Being: Literature Review
Rauly Sijabat
a, Lieli Suharti
b Lecturer of STIE Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia Lecturer of Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, IndonesiaAbstract
The study on the influence of sharing-knowledge behavior is often linked with the ability of innovation, sustainability, and performance. This paper, using literature review approach tries to reveal the relation between sharing-knowledge behavior and fluorishing inner well-being.
The findings of this paper are based on the analysis and interpretation of previous research studies using literature review approach.
The result of literature review indicates that research on sharing knowledge behavior is still limited on the intention to share and some antecedents which affect them. There are few empirical researches that link sharing behavior and outer variable so it can emerge an integrative sharing knowledge model.
This paper is based on literature studies already existed today that can be reached by the writers. So there is possibility that there are some literature out of the writers reach which are not covered in the analysis.
The previous research has not raised the need hierarchy theory where the highest need is self actualization as the impact of sharing knowledge behavior. It has motivated this study to explore fluorishing inner well being variables so that it needs to be studied empirically as variables that are influenced by the behavior of sharing knowledge.
Keywords: sharing knowledge, self-actualization, fluorishing inner well being.
Introduction
Knowledge is stored in the human head and can not absolutely be formulated in a collection of documents. However, such knowledge can enhance individual creativity (Choi & Lee 2002) for knowledge stimulating individual to be able to think critically and creatively (Lindsey, 2006, Aulawi et al, 2009) which in turn can improve innovation capabilities of individuals (Jackson et al., 2006, Rebernick and Sirec 2007, Aulawi et al., 2009) and enable individuals to produce new knowledge for organization. That’s why it is not wrong if the knowledge is needed to gain a competitive advantage (Gnyawali, Stewart, & Grant1997, Chilton & Bloodgood2008, Eldin & Hamza2009, Mohammadi, Khanlari, & Sohrabi2009) and as company major resource that is hard to duplicate (Grant 1996).
Nonetheless, competitive advantage can only be achieved if knowledge can be managed and maintained by company (Morling and Yakhlef 1999). Knowledge-management is system that enables organizations to manage and to maintain the knowledge possessed by individuals. Management and maintenance as well as the creation of knowledge require action and interaction of individuals within the organization. Here, sharing knowledge behavior role of the individual in the success or failure of a knowledge-management strategy (Bollinger and Smith 2001).
Bousari 2013, Hau, Kim, Lee & Kim, 2013, Chen & Chang, 2013, Kukko, 2013, Chen and Hew 2015). At the level of organization variable such as organizational culture (Aris 2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik 2013), reward systems (Yiu & Lawa 2012, Saad & Haron, 2013, Aris 2013), top management support and leadership style (Jahani, Ramayah, & Effendi 2011, Lee, Lee & Seo, 2011, Yun 2011, Seba, Rowley, Lambert 2012, Ismail, Welch, & Xu, 2013, Carmeli, 2013, Howell & Annansingh 2013, Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik 2013) are found. Based on the study results of previous studies, it can be concluded that the studies are still focus on variables that describe the behavior of sharing knowledge. However, studies that link the effect of sharing knowledge behavior toward the outcomes (outputs) or the consequences of the behavior of sharing knowledge have not been widely studied. This has become a special attraction to be able to study in more depth through the study of literature review on the outcome of sharing knowledge behavior of the subject or the person doing the sharing knowledge behavior. The literature review study toward the outcomes of sharing knowledge behavior conducted in this study is expected to provide reference for the development of
sharing knowledge behavior model that is more integrative.
Previous Research
Outputs of the behavior of sharing knowledge is often associated with various benefits such as the reduction of production cost, the accomplishment of new projects which are faster, product development, the performance of the team, innovation ability of the company, and the company's performance as well as the sale growth and income srom product and service (Arthur & Huntley2005, Collins & Smith2006, Lin2007, Mesmer-Magnus & DeChurch2009). Sharing knowledge behavior can also increase the quality of organization work, decision-making skills, eficiency of problem solving, and competency (Yang 2007). It is also identified that the behavior of sharing knowledge can improve the behavior of individual (Aulawi et al. 2009), team (MacCurtain et al, 2008, Weber et al., 2011) and the organization innovation (Lin 2007,
Wangpipatwong 2009, Kamaşak & Bulutlar 2010,
Mehrabani & Mohamad 2011).
Table 1
Outcomes Approach of Sharing Knowledge in Previous Research
Gayut Variables Researchers
Sharing knowledge behavior Cheng, Ho & Lau (2009), Kwakye & Nor (2011), Masrek & Edang (2012), Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik (2013), Ayalew, Bekele & Straub (2013), Omar et al (2013), Othman & Skeik (2014), Shanshan (2014), Chen, Fan & Tsai (2014), Kumari & Takahashi (2014), Osman, Sauid, & Azizan (2015), Mallasi & Ainin (2015)
Intention to share knowledge Bock et al (2005), Cho, Li & Su (2007), Welschen, Todorova& Mills (2012), Rahab & Wahyuni (2013), Tan & Ramayah (2014)
Innovation behavior Liu & Philips (2011), Iqbal et al (2011), Yesil&Hirlak (2013) Knowledge contribution Wasko & Faraj (2005)
Quality of sharing knowledge Ismail & Yusof (2010)
Source: Extracted from Various Previous Researches, 2016 Omar et al (2013) used variable of sharing
knowledge behavior as gayut variable and personal attitudes variables (self-efficacy and confidence) and technological factors (availability of technology and perception of technology benefits) as independent variables. Othman & Skeik (2014) also used variable of sharing knowledge behavior as gayut variable with attitudes variable, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and control as independent variables. Research conducted by Shanshan (2014) also used variable of sharing knowledge behavior as gayut variables with independent variables include the support of top management, organizational culture, social relations; variable attitudes and intentions towards sharing knowledge as mediator variables and variables of trust, self-efficacy, motivation, and training as moderating variable. Mallasi & Ainin research (2015) examine the effect of non-monetary factors (the joy of helping others, reputation, self-efficacy, confidence, humility, and religiosity) of sharing knowledge behavior. The previous studies that test variables, the behavior of
sharing knowledge as gayut variable also had been done by Cheng Ho and Lau (2009), Kwakye & Nor (2011), Masrek & edang (2012), Alhalhouli, Hassan & Abualkishik (2013), Ayalew, Bekele, and Straub (2013), Chen, Fan & Tsai (2014), Kumari & Takahashi (2014), Osman, Sauid, and Azizan (2015).
Welschen, Todorova & Mills research (2012) only to the intention of sharing knowledge as gayut variables and the variables of autonomy, self-efficacy, the significance, impact and subjective norm as independent variables and variables attitude as mediator variables. Similarly, the research of Bock et al. (2005), Cho, Li and Su (2007), Ibragimova et al. (2012), Rahab & Wahyuni (2013), Tan & Ramayah (2014) also used variables intention of sharing knowledge as gayut variables.
the gayut variables. Still on innovation, research conducted by Iqbal et al (2011) also used the innovation capability of the university as gayut variable.
Studies conducted by Wasko and Faraj (2005) give another color in the study of sharing knowledge by lifting knowledge contribution variables as gayut variables. Ismail & Yusof (2010) raised the variable quality of sharing knowledge as the gayut variables.
Based on the data presented in Table 1 above, if it is compared to the studies that examine the variables explaining the behavior of sharing knowledge, research on
outcomes of sharing knowledge is still very limited. In addition, studies on the outcomes of sharing knowledge behavior also have not separated the variables at the level of the individual, interactional and organizations.
Research Method
The findings resulted from this paper are based on the analysis and interpretation of previous research studies by using literature review approach. There are a number of 43 previous studies studied in this paper from 2005 to 2015.
Table 1.2
Previous Research Distribution
Year
Observation Amount Source of Publication Amount
2005 2 African Journal of Business Management (AJBM) 1 2007 1 American International Journal of Contemporary Research 1 2009 1 American Journal of Economics and Business Administration 2
2010 1 Asian Social Science 1
2011 7 Computers & Education 1 2012 5 Educational Technology and Society 1 2013 16 Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management 1 2014 6 Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries 1 2015 4 Human Resource Management 1
Information Research 1
Innovation and Knowledge Management: A Global Competitive Advantage 1 International Business Research 1 International Journal of Engineering Business Management 1 International Journal of Information and Education Technology 1 International Journal of Information Management 4 International Journal of Knowledge Management 4 International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics 1 Journal of Asian Scientific Research 1 Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 1 Journal of Economic Psychology 1 Journal of Education and Vocational Research 2 Journal of Global Business and Technology 1 Journal of Organizational Knowledge Management 2 Journal of Strategic Information Systems 1 Knowledge Management Research & P ractice 1 Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 1
MIS Quarterly 1
MSIE 1
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science 1
Proceeding 2
Service Science 1
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 1 Journal of Communication and Education 1
Total 43 43
assessed on an individual level have not been studied yet by many reseachers. Sharing knowledge behavior process allows social interaction and involvement with other people to the individual need fulfillment toward social interaction. Meanwhile, knowledge derived from sharing knowledge behavior can be used to fulfill social need and individual cognitive as well as to improve individual life satisfaction and to support individual to develop.
Theory of Moral Ethics of Aristotle is used to explain that the purpose of life is happiness where happiness is synonymous with goodness. Aristotle distinguishes two human goodness functions, i.e functions as being a good person according to his profession and the function of acting as a human being. A good professor, is not tyhe same as good person, and vice versa. One effort to achieve such kindness, Aristotle expressed the need for the intellectual goodness (intellectual virtues) that includes the reason (nus), theoretical wisdom (Sophia), scientific knowledge (episteme), the practical wisdom (phronesis), and skill (techne). The concept of sharing knowledge behavior allows social contact and involvemenr with other people to fulfill individual need toward social interaction. Meanwhile, the knowledge got from sharing knowledge process is required to fylfill social need andindividual cognitive and to improve individual life satisfaction as well as to support individual to develop.
Besides based on Moral Ethics theory, this research also uses the theory of hierarchy of needs submitted by Abraham Harold Maslow (1908-1970) in which the highest level of needs is self-actualization. The combination of Moral Ethics Theory and AbrahamHarold Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory, ushers this study to formulate a variable at the level of individuals, namely fluorishing inner well being.
The concept of sharing knowledge behavior outcomes raised in this paper is fluorishing inner well being. The concept marries Aristotle's Moral Ethics theory and the Abraham Harold Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory (1908-1970). Moral Ethics Theory of Aristotle that the goal of life is happiness and happiness is synonymous with goodness. Aristotle distinguishes two functions of human kindness, the function to be a good person according to his profession and the function of acting as a human being. A good lecturer, is not the same as good person, and vice versa. One of the efforts to achieve such kindness, needs given level the person will try to "forget" himself, by merely want to give maximum benefit possible for another person, or in other words do good sincerely.
Knowledge is always linked with every human being because every living human beings will always see the problems and these problems must be solved with knowledge or with what has been known. In accordance with the basic personality traits which always want to know, the man has always wrestled with the quest for knowledge. It is the duty also to practice the knowledge that has owned and studied so that the knowledge that has owned and studied can provide benefits.
Everyone knows that sharing a wonderful, wonderful for the recipient and the giver. What beauty is that? First, the beauty of the soul, a great soul who wants people around him could be like him by sharing knowledge. Second, someone who did sharing knowledge means that they are simultaneously adding new knowledge which sometimes has not been thought by them. If prior knowledge is remain stored so that knowledge may be able to increase but will not develop. Third, sharing knowledge has indirectly improved knowledge that has previously ruled that if they do not share with others the possibility of such knowledge will be forgotten. Fourth, when we can share our knowledge with others sincerely then there will be a feeling of satisfaction, pleasure and joy.
Besides these beauties, sharing knowledge as one of the forms of behavior do good to others is the key to happiness. First, by doing good through sharing knowledge outrightly will give a certain feeling that makes the giver feel better / comfortable. Second, the behavior of sharing knowledge is a form of kindness for their feelings of connectedness high social as human nature as social beings will stimulate certain brain regions called the mesombolic system that lead to feelings of self-esteem that is simultaneously also may cause effects of increasing self confidence. Third, directly proportional to the kindness given through sharing knowledge behavior then it will improve friendship. Fourth, goodness manifested in sharing knowledge will give benefit inner peace for a person who gives such kindness. Fifth, kindness through sharing knowledge behavior seen by other people will be able to stimulate positive feelings that encourage recipients on the kindness to pass the kindness to someone else. It is clear that individual attitudes toward sharing knowledge effectively determines the happiness of individuals (Isfahani et al 2013) and welfare of individuals (Ma & Chan 2015).
Closing
the individual level. Based on the findings of this writing it is appropriate to do research in the future to test empirically the effect of sharing knowledge behavior of fluorishing inner well being.
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