Center for International Language Development | 1
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TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
TOEFL
TOEFL merupakan singkatan dari Test of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL adalah standardisasi kemampuan bahasa Inggris seseorang secara tertulis yang meliputi empat aspek penguasaan: Listening, Writing, Reading, dan Speaking. Namun, untuk model Paper Based Test hanya terdapat tiga aspek yang diujikan: Listening Comprehension, Structure and Written Expression, dan Reading Comprehension.
Tujuan Test TOEFL
TOEFL memliki tujuan khusus yakni untuk tujuan pendidikan, penelitian atau yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan akademis di luar negeri, ataupun di Indonesia. Untuk jenjang pascasarjana (S2) biasanya memiliki syarat nilai minimal 500 sedangkan untuk jenjang sarjana (S1) memiliki syarat nilai minimal 450.
Disamping itu, ada kalanya TOEFL dipakai dalam bidang umum seperti pekerjaan, kenaikan pangkat atau tugas kerja. Banyak perusahaan yang memasang standar Bahasa Inggris karyawannya dengan melihat nilai TOEFL. Umumnya, nilai TOEFL minimal adalah 450-500 untuk kenaikan pangkat standar.
Struktur TOEFL
Ada tiga bagian tes TOEFL yang harus dikerjakan oleh peserta. Bagian pertama adalah soal- soal yang mengukur kemampuan Listening Comprehension (50 soal), Structure & Written Expression (40 soal), dan Reading Comprehension (50 soal). Keseluruhan soal dibuat dalam bentuk pilihan berganda. Keseluruhan tes berlangsung kurang lebih 120 menit, untuk Paper Based Test (PBT), dan kurang lebih 240 menit untuk Internet Based Test (IBT).
Klasifikasi UMUM Nilai TOEFL
Secara umum kita mengenal tiga level penguasaan bahasa asing, yaitu Tingkat Dasar (Elementary), Tingkat Menengah (Intermediate), dan Tingkat Mahir (Advanced). Untuk skor TOEFL, para ahli bahasa biasanya mengelompokkan skor ini kedalam empat level berikut (Carson, et al., 1990):
·Tingkat Dasar (Elementary) : 310 s.d. 420
·Tingkat Menengah Bawah (Low Intermediate) : 420 s.d. 480 ·Tingkat Menengah Atas (High Intermediate) : 480 s.d. 520 ·Tingkat Mahir (Advanced) : 525 s.d 677
Penilaian TOEFL
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Waktu = 35 menit (termasuk pembacaan petunjuk pelaksanaan untuk setiap bagian) Tes ini memberikan kesempatan untuk menunjukkan kemampuan memahami percakapan dan pembicaraan dalam bahasa Inggris. Listening Comprehension Test terdiri dari 3 (tiga) bagian:
Part A : SHORT DIALOGUE (DIALOG PENDEK)
Pada bagian ini, terdapat percakapan singkat antara dua orang. Setelah percakapan, pertanyaan yang berhubungan dengan percakapan tersebut akan diberikan. Baik percakapan dan pertanyaan tidak akan diulangi.
Part B : LONG CONVERSATION (PERCAKAPAN PANJANG)
Pada bagian ini, terdapat percakapan dengan topik santai antara beberapa orang dengan durasi sekitar 60-90 detik. Setelah percakapan panjang selesai akan diikuti oleh sejumlah pertanyaan pilihan ganda yang kesemuanya merujuk pada percakapan panjang tersebut.
Part C : TALKS (PEMBICARAAN)
Pada bagian ini, terdapat beberapa pembicaraan dengan durasi sekitar 60-90 detik tentang kehidupan sekolah atau perkuliahan, masing-masing diikuti dengan pertanyaan pilihan ganda.
1.1. DIALOG PENDEK
SKILL 1: FOCUS ON THE LAST LINE AND RESTATE
Seringkali jawaban yang benar untuk sebuah pertanyaan dalam bagian dialog pendek adalah jawaban yang berisi penyajian kembali ide-ide dalam baris terakhir dari dialog. Jika anda tidak sempat menangkap maksud speaker pertama, maka jangan khawatir karena biasanya informasi terkait jawaban berada pada speaker kedua. Kemudian, cobalah untuk
menyatakannya kembali ke dalam sebuah kalimat lain yang memiliki kesamaan arti
Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(Woman) Steve, is something the matter? You don’t look very good (Man) Oh, I’m feeling a little sick today
(Narrator) What does the man mean?
In your test book you read:
(A) He’s very good looking (B)He’s a bit ill
(C) He looks worse than he feels (D) His feet are a little thick
UNIT I
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Garis bawahi ide pokok dari dialog singkat dibawah.
1. (woman) What do you like about your new house?
(man) It’s very close to a park (woman)What does the man mean?
(A) The house is closed up now
(B) He parks his car close to his house (C) His home is near a park
(D) He doesn’t really like his new house
2. (man) Mark said some really nice things to me
(woman) He’s very grateful for what
you did
(narrator) What does the woman say about Mark?
In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and
question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should look for synonyms for key words in the last line.
Now begin the recording at TOEFL exercise 1.
1. (A) He’d really like to have something to eat.
(B)Because he’s weak, he can’t eat.
(C) It’s been weeks since he’s had anything to eat.
(D)He hasn’t felt like eating for weeks.
(D)He paid to get scholarship. 3. (A) Mr. David pointedly asked the
president about the committee. (B)The president to Mr. David’s
head.
(C) Mr. David became head of the new commission.
(D)Mr. David was committed to the president’s appointment.
4. (A) She is completely prepared for the exam. (B)The man should have
studied harder.
(C)Night is the best time to study for exams. (D)The exam was postponed.
5. (A) Please give me your hand.
(B) My hand is stuck under the packages. (C) Please remove your
hands from those packages.
(D)Would you help me carry these packages?
Skill 2: NEGATIVES (Pernyataan Negatif)
Pernyataan negatif seringkali digunakan dalam dialog singkat. Respon yang paling umum respon untuk pernyataan negatif adalah pernyataan positif yang mengandung sebuah kata dengan arti yang berlawanan.
Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(woman) Did you get a lot of work done at the library today?
(man) I couldn’t. It wasn’t very quiet there
(narrator) What does the man mean?
In your test book, you read:
(A) The library was noisy (B) He got a lot done
(C) He couldn’t quite get to the library today
(D)The library’s a good place to work because it’s quite
Jawaban yang benar adalah jawaban (A). Jika tidak tenang di perpustakaan, berarti berisik. Perhatikan bahwa jawaban yang benar menggunakan berisik, kebalikan dari tenang.
Garisbawahi ungkapan negatif di baris terakhir dari setiap dialog singkat. Ingat bahwa jawaban yang paling tepat adalah yang menggunakan makna berlawanan.
1. (woman) You made so many mistakes in this homework
(man) I wasn’t very careful
(narrator) What does the man mean?
(A)He was rather careless
(B)He does not care about mistakes (C)He took care of the work at home (D) He did not carry the work home
2. (Man)Is there a lot of soup? I’m kind of hungry
(woman) Sorry, there’s not a lot (narrator) What does the woman mean?
(A) There’s not very much soap (B) She doesn’t like soap (C) There’s only a little soup
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TOEFL EXERCISE 2: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should be particularly careful of negative expressions.
1. (A) He’d really like to have something to eat.
(B) Because he’s weak, he can’t eat. (C) it’sbeen weeks since he’s had
anything to eat.
(D) He hasn’t felt like eating for weeks. 2. (A) The road that the horses
took was long and hard.
(B) It was hard to find the hidden houses.
(C) It was hard for people to ride the horses for long.
(D) The riders worked the horses too much.
3. (A) She thinks she knows when the
meeting begins.
(B) The meeting will not start after 10:oo. (C) (C) The meeting is not at 10:00.
(D) He isn’t supposed to attend the meeting. 4. (A) Use a different type of viewing device.
(B) Stop rising the sign. (C) Stand up.
(D) Sit down.
5. (A) Bill had never really been sick. (B) Bill was too sick to come to class. (C) Bill was sick of calculus class. (D) Bill had forgotten about the
Skill 3: SUGGESTIONS AND UNCERTAINTY
Saran juga sangat umum digunakan dalam dialog singkat. Ciri dari pertanyaan ini adalah terdapat kata: let’s...., why don’t, why not. Perhatikan contoh dibawah.
Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(man) I haven’t talked with my parents in a while (woman) Why
don’t you call them now?
(narrator) What does the woman suggest?
In your test book, you read: (A) Calling off his visit (B) Talking about his parents (C) Calling his parents in a while (D)Phoning his family
Dalam contoh ini, ekspresi “why don’t” merupakan contoh saran, jadi saran si wanita adalah untuk memanggil mereka. Ini berarti bahwa si wanita itu menyarankan menelefon keluarganya sekarang (bukan nanti). Sehingga jawaban terbaik adalah (D).
Selain itu, juga seringkali terdaoat soal terkait uncertainty atau
ketidakyakinan. Beberaoa ciri uncertainty adalah sebagai berikut: as far as
I can tell, .... isn’t it (tag), as far as I know.
Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(man) Is the exam still scheduled at 3 p.m this afternoon?
(woman) As far as I know.
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
In your test book, you read: (A)The exam is far away.
(B) She knows that the exam schedule has been changed. (C) She is sure that the exam is set for Thrusday.
(D)She thinks she knows when the test is
Jawaban yang tepat adalah D, karena kata think menandakan bahwa dia merasa tidak yakin.
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Garisbawahi ekspresi saran di setiap dialog singkat berikut. Kemudian, pilih jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Ingat bahwa jawaban terbaik adalah yang memberikan saran.
1. (man) The weather’s so beautiful today
(woman) Let’s walk to school
instead of driving
(narrator) What does the woman suggest?
(A) Taking the car to school
(B) Taking a walk instead of going to school
(C) Going for a drive in the beautiful weather
(D) Going to class on foot
2. (woman) I have never enough spending money
(man) Why not get a part-time job?
(narrator) What does the man suggest?
(A) Spending less money (B) Doing a better job at work (C) Earning some money
(D) Spending less time at her job
TOEFL EXERCISE 3: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on the recording, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should be particularly careful of expressions of emphatic surprise.
1. (A) Drink the hot coffee immediately. (B)Let the coffee cool off a bit. (C)Serve hot coffee in a few minutes. (D)Wait for her to serve hot coffee. 2. (A) Put ice to the drink.
(B)Boil the water first. (C) Drink boiled water. (D)Don’t use ice cubes. 4. (A) Take a rest.
Skill 4: PASSIVE
Kadang-kadang sulit untuk mengerti siapa atau apa yang melakukan tindakan dalam kalimat pasif. Masalah ini sering diujikan dalam dialog singkat.
Example:
On the recording, you hear: (man) Is that a new chair?
(woman) Yes, we just bought it last night
(Narrator) What does the woman mean?
In this test book, you read:
(A) She brought the chair with her (B) The chair was lost for a week
(C) The chair was purchased recently (D) She bought the last chair from the store
Dalam dialog ini, si wanita menggunakan ide aktif, “kami baru saja membelinya (kursi)”. Jawaban yang benar untuk menggunakan gagasan pasif adalah “kursi itu dibeli”. Sehingga, jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan di atas adalah (C).
Baca dialog singkat dan garisbawahi pernyataan aktif atau pasif yang ada. Kemudian baca pertanyaan dibawah dan pilih jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Pastikan Anda memahami siapa yang melakukan tindakan dalam kalimat pasif.
1. (man) what happened to your notebook?
(woman) I left it in the cafeteria
(narrator) What does the woman imply?
(A) The cafeteria is to the left
(B) She left a note on the cafeteria door (C) She took some notes in the
cafeteria
(D) The notebook was left in the cafeteria
2. (man) When are we going to talk about the problem with the copy machine?
(woman) It will be discussed at the copy machine
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
(A)She needs to make copies before the meeting
(B)They will talk about the problem tomorrow
(C)It is a problem to have meeting (D)They must discuss whether or not
to have a meeting
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TOEFL EXERCISE 4: In this exercise, match each point (A) with the correct choices from line B.
A: Should I send the packages now?
A: I want to help. Should I sweep the porch?
A: At least let me help you pay the bills.
A: Has June been told about her operation?
A: Is Mr. Warren ready to leave the hospital? A: I wasn’t informed.
Someone should have told me.
B: He’s already been sent home.
B: No, that’s O.K. They’ve already been sent. B: No problem. They’ve
already been paid. B: Yes, everything has been
explained to her. B: No, don’t worry. It’s
already been swept. B: Mr. Warren was happy to
go home.
Skill 5: WHO, WHAT, and WHERE (Siapa, Apa, dan Dimana)
Keduanya sering digunakan dalam dialog singkat dengan tujuan menarik kesimpulan. Dalam hal ini jawabannya tidak dinyatakan dengan jelas, melainkan harus dapat disimpulkan berdasarkan klausa yang diberikan dalam dialog. Salah satu jenis kesimpulan yang umum di bagian tes ini adalah meminta Anda untuk menentukan siapa pembicara itu, apa aktifitas yang dilakukan atau apa pendapat yang dikemukakan, dan dimana tempat percakapan tersebut dilakukan berdasarkan klausa dalam dialog.
Example 1:
On the recording, you hear:
(man) What do you do during your performance?
(woman) I play the piano and sing
(narrator) Who is the woman most likely to be?
In your test book, you hear:
(A) An athlete
(B) A member of the audience (C) A clerk in a music store (D) A musician
Petunjuk piano dan bernyanyi dalam percakapan menggiring kita pada kesimpulan bahwa wanita itu seorang musisi sehingga (D) adalah jawaban yang benar.
Example 2:
On the recording, you hear:
(man) I’d like to open an account, please
(woman) What type of account would you like, a checking or savings account?
(narrator) Where does the conversation probably take place?
In your test book, you read: (A) In a accounting class (B) In a bank
(C) At a service station (D) In a market
Dalam latihan ini, baca dialog singkat dan pertanyaan dibawah,
garisbawahi petunjuk yang bisa membantu dan pilih jawaban terbaik.
1. (man) I’d like to mail this package, please
(woman) First or second class?
(narrator) Who is the woman most likely to be?
(man) Ten dollars a bouquet
(narrator) Where does this conversation probably take place?
(A) In a bakery (B) In a grocery store (C) In a florist shop (D) In a garden
TOEFL EXERCISE 5: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on the recording and then choose the best answer to the question. You will have to draw conclusions about who, what, and where.
1. (A) Although he did pass, Mark’s exam grade wasn’t too good. (B)Mark failed his history exam. (C)The highest grade on the
history exam went to Mark. (D)Professor Frank didn’t pass Mark on the history exam. 2. (A) In a department store.
(B)In a stationery store. (C)At the post office. (D)At the airport.
3. (A) She slept well after the noisy party.
(B)She couldn’t sleep last night. (C)She was not disturbed by
noisy party.
(D)She enjoyed the party.
4. (A) Attend a party. (B)Go home.
(C)Leave the woman alone. (D)Disappoint his friends.
5. (A) He’s enjoying himself tremendously. (B)He wonders if the woman enjoyed herself. (C)He wants to know what she said.
12 Skill 6: AGREEMENT (Persetujuan)
Ungkapan persetujuan lazim digunakan dalam dialog singkat. Berikut contoh yang menunjukkan perjanjian dengan pernyataan positif.
Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(man) I thought that the meal was overpriced
(woman) Me, too.
(narrator) What does the woman mean?
In your test book, you read:
(A) There were too many spices in the meal
(B) She has the same opinion of the meal as the man (C) She wants to share the man‟s meal
(D) The price of the meal was great
Ungkapan “ Me, too” menunjukkan persetujuan dalam hal positif. Hal ini berarti si wanita setuju dengan pendapat si laki-laki. Sehingga (B) adalah jawaban yang paling tepat.
Garisbawahi ekspresi yang menunjukkan persetujuan di setiap dialog singkat. Pilih jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Ingat bahwa jawaban terbaik adalah yang menunjukkan persetujuan.
1. (woman) This homework is going to take forever
(man) I’ll say
(narrator) What does the man mean?
(A) It’s going to take forever to get home
(B) It takes a long time to get from home to work
(C) He and the woman have the same opinion about the homework (D) He needs to take the homework to
class
2. (woman) A trip to the park might be nice?
(man) You can say that again
(narrator) What does the man mean?
(A) The woman should repeat what she said
(B) It’s nice in the park at night (C) The woman should tell him about
part of the trip
(D) He agrees about the trip to the park
(E)
TOEFL EXERCISE 6: In this exercise, listen carefully to each short dialogue and question on the recording and then choose the best answer to the question. Remember that the best answer is one that shows agreement.
1. (A) The letter did not need more postage. (B) The letter arrived last week.
(C) She did not put enough postage on the letter. (D) She did not put any
postage on the letter.
2. (A) He is hesitant about joining the trip. (B)He wants to join his friends.
(C)He doesn’t want to join.
(D)He doesn’t understand the idea. 3. (A) He is going to wait for the bus.
(B)He is going to walk to his destination (C) He is going to wait for thirty minutes
only.
(D)He injured his legs and will return
home.
4. (A) She condones what happened.
(B)She doesn’t like what the man said. (C)She says that she did not do
it.
(D)She agrees with the man about what happened.
5. (A) This party hasn’t been any fun at all. (B)He wonders if the
woman enjoyed herself.
1.2. LONG CONVERSATION (Percakapan Panjang)
Pembicaraan panjang seringkali berkisar tentang beberapa persoalan terkait studi (betapa sulitnya sebuah mata kuliah, bagaimana menulis sebuah makalah penelitian, bagaimana cara mendaftar untuk kursus, dsb) atau tentang kehidupan secara umum (menyewa apartemen, bermain olahraga, pergi ke bank). Percakapan juga dapat berupa kehidupan umum di Amerika Serikat (desalinasi pasokan air, daur ulang produk yang digunakan, kerusakan dari badai atau tipe lain dari fenomena alam). Percakapan panjang akan diikuti beberapa buah pertanyaan yang merujuk dari tema yang sama.
Example:
On the recording you hear:
(narrator) Question 1 through 4. Listen to a conversation between two people who are decorating an appartment.
(woman) Hey, Walt. Do you think you could help me hang
these pictures on the wall? There are only two of them.
(man) Sure, Monica. Where do you want them to go?
(Woman) I’d like to picture of the mountains over the fireplace,and I’d like the
picture of my family over the sofa. What do you think?
(man) I think they’ll look fine there. How about if you hold the pictures while I
hammer the nails into the wall?
(woman) Okay. Let’s start with the picture of my family. Questions:
1. On the recording you hear:
(narrator) What are the man and woman discussing?
In your test book you read: (A) Taking some pictures (B) Hanging some plants
(C) Taking a trip to the mountains
(D)Putting some pictures on the wall
Karena si wanita meminta si pria itu untuk membantu menggantung gambar-gambar di dinding, jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban ini (D), menarik beberapa gambar di dinding.
2.On the recording you hear:
(narrator) How many pictures are there? In your test book you read: (A)One
(B)Two (C) Three
(D)Four
3.On the recording you hear:
(narrator) Where is the picture of the woman‟s family going? In your test book you read: (A) in the fireplace
(B)Above the sofa (C) Home with Walt
(D)To the top of the mountain
Pertanyaan ketiga bertanya tentang lokasi gambar keluarga. Wanita itu mengatakan bahwa dia akan meletakkannya di atas sofa, jadi jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban (B), di atas sofa.
4.On the recording you hear: (narrator) What is Walt probably going to do next? In your test book you read: (A) Sit on the sofa
(B) Photograph Monica‟s family
(C)Hammer the nails into the walls (D)Climb the walls
Pertanyaan terakhir menanyakan apa yang mungkin akan dilakukan oleh Walt. Walt telah menyarankan bahwa ia harus memasang paku-paku ke dinding, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (C).
Questions 31 through 35 are based on the following conversation
Woman : did you read the article that the professor assigned for tomorrow’s class?
Man : no, not yet. Was what it about?
Woman : it was about pollution, specifically one kind of pollution called acid rain.
Man : why is it called acid rain?
Woman : because the rain or some other kind of precipitation has been polluted with acid
Man : where did the acid come from?
Woman : From cars of factories, anything that burns coal or oil. These are made up mostly of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react with water vapor to form sulfuric acid or nitric acid
Man : you mean that when coal or oil is burned, acid gets formed. And when it rains or snows the acids fall back to the earth
Woman : exactly! That’s why it is so dangerous. Acid rain has been falling over areas of northern America and northern Europe, and if this is not checked, the effect of the air supply and plant and animal life could be disastrous
Man : that is something important. I really need to read the article.
Questions
a. All kinds of pollution
b. How acid rain has harmed the earth c. Pollution from cars and factories
d. The cause and possible effects of acid rain
32. Narrator: what energy sources cause acid rain? a. nuclear power
b. electricity
c. burning coal and oil d. solar power
1.3. LONG TALKS (Pembicaraan Panjang)
Topik pembicaraan sering tentang beberapa aspek kehidupan sekolah atau topik dalam berita. Pembicaraan panjang bisa juga diperpendek dengan tema perkuliahan di perguruan tinggi Amerika dan universitas luar negeri lainnya. Dari sebuah long talks akan diberikan beberapa pertanyaan terkait pembicaraan tersebut.
Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(narrator) Question 1 through 4. Listen to a lecture in a history class (woman) Salt, which today seems so plentiful to us, in the past used to be a valuable commodity. In the ancient past in China, salt was used to make coins, and in parts of Africa it was traded in place of money. In the Roman Empire, soldiers were not paid in money but were
instead paid in salt. In fact, the English word “salary”
which means the amount of money that one earns,
comes from the latin root for “salt”.
Questions:
1. On the recording, you hear:
(narrator) What is the topic of the talk?
In your test book, you read: (A) Valuable commodities (B) Salt
(C) Ancient China (D) Money
Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan tentang topik pembicaraan. Pembicaraan dimulaidengan topik garam dan terus berbicara tentang hal itu di seluruh bagian, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).
2. On the recording, you hear:
(narrator) What was salt used for in China?
Pertanyaan kedua menanyakan tentang penggunaan garam di Cina. Pembicara mengatakan bahwa di Cina, Garam digunakan untuk untuk membuat koin, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (C).
3. On the recording, you hear:
(narrator) What does “salary” mean in English? In your test book, you read: (A) Coins
(B) Earnings (C) Soldiers (D) Commodities
Pertanyaan ketiga menanyakan arti dari "gaji". Pembicara mengatakan gaji yang berarti jumlah uang, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).
4. On the recording you hear:
(narrator) What is the meaning of the root “sal” in Latin? In your test book, you read: (A) Salt
(B) Rome (C) Money (D) Trade
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STRUCTURE & WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
Skill I: BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
In this example, the best answer is (C) because it is a singular subject that agrees with the singular verb was.
In this example you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject (engineers), and that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer.
EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. Last week went fishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake. 2. A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at the front desk. 3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.
4. The new computer program has provides a variety of helpful applications. 5. The box can be opened only with a special screwdriver.
Skill 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
An object of preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, to, by behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase.
(After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat)
This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition
after and boat is the object of the preposition by.
Example
With his friend
found the movie theater.
(A)
has
(C) later
(B)
he
(D) when
UNIT II
Example I
was backed up for miles on the freeway.
(A)
Yesterday
(C) Traffic
(B)
In the morning
(D) Cars
Example II
Engineers
for work on the new space program.
(A)
necessary
(C) hopefully
(B)
are needed
(D) next month
1
In this example you should notice the verb found and should also notice that there is no subject. Because a subject is needed in this sentence, answer (B), he, is the best answer.
EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional
phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. The interviews by I 2.
were carried live by the station. is seat in the airplane.
3. At the neighborhood flower shop, flowers in quantities of a dozen or a half dozen can be delivered for free.
4. The progressive reading methods at this school are given credit for the improved test scores.
5. For the last three years at various hospitals in the county has been practicing medicine.
Skill 3: BE CAREFULL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES
A Present participle is the –ing form of the verb. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be.
In this sentence talking is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is.
In this example, you should recognize that playing is a participial adjective rather than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence (is). In the sentence there is a complete subject (child) and a complete verb (is), so this sentence does not need another subject or verb. The best answer here is (A).
EXERCISE 3: Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers. ADJ.
I _ 2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three. VERB
3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair. 4. The fraternities are giving the wildest parties attract the most new pledges.
5. The first team winning four games is awarded the championship. The man is talking to his friend.
VERB
Example
The child
playing in the yard is my son.
(A)
now
(C) he
(B)
is
(D) was
3
radio broadcasters
20
Skill 4: BE CAREFULL OF PAST PARTICIPLES
The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. A past participle often ends in –ed but there are also many irregular past participles.
In this example it appears that packages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb or a past participle that needs a helping verb. So, answer (D) is the best answer to this question
EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted.
VERB VERB
C 2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
ADJ B
3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam.
4. The loaves of bread were baked in a brick oven at a low temperature for many hours.
5. The ports were reached by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
Skill 5: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, or yet between the clauses.
Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing. Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it. Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.
In this example, you should notice that the sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses.
Example
The packages
mailed at the post office will arrive
Monday.
(A)
have
(C) them
(B)
were
(D) just
Example
A power failure occured,
the lamps went out.
(A)
then
(C) later
(B)
so
(D) next
4
EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _1. The software should be used on an IBM computer, and this computer is an IBM. I 2. The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.
3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months. 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the toner cartridge.
_ 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water.
Skill 6: USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, suh as conmtrast, condition, manner, and place.
Study the following examples:
I will leave at 7:00 if I am ready.
In the sentence the adverb condition connector if comes in the middle of the sentence.
In this example you should notice the adverb condition connector provided. This connector comes in the middle of the sentence, so it must be followed by a subject and a verb. The best answer is answer (D), which contains the subject and a verb you study.
EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1.It is impossible to enter that program if you lack experience as a teacher.
I 2.The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway.
3. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements. 4. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an
extension.
5. I will take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures.
Example
You will get a good grade on the exam provided _
.
(A)
studying (C) to study
(B)
study
(D) you study
22 TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-6):
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. The three basic chords in
entered its widely erratic orbit around Jupiter.
(A)it (B)when
(C)after the comet came into it (D)once the comet
(D) functional harmony they are 7. Each object Jupiter’s 2. Hale Telescope, at the magnetic field is deluged with
Palomar Observatory in southern California, scientists can photograph objects severalbillion light years away. powerful birds of prey in the world, 4. The charter for the Loiusiana a six-foot wingspan and
lottery was coming uo for the legs and talons roughly the size of a
renewal, spared no mans’s arms and legs.
expense in the fight to win several. (A)the lottery committee
(B)so the lottery committee and (C)so the lottery committee
(A)so the harpy has (B)the harpy having (C)with the harpy having (D)the harpy has
(D) the lottery committee made 10. creation of such a
5. While in reality Alpha Centauri is a triple star, to the naked
6. The Sun’s gravity severely distorted the path of the comet
community was a desirable step, the requisite political upheaval had to be accepted.
Skill 7: USE REDUCE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CORRECTLY
Adjective clause can appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adjective clause connector and the be-verb that directly follow it are omitted.
Example:
The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.
In this example, answer (C) is the correct answer because it is the reduced form of the clause
who appeared, and this reduced form can appear at the front of the sentence.
EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains an adjective clause, in a complete or reduced form. Underline the adjective clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _ 1. We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway. I 2. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.
3. Serving a term of four eyes, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year. 4. The brand new Cadillac, purchasing less than two weeks ago, was destroyed in the
accident.
5. The fans who supporting their team always come out to the games in large numbers.
Skill 8: USE REDUCE ADVERB CLAUSE CORRECTLY
Adverb clause can also appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adverb connector remains, but the subject and be-verb are omitted.
Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
The correct answer is answer (B); this answer is the reduced form of the clause when you are finished with the report.
EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains an adjective clause, in a complete or reduced form. Underline the adjective clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _ 1. If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer. I 2. Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home.
3. The ointment can be applied where needed.
4. Tom began to look for a job after completing his master’s degree in engineering. 5. Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games as a fan.
Example
on several different television programs, the witness
gave conflicting accounts of whta had happened.
(A)
He appeared(C) Appearing
(B)
Who appeared (D) Appears
Example
When
, you are free to leave.
(A)
the finished report
(C) the report
(B)
finished with the report (D) is the report finished
7
24
Skill 9: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS
• They can introduce a question, and in this case the subject and verb that follow are inverted.
What is the homework?
• These words can join together two clauses, and in this case the subject and verb that follwo are not inverted.
I do not know what the homework is.
In this example the question word why is used to connect the two clauses, so a subject and verb are needed after this connector; this is not a question, so the subject and verb should not be inverted. The best answer is therefore answer (C).
EXERCISE 9: Each of the following sentences contains a question word. Circle the question words. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The phone company is not certain when will the new directories be ready.
C _ 2. The professor does not understand why so many students did poorly on the exam.
3. How new students can get information about parking?
4. How long it has been since you arrived in the United States?
5. The jury doubts what the witness said under cross-examination.
6. What type of security does he prefer for his investments?
7. Only the pilot can tell how far the plane go on one tank of fuel.
Skill 10: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS • Using single words expressing place, such as here, there, or nowhere
Here is the book that you lent me.
• The subject and verb can also be inverted after prepositional phrases expressing place.
Around the corner is Sam’s house. Another example:
1. In the forest are many exotic birds. (the subject birds and verb are inverted because the place expression is needed to complete the idea many exotic birds are...)
2. In the forest, I walked for many hours. (the subject I and verb walked are not inverted because the idea I walked for many hours is complete without the place expression in the forest)
Example
The lawyer asked the client why it.
(A)did he do (C) he did
(B)did he (D) did
9
This example needs a subject and a verb to be complete. The subject and verb should be inverted because the place expression is necessary to complete the idea some empty stalls are...The best answer is therefore answer (D).
EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains an expression of place at the beginning of the sentence. Circle the expressions of place. Look at the clauses that immediately follow the place expressions and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _ 1. In front of the house were some giant trees. I 2. There a big house is on the corner.
3. In the cave was a vast treasure of gems and jewels.
4. At the Italian restaurant was the food too spicy for my taste. 5. In the backyard the two trees are that need to be pruned.
Skill 11: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES • When negative expressions, such as no, not or never, come at the beginning of a
sentence.
Not once did I miss a question.
• Certain words such as hardly, barely, scarcelyand only, act like negatives. If one of these words comes at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and verb are also inverted.
Hardly ever does he take time off.
(This means that he almost never takes time off)
• When a negative expression appears in fornt of a subject and verb in the middle of a sentence. This happens often with the negative words neither and nor.
I do not want to go, and neither does Tom.
In this example the sentence begins with the negative only, so an inverted subject and verb are needed. Answer (D) is the best answer because it contains a correctly inverted subject and verb, with the helping verb will, the subject printing presses, and the main verb be.
Example
On the second level of the parking lot
.
(A)
is empty
(C) some empty stalls are
(B)
are empty
(D) are some empty stalls
Example
Only in extremely dangerous situations stopped.
(A)will be the printing presses (C) that the printing presses will be
(B)the printing presses will be (D) will the printing presses be
26
EXERCISE 11: Each of the following sentences contains a negative or “almost negative” expression. Circle the negative expressions. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. Never the boy wrote to his sisters. C _ 2. On no occasion did they say that to me.
3. Steve dod not win the prize, nor did he expect to do so. 4. Did he go out of the house at no time.
5. Only once in my life gone I have to New York City.
Skill 12: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS • When the helping verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were, and the
conditional connector if is omitted.
If he had taken more time, the results would have been better. Had he taken more time, the results would have been better.
In this example, a connector if and a subject and verb are needed, but if could be omitted and the subject and verb inverted. Because it is correct to invert the subject more care and the helping verb had, answer (D) is correct.
EXERCISE 12: Each of the following sentences contains a conditional with a stated or an implied if. Circle the conditionals, or put an asterisk ( ⃰ ) where if has been omitted. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _ 1. ⃰ Were our neighbors a bit more friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know them.
I 2. There are plenty of blankets in the closet if should you get cold during the night. 3. Has he enough vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks off in
December.
4. Had we been informed of the decision, we might have had something to say about it .
5. I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes.
Skill 13: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS • The inversion of a subject and verb after a comparison is optional, rather tah
required, and it is a rather formal structure.
My sister spends more hours in the office than John. My sister spends more hours in the office than John does. My sister spends more hours in the office than does John.
Example
The report would have been accepted
in checking its
accuracy.
(A)
if more care
(C) had taken more care
(B)
more care had been taken
(D) had more care been
12
In this example, you should notice the comparison more consistent than, and you should also understand that the results of the currect experiment is being compared with the results of any previous tests. Because the results of any previous tests is the subject, only a verb is needed; the best answer to this question is therefore answer (B).
EXERCISE 13: Each of the following sentences contains a comparison. Circle the comparisons. Look at the clauses that follow and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _1. This candidate has received more votes than has any other candidate in previous years.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-13): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. variety of flowers in the show, from simple carnationsto the most exquisite roses. were published during her lifetime. (A)Of the 1,800 poems
(B)There were 1,800 poems (C)Because the 1,800 poems (D)The 1,800 poems for release after the new season. (A)His company is
(C)because of the proposal (D)it was proposed
Example
The results of the current experiment appear to be more
consistent than
the results of any previous tests.
(A)
them
(C) they were
28
6. In the Morgan Library in New York 9. Individual differences in brain- City of medieval and wave activity may shed light on renaissance manuscripts.
(A)a collection is (B)in a collection (C)is a collection (D)which is a collection
7. Some fishing fleets might not have
why some people are more prone to emotional stress disorder . (A)that others are
(B)and others are (C)others are (D)than are others
been so ineficient in limiting their 10. squezzed, the orange catch to target species more
strict in enforcing penalties. (A)the government had been (B)if the government had (C)had the government been (D)if the government
8. The Dewey decimal system, currently used in the libraries throughout the world, all written works into ten classes according to subject.
(A)dividing (B)divides
(C)it would decide (D)was divided
juice in a one-cup serving provides twice the minimum daily requirement for vitamin C.
on the sheer face
THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS
If you look at the underlined words in this example you should notice immediately that
importantest is not correct. The correct superlative form of important is the most important. Therefore, you should choose answer (D) because (D) is not correct.
In this example, the singular verb was is incorrect because it does not agree with the plural subject books; the verb should be were instead. Therefore, you should choose answer (C) because (C) is not correct.
❖ PROBLEM WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
Skill 14: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
• When a prepositional phrase come between the subject and the verb, be sure that the
verb agrees with the subject.
EXERCISE 14: Each of the following sentences has one or more prepositional phrases between the subject and verb. Circle the prepositional phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _1. The climbers of
I _2. The interrogation, conducted
to be rescued.
have lasted for several hours.
3. The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening.
4. The president, surrounded by Secret Service agents, is trying to make his way to the podium.
5. The buildings destroyed during the fire are being rebuilt at the taxpayers’ expense.
Skill 15: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY • When an expression of quantity is the subject, the verb agrees with the subject. In this
situation, the subject (all, most, or some) can be singular or plural, depending on what follows the preposition of.
All (of the book) was interesting. SINGULAR
All (of the books) were interesting. PLURAL
All (of the information) was interesting. UNCOUNTABLE
Example I
The books that I read was interesting
A
B
C
D
Example I
The final delivery of the day is the importantest.
A
B
C
D
the mountain need
by three police officers,
14
30 fire in
animals
EXERCISE 15: Each of the following sentences has a quantity expression as the subject. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the objects that the objects that the verbs agree with. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _1. The witnesses saw that most of the the hills was extingushed.
I 2. Some of the from the zoo was released into the animal preserve.
3. All of the students in the class taught by Professor Roberts is required to turn in their term papers next Monday.
4. Half of the food that we are serving to the guests are still in the refrigerator.
5. We believe that some of the time of the employees is going to be devoted to quality control.
6. All of the witnesses in the jury trial, which lasted more than two weeks, have indicated that they believed that defendant was guilty.
7. She did not know where most of the people in the room was from.
Skill 16: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so they take singular verb:
anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+ noun)
anyone everyone no one someone every (+
noun)
anything everything nothing something
EXERCISE 16: Each of the following sentences contains one of the words that are grammatically singular but have plural meanings. Underline these words once and underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. It is impossible to believe that somebody actually admire that man.
C _ 2. Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception area.
3.The president felt that no one were better suited for the position of chief staff advisor.
4. Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets by 8:00. 5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-16): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. several unsuccessful 4. of economics cycles attempts, Robert Peary reached the
North Pole on April 6, 1909. (A)After they are full of irregularities. (A)when
(B)so (C)is that (D)in case
been helpful in predicting turning points in cycles, they would have artificial kidney candidate would receive the treatments now find
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
6. More than half of the children in the 1,356-member district qualifies for
A B C
reduced-price of free lunches. D
7. Five miles beyond the hills were a fire with its flames reaching up to the sky.
A B C D
8. Kettledrums, what were first played on horseback, were incorporated into the
A B C D
orchestra in the eighteenth century.
9. When is a flag hung upside down, it is an internationally recognized symbol of
A B C D
distress.
10. The museum of the Confederation in Richmond hosts an exhibition which A
documenting the origins and history of the banner that most Americans think of as
B C D
32
❖ PROBLEMS WITH THE FORM OF THE VERB
Skill 17: AFTER HAVE, USE THE PAST PARTICIPLE • Verb forms after have
HAVE + PAST PARTICPLE My friend has sung in the choir.
EXERCISE 17: Each of the following sentences contains a verb in the past or a past participle. Underline the verbs or past participle twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The young girl drunk a glass of milk.
C _ 2. Before she left, she had asked her mother for permission. 3. Having finished the tem paper, he began studying for the exam. 4. The secretary has broke her typewriter.
5. The installer should have completes the task more quickly.
Skill 18: AFTER BE, USE THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR THE PAST PARTICPLE
VERB FORMS AFTER BE BE + (1) present participle
(2) past participle e.g:
We are doing our homework. The book was taken by Tom
EXERCISE 18: Each of the following sentences contains a verb with be. Underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. At 12.00 Sam is eat his lunch. C _ 2. We are meeting them later today.
3. The message was took by the receptionist. 4. Being hard was extremely important to him.
5. The Smiths are build their house on some property that they own in the desert.
Skill 19: AFTER WILL, WOULD, OR OTHER MODALS, USE THE BASE FORM OF THE VERB
VERB FORMS AFTER MODALS MODAL + base form of the verb e.g:
The boat will leave at 3:00.
EXERCISE 19: Each of the following sentences contains a verb formed with a model. Underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C _1. The salesclerk might lower the price.
I 2. The television movie will finishes in a few minutes. 3. Should everyone arrive by 8:00?
4. The method for organizing files can be improved. 5. The machine may clicks off if it is overused.
18
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-19): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. separates Manhattan’s Upper East Side from the Upper West Side.
(A)Central Park
(B)Where Central Park (C)Where is Central Park (D)Central Park which givernment’s primary source of revenue, was remarkably
(A)The Office of Management (B)The Office of Management was (C)In the Office of Management (D)Where the Office of
Management
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
6. Helium has the most low boiling point of all substances.
A B C D
7. There is twenty-six-bones in the human foot, fourteen of them in the toes.
A B C D
8. Extension of the countdown hold to fourteen hours was order to give crews
A B
more time to repair wiring and clear away equipment.
C D
9. The study demonstrates that neither experience or awarness will improve chances
A B C D
of success.
10. Some of the eye movements used in reading is actually unnecessary.
34
Skill 20: RECOGNIZE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS
ACTIVE The subject does the action of the verb. PASSIVE The subject receives the action of the verb. e.g:
Active sentence: We mailed the package at the post office. Pasive sentence: The letter was mailed by us today before noon.
EXERCISE 20: Each of the following sentences has a passive meaning. Underline the twice the verbs that should be passive. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The car parked in a no-parking zone.
C _2. The physics exam began just a few minutes ago. 3. Everything to organize the picnic has already done.
4. The police investigated him because of his unusual actions. 5. The package containing the necessary samples has just sent.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-20): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Big Dipper; a seven- star constellation in the Shape of a
(C)which is located (D)whose location is
cup, is part of Ursa Major. 3. impressive chapter in the (A)The problem had already
(B)The problem is already
(C)The problem had already been (D)The problem has already
2. The Military Academy at West Point on the west bank of the Hudson River, north of New York City.
(A)located (B)is located
book was the chapter on Stuart’scientific theories.
(A)It was the most (B)The most (C)Most (D)Most of the
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
4. The first fish have appeared on the earth approximately 500 million years ago.
A B C D
5. Only rarely sound waves are of a single frequency encountered in practice.
A B C D
6. Cameos can be carved not only from onyx and sardonyx or from agate.
A B C D
7. Although most of the wild horses in the western range have already been rounded
A B
up, the most remote the area, the greater the possibility that wild horses can still
C D
be found.
8. During this period, $206 was spend annually on food by families in the lower
A B C D
completing less third income bracket.
9. The dangers of noise are, unfortunately, not as clear-cut than are those from
A B C
most other health hazards. D
10. In a recent survey of Americans, more than 75 percent expressed the view that the
A B
government it should take a more active role in health care.
C D
Skill 21: USE –ED AND –ING ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY • Verb forms ending in –ed and –ing can be used as adjectives.
e.g:
The woman cleans the car. VERB
The cleaning woman worked on the car. ADJECTIVE
The woman put the cleaned car back in the garage. ADJECTIVE
EXERCISE 21: Each of the following sentences contains either an –ed or an –ing
verbal adjective. Circle the verbal adjectives. Draw arrows to the words they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The teacher gave a quiz on the just on.
C _2. There is a fascinating movie at the theater tonight.
3. They thought that it had been a very satisfied dinner.
4. The empty bottles are to the left, and the filling bottles are to the right.
5. For lunch at the restaurant she ordered a mixed salad.
Skill 22: USE ARTICLES WITH SINGULAR NOUNS
e.g:
• A singular noun must have an article (a, an, the) or some other determiner such as my or each. (A plural noun or uincountable noun may or may not have an article.)
I have money. (uncountable – no article needed) I have books. (countable plural – no article needed) I have a book. (countable singular - article needed)
EXERCISE 22: The following sentences contain different types of nouns. Circle only the countable singular nouns. Mark where articles (or determiners) have been omitted. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. She is taking trip with friends.
C _2. In my yard there are flowers, trees, and grass.
21
36 3. The manager sent memo to his employees.
4. There is car in front of the building.
5. The child and his friends are having milk and cookies.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISES (Skill 1-22): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. In economics, “diminishing
returns” describes
resource inputs and production.
(C)it is (D)more
3. Rarely remove the entire (A)among
(B)when it is (C)among them
(D)the relationship between 2. When lava reaches the surface, its
temperature can be ten times boiling water.
(A)the temperature (B)that of
root of a dandelion because of its length and sturdiness.
(A)can the casual gardener (B)the casual gardener (C)the casual gardener will
(D) does the casual gardener’s
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
4. Operas can be broadly classified as either comedies or they are tragedies.
A B C D
5. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals, and for this reason it is often A
use in equipment that must withstand high temperatures.
B C D
6. Whereas there are forty-three ant species in Great Britain, the same amount of ant
A B C
species can be found in a single tree in Peru. D
7. People voice theirs opinions first in small groups or among friends and
A B C
acquaintances. D
8. Inside the Lincoln Memorial is a large statue of Lincoln make from white marble.
A B C D
9. Detailed photometric data of the area just north of Triton’s equatorial region A
indicate the existence of a thin, transparent layers of frost.
B C D
10. U.S. census figures indicate that people with only an elementary education can
A B
earn just half as much as college graduations.
READING
COMPREHENSION
Skill 1: ANSWER MAIN IDEA
QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
Almost every reading passage on the TOEFL test will have a question about the main idea of a passage. You will be asked to identify the topic, subject, title, primary idea, or main idea.
If a passage consists only one paragraph, you should study the beginning of that paragraph to determine the main idea.
The best answer is therefore (D); the idea of how intelligence differs from reasoning comes from the first sentence of the passage, which mentions a sharp distinction ... between
“intelligence” and “reasoning.”
If a passage consists of more than one paragraph, you should study at the beginning of each paragraph to determine the main idea.
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION What is the topic of the passage? What is the subject of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage?
What is the author’s main point in the passage?
With what is the author primarily
concerned?
Which of the following would be the best title?
UNIT III
Example I
The passage:
In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made between
“intelligence” and “reasoning.” According to Dewey, intelligence is the only absolute
way to achieve a balance between realism and idealism, between practically and wisdom
of life. Intelligence involves “interacting with other things and knowing them,” while
reasoning is merely the act of an observer, “... a mind that beholds or grasps object
outside the world of things...”
With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through intelligence
that control is taken of events that shape one’s life.
The question:
What is the topic of this passage?
(A)The intelligence of John Dewey
(B)Distinctions made by John Dewey
(C)Dewey’s ideas on the ability to reason
(D)How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey’s works
