arc used ley line to help Perenelle but they were trapped in the past. Nicollo

Machiaveli joined a force with Billy the Kid to kill Perenelle, but she tricked them

and stole their boat to go back to the mainland with her new ally, the Crow

Goddesses.

Gilgamesh the King agreed to teach the twins element of water with a

condition. But their auras had attracted all the creatures to catch them including Dee

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attacked but they escaped and went to Stonehenge to find ley line. With the twins’

power, they activate ley line and went back to San Fransisco and met Perenelle.

3.4 Data Collection

The present study conducted several steps in collecting the data which

includes setting the boundaries for the study, identifying the purposefully selected

files and indicating the type of the data to be collected (Creswell, 2003, p.187-188).

The data were collected from a novel entitled The Sorceress: The Secret of the

Immortal Nicholas Flamel by Michael Scott and its Indonesian version which is

translated by Mohammad Baihaqi. The data did not cover every part of the novel;

rather, it covered the beginning part, the middle part and the last part of the novel. It

was purposively chosen to represent the whole novel and to simplify the study. As

stated by Creswell (2003), choosing participants or sites purposively helps the study

in understanding the problem and research questions. Due to the study mostly deals

with narrative textual analysis, the data of the study are in the form of words, phrases,

clauses and sentences.

3.5 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the data were analyzed by conducting the two levels

of content analysis with the purpose of identifying the issue of the translator’s voice

in The Sorceress: The Secret of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel (United States:

Delacorte Press, 2009). In conducting the content analysis the following steps have

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 The first step was reading closely the novel both the source text and the target

text to get the gist of the story. It was done to understand and to discover the

issues presented in Michael Scott’s The Sorceress: The Secret of the Immortal

Nicholas Flamel. Throughout the reading process, the textual evidences were

highlighted and gathered regarding the strategies which are used by the

translator in relation to the translator’s voice.

 The second step was identifying and labeling the textual evidence by writing

brief notes in the highlighted textual evidence that are related to the strategies

which are used by the translator.

 The third step was arranging the textual evidences into the form of tables in

order to make the next analysis easier to be proceeded. In this state, the study

had encountered the basic level of content analysis which is known as the

manifest level.

 The fourth step were analyzing the textual evidences, presenting and

interpreting the data related to the theories that had been elaborated in Chapter

II to answer the research question. Thus far, the content analysis encountered

the higher analysis which is known as latent level.

 The final step was discussing the findings to draw a conclusion.

3.6 Data Presentation

To complete the analysis of the study, the presentation of the data was

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research question in the orderly form. The complete presentation of the data is

available in the appendices section. The excerpts of the table presentation are as

follow:

No English Version Indonesian Version

1 Grabbing the twins’ arms, he pulled

them out into the sleeting rain, turned to the right and dragged them down the street. (p.7)

Dia meraih lengan si kembar, menarik mereka ke tengah-tengah guyuran hujan bercampur salju, berbelok ke kanan menuju jalan raya. (p.21)

2 She knew if she got too cold, she

wouldn’t be able to think cleary,...

(p.19)

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter provides the conclusions of the study which are based on the

findings and discussions in the previous chapter. It also presents the suggestions for

readers as well as other researchers who might have an interest in conducting further

research related to translator’s voice and translation strategy.

5. 1 Conclusion

The present study is aimed to investigate translator’s strategies mostly used by

the translator and how the translator’s voice is contributed in the translated version of

Michael Scott’s The Sorceress: The Secret of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel by

Mohammad Baihaqi. After conducting the research and analyzing the findings, it is

found that the translator used ten strategies in translating the source text into the

translated text. The data were collected from one hundred and five samples from

several selected chapters in the beginning part, the middle part, and the last part of the

novel. The three most common strategies used are Preservation, Omission, and

Addition strategies. The study also discovers that the translator contributes his voice

mostly through two cases; case of self-reflexiveness and self-referentiality and case of

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The findings indicate that the translation is attached to the translator’s

intervention by contributing his voice in the translated text. The translator’s voice

may be identified directly in the text or it may be hidden behind the narrator of the

narrative text. The intervention of the translator can be identified through the

strategies which are used by the translator. Besides, the intervention of the translator

is a violation of the translators’ code of ethic. However, it is allowed as long as the

translator could connect between the author and the reader.

5.2. Suggestions

The study suggested several suggestions for those who are interested to

further study in the similar area or topic. The further study could elaborate more on

the translation strategies and the translator’s voice in the translated narrative text.

Regarding the novel, the study suggests that further researcher may discuss some

other researchable issues in the translation strategies or the translator’s voice, for

instance the construction of translator’s voice. The study also suggests that English

department should provide their students with more developed and significant sources

concerning translation or translator’s voice in particular. This is aimed to help

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