cfwf/e"t dfgjLo
dfkb08
ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm
of] k'l:tsf CHS PnfoG;, URD ;d"x / b :km]o/ kl/of]hgfåf/f ;+o'tm ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf] ‘Core Humanitarian Standard’ sf] cg'jfb xf] .
k|sfzs M cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 PnfoG;, URD ;d"x / b :km]o/ kl/of]hgf
k|yd ;+:s/0f M ;g\ @)!%
ISBN: 978-2-8399-1564-9
;jf{lwsf/
o; ;fdu|Lsf] s'g}klg k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 PnfoG;, URD ;d"x / b :km]o/ kl/of]hgfdf ;'/lIft 5 . hjfkmb]lxtf / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08n] k'¥ofpg] of]ubfgnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ z}lIfs k|of]hg, tflnd ;fdu|L, cg';Gwfg tyf sfo{qmd ultljlwx¿df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg s'g} klg ljlwaf6 o; ;fdu|Lsf] k'g?Tkfbg ug{ eg] ;lsg]5 . plNnlvt oL ;Dk"0f{ k|of]hgx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08af6 cf}krfl/s cg'dlt clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|fKt ug'{kb{5 . ;xhtfsf] nflu O{d]n [email protected]
k|:tfjgf
dfgjLo ljkb\sf] ;dodf dfgjLo ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] kfngf ul//x]sf dfgjLo dfkb08x¿ HAP, People in Aid / Sphere df cGt/lglxt d"ndd{x¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kl/Psf] ;+o'Qm dfkb08
of]hgf (Joint Standards Initiatives- JSI) sf] k|ltkmnsf] ¿kdf hjfkmb]lxtf / u'0f:t/
Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08nfO{ lnPsf] 5 . of] ;fdu|L tof/ ubf{ ;+o'Qm dfkb08 of]hgf (JSI) n] plNnlvt dfkb08 cjnDag ul/Psf d'Vo tyf If]qLo sfof{no / ljkt\ ;+j]
bgzLn b]zsf sl/j @))) dfgjLo ;xof]uL sfo{stf{x¿;Fu k/fdz{ u/]sf] lyof] . h;n] ;ª\s6df /x]sf JolQm tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL dfgjLo l;4fGtx¿sf] cfwf/df Ps ;dGjofTds dfGotfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg u¥of] .
hjfkmb]lxtf / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08, !@ dlxgf tyf # r/0fdf ul/Psf] 5nkmnx¿sf] 7f]; kl/0ffd xf] . o; cjlwdf dfgjLo ;xof]uL sfo{stf{, ;ª\s6df /x]sf JolQm tyf ;d'bfo, ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;~hfn, ;/sf/L lgsfo, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3, bft[lgsfo / z}lIfs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf ljifoj:t'x¿dfly lg/Gt/ ¿kdf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} o;sf] k|d'v sfof{no / :ynut ¿kdf k/LIf0f ;d]t ul/Psf] xf] .
ljleGg 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;'emfjx¿nfO{ dfgjLo sfo{ / dfkb08 ljsf; ug]{ lj1– k|fljlws ;lxtsf] ^% hgf k|ljlws ;Nnfxsf/ ;d"xaf6 pQm d:of}bfdfly w]/} k6s kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] xf] .
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo hjfkmb]lxtf ;fem]bf/L, lkk'n Og PO8\ (PIA) / b :km]o/ kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L
;ldltx¿n] ‘the 2010 HAP Standard in Accountability and Quality Management, the People in Aid Code of Good Practice in the Management and Support of Aid Personnel and the Core Standards section of the Sphere Handbook’nfO{ cfwf/e"t
dfgjLo dfkb08n] k|lt:yfkg ug]{5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5 .
s[t1tf 1fkg
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] ¿k/]vf ljsf;df k[i7kf]if0f;lxt ;xefuL x'g] ;of}F ;ª\3;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿nfO{ wGojfb, h;n] cfˆg} ;+:yfleq of cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] k/fdz{ k|lqmofdf s'g} klg ;d"xsf tkm{af6 efu lnP .
k/fdz{ tyf k/LIf0f k|lqmofdf ljkt\af6 k|efljt ljljw ;d'bfo tyf JolQmx¿sf] ;xeflutf :jfutof]Uo lyof] .
/ j:t'ut ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 k/fdz{ k|lqmof‘WolfGroup' sf k/
fdz{bftfx¿af6 :jtGq ;xof]u eof] .
k|fljlws k/fdz{ ;d"x, k|fljlws kl/rfng ;ldlt / n]vfO ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f
www.corehumanitarianstandard.orgdf kfpg ;lsG5Ù h;sf] cys k|of;ljgf cfwf/e"t
dfgjLo dfkb08 k/fdz{ k|lqmof ;Dej lyPg .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 k|lqmofdf lgM:jfy{ ¿kdf lgDglnlvt bftfx¿af6 ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5M
ci6«]lnog ;/sf/sf] k//fi6« tyf Jofkf/ ljefuÙ ljb]z ljsf;sf] nflu Sofyf]lns lgsfo
(CAFOD)Ù 8]gdfs{sf] k//fi6« dGqfno (Danida)Ù ;ª\3Lo u0ftGq hd{gLsf] ljb]z ljefuÙ
cfOl/; PO8\Ù :jLl8; cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ljsf; lgsfoÙ ljsf; / ;xof]usf] nflu :jL; lgsfoÙ a]nfotL ;/sf/af6 a]nfotL ;xof]u / ;+o'Qm clw/fHo ;/sf/ .
HAP cGt/f{li6«o, ;xof]udf cfa4 JolQmx¿ / kl/of]hgf dfglrq, cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08
k|lqmofdf cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ lgDglnlvt s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox¿k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5M
ACT ;d"xÙ cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u (AAI)Ù Aktion Deutschland HilftÙ a]nfotL /]8qm;Ù ljb]z
ljsf;sf] nflu Sofyf]lns lgsfo (CAFOD)Ù s]o/ OG6/g]zgnÙ Christian AidÙ ;fd'bflos
ljZj ;xof]u PlzofÙ DanChurchAidÙ n'y/g jN8{ km]8/]zgÙ cGt/f{li6«o ;]e b lrN8«]gÙ ;]e b
lrN8«]g UStyf jN8{ lehg O06/g]zgn .
k[i7kf]if0f
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08df ul/Psf x/]s ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;'emfjx¿nfO{ cg's/0fLo dflgg]5 . o;sf nflu [email protected] df k[i7kf]if0f lbg ;lsg]5 .
k'g/fjnf]sg
l8;]Da/ 2019 ;Dd, cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 k|of]ustf{x¿;Fu o;sf] k|of]u ubf{sf cg'ej tyf
l;sfOx¿nfO{ www.corehumanitarianstandard.orgdf k7fpg cg'/f]w ul/G5 . tL cg'ej
tyf l;sfOx¿nfO{ CHS sf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0fdf ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/g]5 .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08
(CHS)cg'jfb l6kf]6
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 c/]las, k|m]Gr / :k]lg; efiffdf pknAw x'g]5 . cGo efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ jf cg's"n agfpg [email protected] ;Dks{ u/L lgMz'Ns ¿kdf
cg'jfb–lgb]{lzsf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{;fdu|L
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] k|of]unfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf] lgb]{lzsf tyf ;fdu|Lx¿
ljifo;"rL
-s_ kl/ro
-v_ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] ;+/rgf -u_ cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog -3_ bfaL
-ª_ dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;}4flGts sfo{ -r_ gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx¿
-5_ pQ/bfloTj, k|lta4tf / sfo{x¿
!= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / dflg;x¿ cfˆgf cfjZostf cg';f/ pko'Qm / ;fGble{s ;xof]u k|fKt u5{g\ .
@= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿sf] plrt ;dodf dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;xof]udf kxF'r 5 .
#= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / dflg;x¿ gsf/fTds ¿kdf k|efljt 5}gg\ / dfgjsNof0fsf/L kl/0ffd:j¿k a9L hfu?s k'gM lgdf{0f / sd vt/ fdf 5g\ .
$= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿ cfˆgf] sfg'gL xs–clwsf/ hfGb5g\Ù ;"rgf tyf cfkm"nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf kx'Fr / fV5g\ .
%= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿df u'gf;fx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;'/ lIft / cg's"n ;+oGqsf] kx'Fr 5 .
^= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿n] Psd'i6 / kl/k"/s ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ .
&= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿ yk ;xof]u ljt/0fsf] cfzf /fVg ;S5g\Ù ha ls ;+:yfx¿n] cg'ej / sfdsf] k|lt5fofaf6 l;S5g\ .
*= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿n] k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf ;'–Jojl:yt sd{rf/L / :jo+;]jsaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ .
(= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf ;+:yfx¿af6 ;|f]tx¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] u/L s'zntfk"j{s gLlt;Ddt Joj:yfkgsf] ck]Iff ub{5g\ .
kl/ro
k|To]s lbg ljZje/ km/s km/s hLjgz}nL ckgfPsf sof}+ dflg;x¿ cTofjZosLo DffgjsNof0fsf] If]qdf nfu]sf 5g\Ù h;df dfgj kL8fnfO{ /f]Sg] jf sd ug]{ OR5fzlQm x'G5 .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08df pTs[i6tf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfkb08n] cfˆgf dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df cfa4 ;+:yf / JolQmx¿sf nflu gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx? Hf/L u/]sf] 5 . oL k|lta4tfx?af6 ;+:yf tyf JolQmn] ug]{ ;xof]udf pTs[i6tf / k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . o;n] dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] k|lta4tfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;ª\s6df k/]sf ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿k|ltsf] a[xt\ pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;anLs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08n] ;ª\s6af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / ToxfFsf hgtfx¿nfO{ dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdsf] s]Gb|df /fv]sf] 5 . ;fy} pgLx¿sf] cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfgsf ;fy a9fjf lbG5 . of] ;du|df ;Ddflgt hLjgsf] clwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gn] k|:tfj u/]sf] /Iff–k|lt/Iffsf] clwsf/, ;fy;fy} dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ljw]osåf/f lgb]{lzt 5 .
d'Vo dfkb08sf ¿kdf cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08n] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ¿kdf ;}4flGts pQ/ bfloTjk"0f{ / pRr u'0f:t/Lo dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] jsfnt ub{5 . dfgjsNof0fdf cfa4 ;+:yfx¿n] o;nfO{ cfˆgf cfGtl/s k|lqmofx¿ qmda4 ug{ :j}}lR5s ;ª\s]tsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o;nfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿ksf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h;sf] nflu o;sf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ ljleGg cj:yf / ;+:yfx¿df lglZrt ug{ Pp6f ljz]if;+/rgf / ;DalGwt lgb]{zsx¿sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df lhDd]jf/L lng] jf of]ubfg k|bfg ug]{ ljleGg JolQmx¿, ;ª\3;+:yfx¿, ;DalGwt lgsfox¿, ;ª\3;ª\u7gx¿sf ;fy;fy} cGo ;d"xåf/f cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk, cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 dfgjsNof0fsf/L If]qdf nlIft ePklg cGo ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] ljkt\af6 u|l;t dfgj ;d'bfosf nflu cfˆgf sfo{sf]
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo
;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ cem /fd|f] / u'0f:t/o'Qm a[xt\ lhDd]jf/L k|fKt ug{ To;sf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
ljZjJofkL:t/df ul/Psf] uxg 5nkmn k|lqmofsf] k|ltkmncfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08xf] . o;n] cjnDag ul//x]sf dfgjLo dfkb08 / k|lta4tfsf ;f/tŒjx¿nfO{ Ps;fy ;d]6]sf] 5 . h'g lgDglnlvt /x]sf 5g\ M
cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; / /]8qm]lhG6 d'ed]G6 tyf ljkt\df /fxt k|bfg ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] nflu tof/ ePsf] cfrf/;+lxtf
hjfkmb]lxtf / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkgdf dfgjLo hjfkmb]lxtf ;fem]bf/L dfkb08, @)!)
PIAsf plrt cEof;x¿ ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / ;xfotfdf k|of]u ug]{
b :km]o/ lgb]{lzsf cfwf/e"t dfkb08x¿ / dfgjLo 3f]if0ff kq
u'0f:t/ COMPAS
k|ltli7t cGt/–lgsfosf k|efljt JolQm jf ;d'bfok|lt /xg] Inter-Agen cy Standing Committee sf k|lta4tfx¿
cfly{s ;xfotf / ljsf;sf nflu ;ª\u7g(OECD)/ ljsf; ;xfotf ;ldlt (DAC) sf]
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] ;+/rgf
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 (CHS)n] ;ª\s6af6 k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf nflu gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . h;df pgLx¿n] dfgjLo ;xof]u k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf ;+:yf / JolQmx¿af6 s] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\ eGg] ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k|To]s k|lta4tf u'0f:t/sf] dfkb08af6 lgb]{lzt ePsf] x'G5Ù h;n] dfgjLo ;xof]uL ;+:yf / sd{rf/Lx¿n] s;/L sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] hgfpF5 . cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf ;+/rgf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx¿
• ;xof]uL u'0f:t/ dfkb08
• k|lta4tfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ckgfpg'kg]{ d'Vo sfo{x¿/
• ;+:yfsf d'Vo lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cljlR5Gg Pjd\k|lqmofut sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTj
d'Vo sfo{ tyf ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 M
• dfgjLo ;xof]uL sfo{df cfa4 sd{rf/Lx¿n] pRru'0f:t/o'Qm sfo{qmd s;/L ;xL tl/sfn] k|bfg ug{] / ck]lIft JolQmx¿k|lt s;/L lhDd]jf/ aGg] /
• dfgjLo ;xof]uL sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Ln] k|bfg ug]{ pRr–u'0f:t/o'Qm tyf lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ dfgjLo ;xof]unfO{ gLltut, k|lqmofut tyf ;+:yfut txdf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf u'0f:t/ / pQ/bfloTjx
¿
;xeflutf / k[i7kf]if0fdfcfwf/e”t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] sfof{Gjog
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf ;Dk"0f{ gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ug{ k|lta4 ;ª\3;+:yfx¿Ù Go"gtd tL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf cfˆgf k|0ffnL, ;+/rgf tyf k|of;x¿df nuftf/ ;'wf/ ub}{ pgLx¿sf] dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofsf] u'0f:t/ / lhDd]jf/Ldf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ Nofpg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk, dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df cfa4 ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ tyf JolQmx¿ km/s km/s x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] oyf;dodf sfd ug{ cfjZos 5 / cfkm"n] ;+:yfdf k|bfg ug{] e"ldsf tyf sfo{Ifdtfsf ;fy} ;dfj]z x'g] r/0f / cj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kb{5 .
Hfa ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ubf{ sl7gfO ;fdgf u5{g\, To:tf ;d:ofdf kg{af6 s;/L– aRg] / ;Daf]wg ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ / pQm kl/l:yltaf6 l;Sg' klg kb{5 . h:t}– ljsf; k|lqmofsf] lj?4df cfpg] cj/f]waf6 kf/ kfpg] pkfox¿ .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] cfj]bg ljZn]if0f lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] ;+:yfn] k|:tfljt gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx¿ k|fKt ug]{ :t/df ul/g'kb{5 . d'Vo sfo{x¿ nfu" ePsf 5g\ cyjf ;+:yfut lhDd] jf/Lx¿ k"/f ePsf 5g\ of 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fdf dfq ;Lldt /xFb}g . To;}sf/0f cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf cfjZos d'Vo sfo{x¿ kl/l:yltcg's"n 9fNg' cfjZos 5 .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 To:tf ;ª\3;+:yf / JolQmx¿df nfu' x'G5,hf]—
• ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfox? nfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u k|bfg ub{5M
• cGo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfly{s, ef}lts cyjf k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug{] -t/ k|ToIf ¿kdf cfkm\ gf] ;xeflutf ghgfpg]_ cyjf
• oL b'j} nufotfsf tl/sfnfO{;Fu} ;d]6\g] .
dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df cfa4 /xg]x¿af6 ljleGg tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 9ª\uaf6 cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] of]hgf agfOPsf] 5, h'g lgDglnlvt ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\M
• ljkt\af6 k|fefljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfosf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a[xt\ ¿kdf a9fjf lbgnfO{ pgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
• cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] cu|ufdL sfof{Gjog tyf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] nflu sfo{of]hgf ljsf; ug{]
• cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08;+/rgfsf] ;xfotfn] ljBdfg ;+:yfut / k|fljlws dfkb08nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ u'0f:t/ tyf pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ cg'udg ug{]
• cfTdd"Nofª\sg tyf sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
• lgodcg';f/ sfo{ jf Jojxf/sf] k'li6 jf k|df0fLs/0f ug{] / o;nfO{ c¿ ;fd' k|:t't ug{]
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08cfTdf;ft ug{ lg0f{o lng] ;ª\;+:yfx¿n] ;+:yfsf] leq / aflx/ b'a}lt/af6 cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08k|a4{g ug'{kb{5 .
;fem]bf/Ldf sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfx¿n] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08k|ltsf] k|lta4tf j0f{g ug'{kb{5 . tL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx¿ k"/f ug]{ ;DaGwdf s;/L ;dembf/L vf]H5g\, To;} u/L ltgLx¿n] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08k|lta4tfx¿ nfu" ug{ ;S5g\ .
bfaL
dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;}4flGts sfo{
dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] s]Gb|df dflg;x¿ /xG5g\ . ljkt\k|lt ul/g] s'g}klg k|ltlqmofsf] d'Vo pTk|]/0ff eg]]sf] hLjg arfpg', dfgjLo kL8fnfO{ sd ug'{ / ;Ddflgt hLjgsf] clwsf/af/] jsfnt ug'{ xf] .
DffgjsNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿n] klxn] dfgj;]jfsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{] clg dfq vf]hL eGg] s'/f dx;'; ub{5g\, To;}n] cGttM cfjZos k/]df dfgjLo ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .
dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{sf a[xt\ ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf rf/ cf]6f lglb{i6 l;4fGtx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
• dfgjtfM dfgjLo kL8f hxfF b]lvG5, ToxL ;Daf]wg ug}{ kb{5 . dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} hLjg / :jf:YonfO{ arfpg' tyf dfgjk|lt ul/g] ;Ddfgsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ xf] .
• lgikIftfM dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfP/ k"/f ug}{ kb{5, h;df s'g} /fli6«otf, hflt, lnª\u, wfld{s cf:yf, ju{ jf /fhgLlts ljrf/sf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L kL8f÷;ª\s6sf] ;aeGbf cTofjZos cj:yfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .
• :jqGqtfM dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{ tyf o;sf sfo{of]hgfx¿ nfu" ul/g] sfo{If]qx¿— /fhgLlt, cy{, ;}Go tyf cGo p2]Zox¿af6 :jtGq x'g'kb{5, tfls s'g} klg clestf{n] sfd ug{ ;sf];\ .
• t6:ytfM dfgjsNof0fsf/L If]qdf sfd ug]{ JolQmn] s'g} kIfsf] kIfw/tf / zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{' x'Fb}g cyjf s'g} /fhgLlts, hftLo, wfld{s jf ;}4flGts ljrf/sf cfwf/df x] l/g''x'Fb}g .
dfgjsNof0fsf/L l;4fGtx¿ ;a} dfgjLo sfo{sf s]Gb|laGb' x'g\ . ltgLx¿n] dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{nfO{ lgb]{zg u/L tL sfo{nfO{ cGo lqmofsnfkx¿af6 cnu /fVg cfjZos lbzflgb]{zub{5g\ . cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf k|lta4tfx¿, u'0f:t/ k|lqmof, d'Vo sfdx¿ / ;+:yfut lhDd]jf/Lx¿ u/L rf/cf]6f l;4fGtx¿df cfa4 ul/Psf 5g\ .
cGt/f{li6«o dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfg"g, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ sfg"g / cGt/f{li6«o z/0ffyL{ sfg'gn] JolQmut / ;fd"lxs ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t sfg"gL dfkb08 to u/]sf] 5, h'g ltgLx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;xof]usf] k|s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . ;fy} dfgjsNof0fsf/L ljwflosfn] k|sf]k / åGåaf6 k|efljt JolQmx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ s]Gb|Lo sfg"gL l;4fGtx¿sf] ;ª\If]kLs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
gf} a'“b] k|lta4tfx
¿
!= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d›bfox¿ cfˆgf cfjZostfcg›;f/ pko›Qm / ;fGble{s ;xof]u k|fKt u5{g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmof pko'Qm / ;fGble{s 5 .
@= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf] plrt ;dodf dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;xof]udf kxF›r 5 .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmof k|efjsf/L / oyf;dodf 5 .
#= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿ gsf/fTds ¿kdf k|efljt 5}gg\ / dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{ kl/0ffd:j¿k a9L hfu?s, k›gM lgdf{0f / sd vt/fdf 5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08MdfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofn] :yfgLo IfdtfnfO{ yk dha't agfpF5 / gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ x6fpF5 .
$= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿ cfˆgf] sfg"gL xs–clwsf/ hfGb5g\, ;"rgf tyf cfkm"nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf kx›Fr /fV5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08MdfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmof ;~rf/, ;xeflutf / k[i7kf]if0fdf cfwfl/t 5 .
%= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿df u›gf;fx¿ ;fdgf ug{ ;›/lIft / cg›s"n ;+oGqsf] kx›Fr 5 .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M u'gf;fx¿nfO{ :jfut / ;Daf]wg ul/G5 .
^= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿n] Psd›i6 / kl/k"/s ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ . u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofsf] ;xof]u Psd'i6 / kl/k"/s 5 .
&= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿ yk ;xof]u ljt/0fsf] cfzf /fVg ;S5g\Ù hals ;+:yfx¿n] cg›ej / sfdsf] k|lt5fofaf6 l;S5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L clestf{x¿ lg/Gt/ l;S5g\ / ;'wf/ NofpF5g\ .
*= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿n] k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf ;›Jojl:yt sd{rf/L / :jo+;]js af6 ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08Msd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ug{ ;xof]u ul/G5 ;fy} gikIf / ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 .
pQ/bfloTj, k|lta4tf / sfo{x¿
!= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / dflg;x¿ cfk\mgf cfjZostfcg';f/ pko'Qm / ;fGble{s ;xof]u k|fKt u5{g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmof pko'Qm / ;fGble{s 5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
!=! cj:yf / bftfx¿sf] k|lqmofut, j:t'ut / rfn' k|lqmofsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ .
!=@ cfjZostf / hf]lvdsf] k"jf{u|x/lxt d"Nofª\sg / ljleGg ;d"xsf Ifdtf / sdhf]/ Lx¿sf] a'emfOdf cfwfl/t plrt sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
!=# kl/jlt{t cfjZostf, Ifdtf / cj:yf cg's"n sfo{qmd nfu" ug'{ .
;++:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
!=$ gLltx¿n] k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf / Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t k"jf{u|x/lxt ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5g\ .
@= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿sf] plrt ;dodf dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;xof]udf kxF'r 5 .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmof k|efjsf/L / oyf;dodf 5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
@=! bafanfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug'{Ù h;n] lgwf{l/t sfd jf:tljs / ;dfhsf] nflu ;'/lIft x'G5 . -l/k|m]G; <<<<_
@=@ dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofnfO{{ cgfjZos l9nf;':tL gu/L oyf;Dej lg0f{o u/L ;Dk|] if0f ug'{ .
@=# ;+:yfx¿sf ;Dks{df gcfPsf cfjZostfnfO{ pko'Qm k|fljlws lgk"0f{tfsf nflu cfb]z lbg cyjf tL cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wglglDt jsfnt ug'{ .
@=$ of]hgf agfpg / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dfgjsNof0fsf/L If]qel/ k|of]u ePsf ;fGble{s k|fljlws dfkb08 / plrt k|of;sf] k|of]u ug'{ .
@=% dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dofg's"n agfpg tyf sdhf]/ k|:t'ltnfO{ ;Daf]wgsf] nflu dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofd'vL lqmofsnfk / kl/0ffdsf] cg'udg ug'{ .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
@=^ sfo{qmdsf k|lta4tfx¿ ;+:yfut Ifdtf;lxt qmda4 eP÷gePsf lglZrt ug]{ . @=& gLltut k|lta4tfx¿n] lglZrt u5{g\M
-s_ lqmofsnfkx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] c;/sf] k|lqmofut, j:t'ut lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg,
#= dfgjsNof0fsf/L kl/0ffd:j¿k ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / dflg;x¿ gsf/fTds ¿kdf k|efljt 5}gg\, k'gM lgdf{0fdf a9L hfu?s / sd vt/fdf 5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmofn] :yfgLo IfdtfnfO{ yk dha't agfpF5 / gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ x6fpF5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
#=! :yfgLo Ifdtfdf lgld{t sfo{qmdx¿ lglZrt ug'{ tyf ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿df gofF zlQm ljsf; ug'{ .
#=@ ljBdfg ;fd'bflos ljklQsf] glthf / vt/fsf] d"Nofª\sg / ;xof]uL lqmofsnfksf nflu tof/L of]hgfsf] k|of]u .
#=# eljiodf x'g ;Sg] ljkt\df k|yd ;]jfk|bfossf ¿kdf :yfgLo g]t[Tj / ;+:yfnfO{ Ifdtfof]Uo agfpg'Ù h;df lk58fju{ / ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj lglZrt ug'{k5{ .
#=$ dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf ;ª\qmd0f / alxu{dg /0fgLltaf6 bL3{sfnLg ;sf/fTds k|efjsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{} k/lge{/tfsf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{‹ . #=% sfo{qmdx¿sf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ug{, h;n] k|f/lDes k|sf]ksf] Ifltk"lt{ u5{ /
:yfgLo cy{tGqnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 .
#=^ oL tnsf If]qx¿df pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt cyjf cgk]lIft gsf/fTds c;/x¿ kQf nufO{ ;dod} ;xL tl/sfn] sfd ug'{k5{ .
-s_ JolQmsf] ;Ddfg, clwsf/sf] /Iff / ;'/Iff -v_ sd{rf/Laf6 of}g–zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/
-u_ ;f+:s[lts, n}ª\lus, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;DaGw -3_ hLjgz}nL
-ª_ :yfgLo cy{tGq / -r_ jftfj/0f cflb .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿M
#=& gLltut /0fgLlt / dfu{bz{g,
#=* sfo{qmdsf gsf/fTds c;/x¿Ù h:t}—sd{rf/Laf6} k|sf]k k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfonfO{ x'g;Sg] of}g–zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ jf e]befjaf6 arfpg',
#=( :yfgLo IfdtfnfO{ dha't agfpg',
$= ljkt\af6 k|efljtJolQm/ ;d'bfox¿ cfk\mgf] sfg"gL xs–clwsf/ hfGb5g\Ù ;"rgf tyf cfkm"nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf kx'Fr /fV5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmof ;~rf/, ;xeflutf / k[i7kf]if0fdf cfwfl/t 5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
$=! ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;+:yfsf] af/]df, o;n] kfngf u/]sf l;4fGtx¿, sd{rf/Laf6 s:tf] Jojxf/sf] cfzf u5{g\, o;n] nfu" ul//x]sf sfo{qmdx¿ / ltgLx¿n] s] k|bfg ug{ rfxG5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{,
$=@ ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿,ljz]if u/L sdhf]/ / ;LdfGts[t hgtfx¿n] ;lhn} a'‰g] efiff, ;+/rgf / dfWoddf ;Ddflgt tl/sfn] ;~rf/ ug'{,
$=# ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ sfdsf] ;a} txdf ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj lglZrt ug'{,
$=$ ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u ug'{, h;df lglZrt lnª\u, pd]/ / ljljwtfdf pgLx¿nfO{ k|fKt ;xof]usf] ;Gt'li6sf] txnfO{ cfwf/ dflgG5 .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
$=% ;"rgfk|jfxsf] nflu gLltx¿ / v'nf ;~rf/sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbG5,
$=^ sfof{Gjogdf ePsf gLltx¿n] ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf] k|fyldstfnfO{ hgfpF5 / sfdsf] ;a} txsf vt/fnfO{ kQf nufpF5,
%= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿df u'gf;fx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;'/lIft / cg's"n ;+oGqsf] kx'Fr 5 .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M u'gf;fx¿nfO{ :jfut / ;Daf]wg ul/G5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
%=! u'gf;fx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmofsf] gd'gf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgsf] nflu ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{ .
%=@ u'gf;f]nfO{ :jfut / :jLsf/ ug'{ / o;sf] ;+oGqnfO{ s;/L o;n] ;Daf]wg ug]{Ù d'2fsf] bfo/fnfO{ ;~rf/ ug]{ .
%=# u'gf;f]nfO{ oyf ;dodf, lgikIf / ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug'{Ù h;n] cfnf]rsx¿ / ;a} txdf k|efljtx¿sf] ;'/IffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
%=$ ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿sf] nflu u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg k|lqmofsf] k|df0fsf] n]vfhf]vf to ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|lqmofn] sfo{qmd, of}g–zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/ tyf cGo zlQmsf] b'¿kof]unfO{ ;d]6\g'kb{5 .
%=% Ps ;fª\u7lgs ;+:s[ltdf u'gf;f]nfO{ uDeL/ ¿kdf lnOG5, ;fy} lgb]{lzt gLlt tyf k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df sfof{Gjog ul/G5 .
%=^ ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Laf6 cgk]lIft Jojxf/, of}g–zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ /f]Sg ;+:yfut k|lta4tfx¿;lxt k"0f{ ¿kdf ;r]t u/fOPsf 5g\ .
^= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿n] Psd'i6 / kl/k"/s ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L k|ltlqmof ;xof]u Psd'i6 / kl/k"/s 5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
^=! ljleGg bftfx¿sf] e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L, Ifdtf / ?lrx¿ kQf nufpg' .
^=@ dfgjsNof0fsf/Lk|ltlqmofnfO{ /fli6«o / :yfgLo txdf cGo dfgjsNof0fsf/L If]qdf nfu]sf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu kl/k"/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ .
^=# ;d'bfosf] dfunfO{ sd ug{ / a[xt\ dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df ul/g] k|of;sf] If]q / ;] jfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ a9fpg ;Da4 lgsfo;Fu ;/;xof]udf efu lnO{ ;xsfo{ ug'{ .
^=$ ;fem]bf/x¿, ;xsf/L ;d"xx¿ / cGo ;Da4 JolQmx¿;Fu pko'Qm ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 cfjZos ;"rgf afF8\g' .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
^=% dfgjsNof0fsf/L l;4fGtdf ;Demf}tf gu/L gLlt / /0fgLltx¿df cGo /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf] :ki6 k|lta4tf ;dfj]z x'G5 .
&= jkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿ yk ;xof]u ljt/0fsf] cfzf /fVg ;S5g\Ù ha ls ;+:yfx¿n] cg'ej / sfdsf] k|lt5fofaf6 l;S5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M dfgjsNof0fsf/L clestf{x¿ lg/Gt/ l;S5g\ / ;'wf/ NofpF5g\ .
d'Vo sfdx¿
&=! cflh{t 1fg / k"j{cg'ejnfO{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf nufpg' .
&=@ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwf/df kl/jt{gaf6 l;Sg', gofF s'/fsf] ljsf; u/LTo;nfO{ nfu" ug{‘ .
&=# ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm tyf ;d'bfo / bftfx¿sf aLr cfGtl/s ¿kdf l;sfO / gofF cleofgsf s'/f cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
&=$ d"Nofª\sg / l;sfO gLltx¿ ;DalGwt If]qdf x'G5g\, h;df cGo cg'ejaf6 l;Sg], k|of;x¿df;'wf/ ug]{ ;fwgx¿ pknAw x'G5g\ .
&=% 1fg / cg'ejsf] clen]v /fVg / ;ª\u7gel/ k|of]u ug{nfO{ ljleGg ;+oGqx¿ ljBdfg x'G5g\ .
*= ljkt\af6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿n] k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf ;'–Jojl:yt sd{rf/L / :jo+;]jsaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt ub{5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08Msd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ug{ ;xof]u ul/G5 / lgikIf tyf ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
*=! sd{rf/Lx¿ ;+:yfsf] cfb]z tyf d"No–dfGotfsf ;fy} ;Demf}tf ul/Psf nIo tyf sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08cg';f/ sfd u5{g\ .
*=@ sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos gLltx¿sf] kfngf u5{g\ ;fy} kfngf gubf{sf] kl/0ffd klg a'‰5g\ .
*=# sd{rf/Ldf cfjZos JolQmut, k|fljlws / Joj:yfksLo bIftfsf] ljsf; / To;sf] k|of]udf cfˆgf] e"ldsf k"/f ubf{ ;+:yfn] pQm sfd ug{ s;/L ;xof]u u5{ eGg] s'/f a'‰5g\ .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
*=$ ;+:yfdf cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ k|jfx / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf tyf bIftf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /fVb5 .
*=% sd{rf/Lsf gLlt / k|lqmofx¿ lgikIf, :ki6, e]befj/lxt / :yfgLo /f]huf/Ld"ns sfg"g cg';f/ x'G5g\ .
*=^ hflu/sf] j0f{g, sfdsf] p2]Zo / k[i7kf]if0f k|lqmofx¿ ;DalGwt txdf x'G5g\, h;n] ubf{ sd{rf/Lx¿ cfkm"nfO{ s] cfjZos 5 egL :ki6 a'‰5g\ .
*=& lglZrt txdf cfrf/;+lxtf x'G5, h;n] sd{rf/LnfO{ dflg;x¿df sDtLdf b'Jo{jxf/ cyjf e]befj gug{ afWo kfb{5 .
(= ljkt\af6 k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfox¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf ;+:yfx¿af6 ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u x'g] u/Ls'zntfk"j{s gLlt;Ddt Joj:yfkgsf] ck]Iff ub{5g\ .
u'0f:t/ dfkb08M lgb]{lzt p2]Zok|flKtsf nflu cg's"n tl/sfn] ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / k|of]u ul/G5 .
d'Vo sfdx¿
(=! u'0f:t/, vr{ / ;dofjlwnfO{ ;Gt'ng /fVb} ;|f]]tx¿sf] k|efjsf/L k|of]usf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ kfg'{ / nfu" ug'{ .
(=@ nlIft p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / k|of]uÙ h;n] cgfjZos vRf{nfO{ sd u5{ .
(=# cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfdf vr{sf] cg'udg ug'{ / ljj/0f lbg' .
(=$ :yfgLo / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ubf{ jftfj/0fdf To;n] kfg]{ c;/ Vofn ug'{ . (=% e|i6frf/sf] vt/fnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ / olb o;sf] k|df0f e]l6Pdf plrt sbd rfNg' .
;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjx¿
(=^ ;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lgDglnlvt gLlt tyf k|lqmofx¿ to ul/Psf 5g\M
-s_ g}lts / sfg"gL ¿kdf sf]if tyf pkxf/ u|x0f ug]{ / ljt/0f ug]{ . -v_ jftfj/0fd}qL tl/sfaf6 ;|f]tx¿ k|of]u ug{] .
-u_ e|i6frf/, 7uL, åGå tyf ;|f]tx¿sf] b'?kof]u /f]Sg] .
-3_ kf/bzL{ tl/sfn] n]vfk/LIf0f tyf ;~rfng k|df0fLs/0fsf] ljj/0f lbg] . -ª_ rfn' cj:yfdf hf]lvd lgwf{/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{] .
zAbsf]z
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] p2]Zosf] nflu tnsf kl/efiffx¿ nfu" x'G5g\M
pQ/bfloTjM ljleGg bftfx¿, d'Vo ¿kn] zlQmsf] k|of]uaf6 k|efljtx¿n] pQ/bfloTjsf] lhDd]jf/L lnFb} ul/g] zlQmk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L .
sfuhkqM 5nkmn, ;xdlt, lg0f{o cyjf sfo{sf ljj/0fsf] ¿k h'g k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k|efjsfl/tfM s'g} klg ;xof]un] k|fKt ug]{ nIosf] km}nfj6 .
sfo{s'zntfM dfgjsNof0fsf/L] sfo{qmdx¿df nufgLcg';f/ k|fKt x'g] kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds b'a} k|ltkmnsf] kl/0ffd .
k|sf]kaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿M Pp6f lglZrt :yfgdf k|sf]k, åGå, ul/aL cyjf cGo ;ª\ s6af6 k|efljt dlxnf, k'?if, s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] s"n ;ª\Vof, h;sf cfˆg} cfjZostf, Ifdtf tyf sdhf]/Lx¿ x'G5g\ .
k|lt1fM ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rf/, ;xsfo{, ljrf/–ljdz{, ?lrk"0f{ 9ª\un] k|efljt bftfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] Wofg, OR5f, cfsfª\Iff, cfjZostf, clwsf/ / cj;/x¿ :yfkgf / nfu" ug{ tyf ltgLx¿nfO{ lnPsf sfdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ k|lqmof .
dfgjsNof0fM k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf dfgjåf/f pTkGg ;ª\s6sf cj:yfdf hLjg arfpg, kL8fnfO{ x6fpg / dfgjLo k|lti7f Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lnOg] nIo;lxtsf sfo{x¿ ;fy;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ arfpg] tyf tof/ agfpg] sfdx¿ .
;ª\u7g÷;+:yfM dfgjtfjfbL s]Gb|Lo dfgsnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yfksLo ;+/rgf / zlQm;lxtsf] Ps tTj jf x:tL .
;fem]bf/M lglZrt nIo k|flKtsf nflu :ki6 / ;xdtLo e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿df cf}krfl/s Joj:yfkg;lxt Ps;fy sfd ug]{ ;+:yf .
gLltM lg0f{o lngsf nflu lnlka4 ul/Psf syg / lgodx? .
;'/IffM pd]/, lnª\u, hftLo–;fdflhs, wfld{s jf cGo k[i7e"ldnfO{ Vofn ub{} ;a} JolQmx¿sf] k"0f{ / ;dfg clwsf/nfO{ lglZrt ug{ nlIft sfo{x¿ -of] cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf tTsfnLg hLjg/ IffeGbf cln a[xt\ ?kdf x'G5_ .
u'0f:t/M dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;xof]usf ;a} u'0f tyf ljz]iftfx¿, h;n] o;sf] Ifdtf, plrt ;do, k|lta4tf of nfu" ul/Psf cfjZostf / cfzfx¿ ;fy} nlIft ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] cfTd;Ddfg hgfpF5 .
k'gM ljsf; M dxfljklQaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfo jf ;dfhsf] ljklQnfO{ /f]Sg', cfTd;ft ug'{, cg's"n t'NofO k'gM k|fKt ug'{ .
cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08df pTs[i6tf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfkb08 n] cfˆgf dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df cfa4 ;+:yf / JolQmx¿sf nflu gf} a'Fb] k|lta4tfx? Hf/L u/]sf] 5 . oL k|lta4tfx?af6 ;+:yf tyf JolQmn] ug]{ ;xof]udf pTs[i6tf / k|efjsfl/tf a[l4 u5{ eGg] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . o;n] dfgjsNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] k|lta4tfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;ª\s6df k/]sf ;d'bfo / JolQmx¿k|ltsf] a[xt\ pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/]sf] 5 .
d'Vo dfkb08sf nflu, cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08n] cfwf/e"t tTjsf] ¿kdf ;}4flGts, pQ/bfoL / pRr u'0f:t/Lo dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] jsfnt ub{5 . dfgjsNof0fsf/L sfo{df cfa4 ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf cfGtl/s k|lqmofx¿nfO{ :j}} lR5s ;ª\s]tsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fy}, o;nfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿ksf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
hjfkmb]lxtf / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08 !@ dlxgf tyf # r/0fdf ul/Psf 5nkmnx? / HAP cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] ;xof]usf] kl/0ffd xf] . ;xof]usf] vf]hLdf / kl/of]hgfdf xhf/fF} JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿sf] uxg ¿kdf cfwf/e"t dfgjLo dfkb08sf] ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f / d'Vo sfof{noLo / :ynut txsf] d"Nofª\sg ul/of] .
ISBN: 978-2-8399-1564-9
