AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS OF
WORDS IN SURAH AN
–
NISA’ TRANSLATED
BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana
Degree in English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Imroatun Chasanah
A83212164
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS OF
WORDS IN SURAH AN
–
NISA’ TRANSLATED
BY ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana
Degree in English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Imroatun Chasanah
A83212164
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Key Words: Semantics, lexical relation, meaning relation
This paper examines about the analyze lexical relations of words in Surah An –Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The research is aimed to know the types of lexical relations in this surah and to know their meaning relations. So that, we know the lexical meaning of the surah and know about the real meaning clearly. In analyze the data, it certainly refers with the two theories, those are the types of Lexical Relations theory by Saeed, John (2016). And the principles of Meaning Relations theory by Nida, Eugene (1975).
By doing this analysis, the writer uses qualitative approach. The steps are collecting the data, reducing the data, display the data and the last is verification and conclusion.
INTISARI
Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Act and Hmanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci: Semantik, hubungan kata, hubungan makna
Skripsi ini membahas analisis tentang hubungan kata yang ada di dalam Surat An – Nisa terjemahan dari Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tipe hubungan kata dari Surat An – Nisa’ yang diterjemahkan oleh Abdullah Yusuf Ali dan untuk mengetahui makna – makna yang saling berhubungan. Dengan demikian, kita dapat mengetahui arti atau makna kata yang dimaksud dari surat tersebut dengan jelas. Pada analisis data, teori yang diperlukan adalah sebagai berikut, yang pertama menggunakan teori hubungan kata dari Saeed, John (2016). Teori yang kedua adalah hubungan makna dari Nida, Eugene (1975).
Dalam mengerjakan analisis tersebut, penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Langkah – langkahnya adalah yang pertama mengkoleksi data, yang kedua meringkas data, setelah itu memaparkan data dan yang terakhir adalah verifikasi dan kesimpulan.
ABSTRACT
Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Act and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Key Words: Semantics, lexical relation, meaning relation
This paper examines about the analyze lexical relations of words in Surah An –Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The research is aimed to know the types of lexical relations in this surah and to know their meaning relations. So that, we know the lexical meaning of the surah and know about the real meaning clearly. In analyze the data, it certainly refers with the two theories, those are the types of Lexical Relations theory by Saeed, John (2016). And the principles of Meaning Relations theory by Nida, Eugene (1975).
By doing this analysis, the writer uses qualitative approach. The steps are collecting the data, reducing the data, display the data and the last is verification and conclusion.
INTISARI
Chasanah, Imroatun. 2016. An Analysis of Lexical Relations of Words in Surah An
– Nisa’ Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Act and Hmanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: M. Thoriqussu’ud, M. Pd.
Kata Kunci: Semantik, hubungan kata, hubungan makna
Skripsi ini membahas analisis tentang hubungan kata yang ada di dalam Surat An – Nisa terjemahan dari Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tipe hubungan kata dari Surat An – Nisa’ yang diterjemahkan oleh Abdullah Yusuf Ali dan untuk mengetahui makna – makna yang saling berhubungan. Dengan demikian, kita dapat mengetahui arti atau makna kata yang dimaksud dari surat tersebut dengan jelas. Pada analisis data, teori yang diperlukan adalah sebagai berikut, yang pertama menggunakan teori hubungan kata dari Saeed, John (2016). Teori yang kedua adalah hubungan makna dari Nida, Eugene (1975).
Dalam mengerjakan analisis tersebut, penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Langkah – langkahnya adalah yang pertama mengkoleksi data, yang kedua meringkas data, setelah itu memaparkan data dan yang terakhir adalah verifikasi dan kesimpulan.
3.2. Instrument ... 23
3.3. Data and Data Sources ... 24
3.4. Data collection ... 24
3.5. Data analysis ... 25
3.5.1. Collecting the data... 26
3.5.2. Reduction the data ... 26
3.5.2. Display the data ... 27
3.5.3. Verification and conclusion ... 29
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1. Findings ... 31
4.1.1. Types of Lexical Relations ... 32
4.1.1.1. Homonymy ... 32
4.1.1.2. Polysemy ... 33
4.1.1.3. Synonymy ... 34
4.1.1.4. Antonymy ... 55
4.1.1.5. Hyponymy ... 59
4.1.1.6. Meronymy ... 62
4.2. Discussions ... 64
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1. Conclusion ... 66
5.2. Suggestion ... 67
REFERENCES ... 68
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the introduction of this study. They are background
of the study, focuses of the study, significances of the study, scope and limitation
of the study and operational definition.
1.1.Background of The Study
Holy Quran is the holy scripture of Islam. Muhammad Ali ash-Shabuni
said that Holy Quran is the one and only of God’s word, revealed to the Prophet
Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. It is written on being periodic. The
mankind who recites and learns the Holy Quran continuously is worship. Holy
Quran is one of the law sources of Islam. Holy Quran has 30 sections. Abdul
Djalal said that Holy Quran consists of 114 surah and 6236 verses (Tim Penyusun
MKD IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 2012: 3, 109-110).
The excellences of Holy Quran as follows: the prophet Muhammad said in
the muttafaqalaih that mankind who usually recites the Holy Quran will get the
reward inhereafter. (At – Tuwaijry, 2007: 2). In addition, there are twovirtues to mankind who recites continuously the Holy Quran,thefirst is virtue cause of
reading and the second is rewardforhardreading. (Al-Utsaimin, 2012: 6). There
was a story about the obligation of reciting Holy Quran. Once upon a time, there
was a man named Thalhah asked to Rasulullah about the obligation about Holy
Quran. Then, he answered for always recite the Holy Quran (Kitabullah). That is
one of his commands to mankind (Muttafaq Alaih in At Tuwaijry, 2007: 2).
2
As explained above about the verses of Holy Quran, it has 114 surah by
their different title and meaning. Some of them explain about woman. And one of
them is Surah An –Nisa’.
In this research, the writer uses Surah An – Nisa’. It is one of surah which tells about the woman. It consists of 176 verses which are Madaniyah surah. The
writer is interested in analyzing Surah An – Nisa’ because the writer wants to show the reader that Surah An –Nisa’ is one of the evidences of Allah and Islam that very glorifying of the woman. The evidences as follows:
“If ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans,
Marry women of your choice, Two or three or four; but if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one, or (a captive) that your right hands possess, that will be more suitable, to
prevent you from doing injustice”. (Surah An –Nisa’: 3)
There are some the main ideas of Surah An – Nisa’: Islam secures the privilege of men and women, some regulations household, obligations towards
God and fellow human beings, the holiness of the inner and outer in prayer,
people who are not sacred inner and threat for them, the basic rule of government,
tactics objectives and methods of warfare, according to Islam, must be ready to
face the enemy, the attitude of the hypocrites in the face of war, liabilities to war
and somehow, how to face the hypocrites, law about extinguish fellow Muslims,
must carefully take action, the differences who strive and that is not struggle or to
exhaust one's effort to please God because obstacle, and that is not do it, the
obligation emigrated in the way of Allah and its payback, liabilities the pray, shall
maintain justice and righteousness, shirk ugliness and influence incubus
3
resolve the case ofhouseholds, must be cautious and religious unity of God.
(Akhun, Naf’an, 2007: 111-148).
The Holy Quran was written in Arabic. But the world has many countries
and languages. It was translated in many languages, includes English. Thereby,
the people can easily understand the meaning and the content of Holy Qur’an. In
this research, the writer uses Holy Quran translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
Abdullah Yusuf Ali was born on 4 April 1872 in Surat, Gujarat in the
western India. He always pounds of his father, Yusuf ali Allahbuksh. His
education began in Anjuman school which majority Muslim people.In that time,
the Islamic background is forceful his life. He continued his study in Wilson
College and Bombay University obtaining a first class BA. His brilliant academic
record made it possible for him to get a government scholarship to read law at
Cambridge. It was here that he sat for the legendary Indian Civil Service (ICS)
examination and succeeded. (Thajudeen, Sanofer 2013: 1-4).
Abdullah Yusuf Ali is best known for his English translation of the Quran
which is used in the English-speaking Muslim world. He was actively involved in
public services advocating British rule, contributing seriously to the field of
education and Islamic scholarship. His works are: The Times Literary Supplement,
it explained about how important for him to act. The Holy Quran, The Holy
Qur’an – Text, Translation and Commentary, The Meaning of The Holy Qur’an,
etc. (Sherif, 1994: 173-179).
There are some previous studies which are relevant with this topic of study
4
Sutadi (2013) in his research of UIN Sunan Kalijaga entitled: “An Analysis of
Lexical Relations in Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s Translation of Surah Ya-sin of the Holy
Qur’an”. He analyzed the lexical relations in surah Ya-sin translated by Abdullah
Yusuf Ali. He analyzed the types and the dominant type of lexical relation theory
by Saeed, John (1997) in surah Ya-Sin. The methodologies were qualitative
quantitative approach in his analysis. And the techniques of data analysis used
descriptive analysis. Descriptive qualitative approach was used by giving the
description of lexical relation types. And descriptive quantitative was used by
counting the dominant type. The final result of data analysis was 543 cases of
lexical relation . They were 217 cases antonymy (39,90%), 212 cases of
synonymy (39,00%), 86 cases of homonymy (15,80%), 10 cases of member
collection (1,82%), 9 cases of meronymy (1,65), 9 cases of polimesy (1,65%), 1
case of portion mass (0,18%), and 0 case of hyponymy (0%).
The second previous researcher wasSurianto (2009) in his research of
Universitas Sumatra Utara entitled: An Analysis of Lexical Relation in Slected
Surah of 30th section of Holy Qur’an translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. He was
also analyzing the types and the dominant type of lexical relation in the 30th
section of holy Quran. He followed the lexical relation theory by Saeed (1997).
The methodology was library research, thosewere collecting the data and
categorizing the type of lexical relation that relation with surah in 30th section of
holy Quran. His final result were: homonymy (7,1%), synonymy 20 cases
5
meronymy 1 case (1,8%), member collection 1 case (1,8%), portion mass 1 case
(1,8%).
The third researcher was Aginta, Windy (2009) in her research of
Universitas Sumatera Utara entitled: An Analysis of Lexical Relations and
Meaning Properties in Articles in The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper. She
analyzed the types of lexical relation and meaning properties and also the type
most occurs in the articles in the Jakarta Post daily newspaper. She followed the
lexical relation theory by F.R.Palmer (1976) and Geoffrey Leech (1981). She also
used library study methodology that is collecting the data about lexical relation
and meaning properties in the Jakarta Post daily newspaper. And her final result
was: There were 18 Lexical Relations that include 8 antonyms (44,4%), 8
synonyms (44,4%), 2 hyponyms (11,1%), 0 homonyms (0%), 0 meronyms (0%)
and 321 Meaning Properties that include 319 meaningfulness (99,3%), 1
contradictory (0,31%), 1 anomaly (0,31%), 0 ambiguity (0%), 0 redundancy (0%).
The fourth previous researcher was Riantika, Nelvira (2009) in her thesis
of Andalas University entitled: An Analysis of Lexical Relations in Sidney
Sheldon’s “Memories of Midnight”. She analyzed lexical relations theory by
George Yule in the novel “Memories of Midnight” by Sidney Sheldon. She used qualitative and distributional identity method. It meant, the writer tried to find out
and to take a not the aspect of lexical relation. She used types of lexical relation as
follow: Synonymy, antonym, Hyponym, Homophony, Homonymy, and
6
novel was synonym. She concluded that it made the readers will not bore with the
same words in the next sentences, that way the author used synonymy.
By the explanation above, majority of the previous researchers have been
analyzed in the types of lexical relation and its dominant type. In the following
explanation, the writer examines the differences between those previous studies
and this present study.
The first and the second previous research have not been explaining about
another theory in their analyses. The third previous research has been explaining
the second another problem and its theory, but she did not explain the relationship
between the two theories. And the fourth previous research also has been
explaining the second another problem, but she did not include the theory. In this
research, the writer continuous the study of lexical relation in surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali by add the problem and its theory. It is the
meaning relation theory by Eugene Albert Nida (1975).
Those are the gaps of this research with the previous studies. The writer
focuses on the types of lexical relation and those relation meanings. The first
problem of the research is the type of lexical relation, the writer chooses in the
recent lexical relation theory. The writer is going to explain about the reasons of
using lexical relations theory by John Saeed (2016) by describing a leftover and a
shortage to each author: Frank Robert Palmer theory was in the 1976 year. But his
theory had leftover, he included types that were not included by other, they were:
7
in 2006 year. His theory also had leftover, he included types that were not
included by other, and they were: homophony, collocation and prototypes.
The second problem is the principle of meaning relation theory. Because,
after described the relation of words, the writer wants to continue describing about
their meaning relation. In this theory, the writer follows the theory by Nida,
Eugene. A. (1975). The principle of meaning relation is important to be the next
analysis or discussion because it is to know the relationship of the types of lexical
relation.
The topic theory which is chosen by the writer is lexicalrelation. It is the
partof thesemantics. Semantics is studying about meaning. The first pioneer of
semantics is Aristoteles (384-322 BM). He was a first philosopher from Greek
who using term „meaning’. Meaning is the part of language. And semantics is the
part of linguistics. As like a sound and grammar, the meaning component also
occupy in certain level. The first level of component is sound, the second level of
component is grammar and the last level is meaning (Palmer, 1981: 5 in
Aminuddin, 2015: 15).
Lexical relation describes the meaning of each word relationships. It
includes phonetic relationship (such as rhyme or alliteration), the relationship
morphology (such as inflectional variations), and morpho-syntactic relationships
(such as co-membership in a grammatical category) (Murphy, 2003:9).
Talking about lexical relation, it is interesting to be learned because it has
relation with Holy Quran. Lexical relation is the word that has relation meaning to
8
surah, because Holy Quran was not sent down completely. They were sent down
periodically. It is called Asbabun Nuzul. It is the reason of Holy Quran was sent
down (Tim Penyusun MKD IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, 2012: 167). In this
research, the writer uses one of surah which explains more about the obligation
and human’s right of woman, it is surah An –Nisa’.
Therefore, the writer tries to find words in Surah An –Nisa’ that have the meaningofeachwordrelationships which called lexical relation. And so, the writer
tries to find the principles of those lexical relations. The types of lexical relation
as follow: homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, meronymy,
member-collection, and portion mass (Saeed, John 2016). The principles of
relation meaning are: included, overlap, complementation, and contiguity (Nida,
1975).
1.2.Problems of Study
1. What are the types of lexical relations that appear in Surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali?
2. How is one lexical meaning related to other that appear in Surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali?
1.3.Objectives of Study
1. The writer wants to describe the types of lexical relations that appear in
Surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
2. The writer wants to describe the relationship of lexical meaning that
9
1.4.Significances of Study
The significances of this research are divided into two types. The first type
is theoretically. The writer hopes that the explanation about lexical relation in this
research will be useful for the reader. The reader will be easily to understand
about that theory, especially for the students in English and linguistics program.
And also, the writer hopes, people who read this research will understand about
the content of surah An-Nisa’ easily.
The second significance is about practically. After the reader understands
about the content, the writer hopes, the reader will practice to recite this surah and
other of the Holy Quran.
1.5.Scope and Limitation of Study
In order to avoid the extended discussion, it is important the writer limits
the discussion. Cause of many surah in the Holy Quran and many versions of
Yusuf Ali’s Holy Quran translation, the limitation of this research is surah An –
Nisa of Holy Quran translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali publisher in London
published by “The Islamic Computing Centre, London”. And the writer focuses in
the types and principles of lexical relations. The writer follows lexical relation
theory by (Saeed, John 2016) and Nida, Eugene. A. (1975). The types are
homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, meronymy,
member-collection, and portion mass. The principles are included, overlap,
complementation, and contiguity.
In this research, the writer also limits the type of lexical relation. The
10
meronymy. Because the aim of this research is to know which one the words and
meanings that have relationship to the others. Whereas, member-collection and
portion mass are not included in the principle of lexical relation.
1.6.Definition of Key Terms
Semantics is the study about language meaning. In language, there are words, phrases and sentences. Beside, semantics also discusses about usual meaning or it
called implicit meaning (Yule, 2010: 112).
Lexical relation explains each word having relation meaning to other words. In this research, the writer analyzes the verse and verse of words, phrases, and
sentences (Yule, 2010: 116-117).
Meaning is the thing or idea that a word, sentence, etc represent. In this research,
the writer uses “Oxford dictionary” to know the meaning of each words in translation of surah An –Nisa’ (Oxford, 2008: 273).
An – Nisa is one of the surah in the holy Quran that more explains about the
11
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter describes the theoretical bases of this research; they are
semantics, the relation between semantics and linguistics, lexical meaning and
lexical relations.
2.1.Semantics
The word „semantics’ has the technique term that refer to study about meaning (Pateda, 2010: 2). Coseriu and Geckeler (1981: 8) in Pateda, 2010: 3 said
that the term semantics was firstly known around year 50. It was showed by M.
Breal who was intellectual of France in 1883.
Semantics is the branch of linguistics of the some kind as the phonetics
and or grammar. Semantics is the “systematic study of meaning and linguistic semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meanings”
(Kreidler, 2002: 3). “Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of
meaning”. Unfortunately, semantics envelops the kinds of aspect of language. But
there is no general agreement about what its meaning is and how to describe it
(Palmer, 1976: 1). “Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through
language” Saeed, John (2009: 3).
Another hand, there was Yule, George (2006: 115) said that semantics is
the study about word, phrase and sentence’s meaning. It is not focusing on the
speaker’s word desiring, but semantics endeavors to examine and to focus in the
intention words and meaning. This approach is used for emphasize the goal and
12
general. Linguistic semantics relevant with conventional meaning, it means
semantics is conveyed by using word by word and sentence of language.
From the explanation above, the writer tries to give conclusion about the
definition of semantics by combine the authors’ explanations. Semantics is the
study about language meaning. In language, there are words, phrases and
sentences. And also, semantics discuss about usual meaning or it called implicit
meaning.
2.2.Semantics and Linguistics
Aminuddin (2015: 26) gives opinion about the relation between semantics
and linguistics. The meaning is the element that accompanies long before the
sound aspect is present in communication activities. As an element attached to the
sound, meaning also accompanies the system and relations and combinations of
sounds in units’ larger structure such that finally materialized in a communication.
From those explanations, meaning and symbol as well as semantic and
grammatical aspect is an element that cannot be separated. The linguists also
differ in determining the relationship between semantic and linguistic. Bloomfield
(1933) and Harris (1951) said that semantics is external study of linguistics.
2.3.Lexical relation
Murphy (2003: 9) gives idea about lexicalrelation; it is apartof the
semantics describes the meaning of each word relationships. Lexical relations
include phonetic relationship (such as rhyme or alliteration), the relationship
morphology (such as inflectional variations), and morpho-syntactic
13
(2006: 118) said that “not only can words be treated as containers or as fulfilling roles, they can also have relationships”. It means that words are not only having roles but they are also having relationship.
By the explanation above, the writer tries to conclude lexical relation by
combining some authors’ opinion. Lexical relation explains each word having
relation meaning to other words.
The writer will use the types of lexical relations to point at Saeed, John
(2016: 59-67). The types of lexical relations are:
2.3.1. Homonymy
Homonyms are the meaning that unrelated but the same phonological
word. Related to homonyms, there are homophony and homograph. Homophony
is the words that have same sound but different written and meaning. Homograph
is the words that have same written but different sound and meaning. Saaed
distinguish the different types of homonymy:
2.3.1.1.Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and which with the same spelling.
For example: lap „circuit of the course’ and lap „part of the body’.
2.3.1.2.Of the same category but different spelling. Verb „ring’ and „wring’. 2.3.1.3.Of the different category but same spelling. „verb bear’ and „noun bear’. 2.3.1.4.Of the different category and different spelling. For example „not’ and
„knot’.
Not only had that, in other hand said that several words that has same way
to pronounce but spelled differently are also called homonymy. For example the
14
Another example and their explanation are shown below:
But if good fortune comes to you from God, they would be sure to say - as if there had never been Ties of affection between you and them - "Oh! I wish I had been with them; a fine thing should I then have made of it!" (Surah
An-Nisa’: 73)
They are (men) whom God hath cursed: And those whom God Hath cursed, thou wilt find, have no one to help. (Surah An-Nisa’: 52)
The words fine and find are called homonymy because they are same
phonological words. They are in different category and different spelling.
2.3.2. Polysemy
The similarity between homonymy and polysemy, both have some
meanings and same phonological words. But polysemy is called if the senses are
related or same. It is important to differences between homonymy and polysemy,
because there are polysemous senses under the same lexical access, while
homonymous senses are given separate entries.
The example of polysemy is explained in various senses of hook as
follows: hook (hk) as a noun has some meanings, they are 1) „a piece of material,
usually metal, curved or bent and used to suspend’. 2) short for fish-hook 3) a trap or snare 4) Chiefly 5) something resembling a hook in design or use, etc.
Another example and explanation are shown below:
“. . . and what your right hands possess: For God loveth not the arrogant, the vainglorious;” (Surah An-Nisa’: 36)
“. . . then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub therewith your faces and hands. For God doth blot out sins and forgive again and again.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 43)
The first hand means servant (hamba sahaya) and the second hand is the
15
2.3.3. Synonymy
Synonymy are the words that different phonological but have same or
similar meaning. An important source of synonym is taboo areas where a range of
euphemisms may occur. In synonym, the words may have the different registers.
It means those styles of language, colloquial, formal, literary, and so on, that have
the different situations. From Roget's 21stCentury Thesaurus, look at the synonym
of adjective „big’: full, sizeable, hefty, fat, colossal, considerable, enormous, etc.
Look at another example below:
O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate, and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women;- reverence God, through whom ye demand your mutual (rights), and (reverence) the wombs (That bore you): for God ever watches over you. (Surah
An-Nisa’: 1)
How then if We brought from each people a witness, and We brought thee as a witness against these people! (Surah An-Nisa’: 41)
Mankind and people are called synonym because their
16
2.3.4. Antonym
Opposite (antonymy) are the words that have the opposite meaning to other
words. There are the kinds of antonym, they are:
2.3.4.1.Complementary antonyms. It means the relation between words such that
the negative of one implies the positive of the other. For example
dead/alive (animal); pass/fail (a test) ; hit/miss (a target).
2.3.4.2.Gradable antonyms. It is a relationship between opposites where the
positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of the other,
for example rich/poor, fast/slow, young/old, beauty/ugly.
2.3.4.3.Reverses, it means the relation between terms describeing movement,
where one term describes movement in one direction and the other the
same movement in the opposite direction, for example the terms push and
pull on swing door. Come/go, go/return, etc.
2.3.4.4.Converses. These are terms which describe a relation between two entities
from alternate viewpoint, for example in a pairs own/belong to ;
above/below ; employer/employee, etc.
2.3.4.5.Taxonomic Sisters. It is the term antonymy is sometimes used to describe
words which are at the same level in taxonomy. Taxonomy is hierarchical
classification systems. For example: red orange yellow green blue purple
brown.
Another example of antonym are explained below:
17
“. . . This (permission) is for those among you who fear sin; but it is better for you that ye practise self-restraint. And God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 25)
The words forbidden and permission are called antonym
because their meaning are unrelated.
2.3.5. Hyponymy
Hyponymy are the relation participation. Hyponymy are the general words
which have the specific words. Hyponymy includes the meaning of more general
words. For example: dog and cat are hyponyms of animal. Sister and mother are
hyponymy of woman.
Another example of hyponymy are explained below:
O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created
you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate,
and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men
and women;- reverence God, through whom ye demand
your mutual (rights), and (reverence) the wombs (That
bore you): for God ever watches over you. (Surah
An-Nisa’: 1)
Mankind is the general word. Mankind has specific words,
they are men and women. Mankind
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2.3.6. Meronymy
Different with hyponymy, meronymy are the words which describe another words or things. The differences between hyponymy and meronymy are hyponymy are always transitive but meronymy may or may not be. For example the transitive
meronymy: nail as a meronym of finger, and finger of hand. And we could say „a hand
has nails’. A non-transitive meronymy is: pane is a meronym of window. And we could
say „a window has a pane’. Look at another example below:
“Some of them believed, and some of them averted their faces from him: And enough is
Hell for a burning fire.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 55)
The word hell and fire are called meronymy because if this surah explain
about hell, of course it includes to explain or talk about the fire.
2.3.7. Member-collection
Member-collection is a place that the thing or unit collected. For example:
Ship Fleet
Tree Forest
Fish Shoal
Table 2.1
Another example of member-collection are explained below:
“They (his dupes) will have their dwelling in Hell, and from it they will find no way of escape.” (Surah An-Nisa’: 121). In the sentence means the place of human who are lied is in the hell.
19
“portion-mass is the relation between a mass noun and the usual unit of measurement or division”. Portion-mass explains about unit, a count noun, is added to the mass noun, making the resulting noun phrase into a count nominal.
Look at the example below:
Drop Of Liquid
Grain Of Salt/sand/wheat
Sheet Of Paper
Lump Of Coal
Strand Of Hair
Table 2.2
Another example of portion mass are explained below:
“ God (thus) directs you as regards your Children's (Inheritance): to the male, a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters, two or more, their share is
two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one, her share is a half. . . .” (Surah An -Nisa’: 11)
The underlined sentence is called portion mass because they explains
about the unit of the thing.
2.4.Meaning relation theory
The writer will use the meaning relation theory to point at (Nida, 1975:
20
units may be related to one another: inclusion, overlapping, complementation and
contiguity.
2.4.1. Inclusion.
Inclusion principle is “one word includes meaning to other”. If you call a particular word has been included to another without giving an explanation. This
principle is the human mind to facilitate the call something. Pateda explained the
principle of inclusion is due to: The man quickly want to express what he wants;
the inability of the user to name an object that he has in mind; consider friends
talk already understand what he meant. (Pateda, Mansoer, 2010: 240).
2.4.2. Contiguity
Contiguity meaning is representing the relations closely related meaning to
be a well-defined. Each meaning is part of other related meaning by at least
having the important feature.
Pateda (2010: 242) adds the opinion that contiguous meaning could be
seen from the distinguishing factors, for example alive or not, countable or
uncountable, function, familiar with human, character, size, and colors.
The more explanation is explained by the example the words: bench, seat,
chair, and sofa. The distinguishing factor are the material (wood or cork), there is
a hand chair or not, expensive or cheap. The differences can be seen in this sketch:
Wood material
21
Bench + - -
Chair + + -
Seat - - +
Sofa - + +
Table 2.3
In this research, the differences factor could be seen at Oxford dictionary. May be it is a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or etc.
2.4.3. Complementation
Complementation principle is “the words that involve the number of
shared of features of meaning but show certain marked contrast and often opposite
meaning”. The mark of complementation principle is contrast, but sometime
opposite. There are three types of meaning relations that has complementation;
they are opposite, reversives, and conversives. The opposite word has related to
quality (good x bad); quantity (many x few); circumstance (single x marriage);
time (day x night), etc. The reversives word is the word that could be converted
the former circumstance. For example quarrel x peace. And the conversives word
could be seen with the movement of the actor, for example selling x buying; take
x give.
2.4.4. Overlap
22
different meaning. It also called same sound but different meaning. Usually, the
words pairing is called synonym. But overlap is not synonym because they are
23
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter describes about the research method of the research. They are
research design, research instrument, data and data source of the research, data
collection of the research and data analysis of the research.
3.1. Research Design
This research used descriptive qualitative approach. Descriptive qualitative
research were exploring, understanding and representing of social or human
problem. It was treated by questions and procedures. The typically of this research
were collected in the participant’s setting, built from the general to specific theme and the researcher making interpretations the meaning of the data (adapted from
Creswell, 2007 in Creswell, 2009: 4). It related to Raco’s opinion that descriptive
qualitative was also called interpretative research. He said that because the acting
part of researcher is interpreting and giving the meaning in the data or information
getting. So that why, this research type were considerable influenced by the
researcher. Maybe their personalities, creativities social background orthe abilities
of researcher (Raco, 2010: 10).
The writer used qualitative approach because this research focuses on the
analysis of the English translation of Surah An-Nisa’ of the holy Quran. Other characteristics of qualitative research were explained by Tracy (2013: 5), they
were analyzing variously and holistics; giving the continuously process; focusing
24
on live experience; the researcher was helping to explain and to interpret the data;
explaining the reasons of chronology.
Creswell (2009: 15) also gave explanation about qualitative method. In his
book of Research Design he said that there are five qualitative methods. They
wereappearing methods; available questions; interview data, observational data,
document data and audio-visual data; text and image analysis; themes, patterns
and interpretation.
By the explanations above, those characteristicswere appropriate to this
research. In this research, the writer gave interpret the meaning of the data. The
creativities and abilities of the writer were more influenced of doing and
analyzing this research. Another activity of doing qualitative research was
categorizing or relating the theory to the data. That why the writer to categorize or
to relate lexical relation theory to surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
3.2. Instrument
The instrument of research was the tool or device using to collect a lot of
information which was related to research (Mukhtar, 2013: 109). In this research,
the instrument was human or the writer itself. Mukhtar gave the reason why
qualitative research uses human as an instrument, because all of the senses of the
writer directly needed to observe the data. Yin. K. Robert (122) also added the
opinion that human being who uses the tools and can estimating which was useful
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3.3.Data and Data Sources
Mason, Jennifer (2002: 52-53) explained the source of the data, which was
one of the important things to start to write in the analysis. The data source were a
repository of knowledge, experience, feelings or whatever, that are relevant to the
research. Mukhtar (2013: 107) also gave the opinion about data source, data
source was gotten by institution, documentation of institution or historical. Those
were not always used by the researcher. Those data will be sorted which one
relates to the theory.
“Data is the empiric information and documentation getting in the field as
a support the scientific and academic research” (Mukhtar, 2013: 99). In this research, the data were some words, phrases and sentences that had relation with
lexical relations in surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
In this research, the data source was the text published, it was the Holy
Quran translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Then, the writer chosen one of the surah,
it is surah An-Nisa’. That was the data source that will be used by the writer, it was surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
3.4.Data Collection
There were four types of data collection to Yin, Robert K. (2011: 130), the
potential data collection activities were interviewing; observing; collecting and
examining or Feeling. In this research, the type of data collection were collecting
and examining method. Yin, K. Robert (2011: 148) added the opinion, collection
26
other printed materials, graphics, archival records, and physical artifacts. This
research, the writer looked the contents of the printed material; it was the text of
translation of surah An –Nisa’.
In order to Creswell (2009: 178-181), to collect those data, the writer must
did some steps include the limitation of setting and collecting information through
unstructured or semi structured documents. The writer concluded those steps in
this analysis by explaining the activities as follows:
1. The writer read all of the data (raw data).
2. After that, the writer collected information to the words, phrases and
sentences which were potential and related to lexical relation.
O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate, and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women;- reverence God, through whom ye demand your mutual (rights), and (reverence) the wombs (That bore you): for God ever watches over you. (An –Nisa’: 1)
3. The last step, the writer underlined the words, phrases and sentences which
were related to lexical relation.
O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate, and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless
The writer analyzed surah An-Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. To answer the first and second questions, the writer followed the data analysis
27
1. Collecting the data
Collecting the data was the activity progress in a research. In this step, the
write used her selves as the instrument for getting the data documentation. The
writer also could directly analyze the data which is appropriate by information in
the research area. In the analysis phase of this study, the writer got the data from
documentation, it was the transcript of surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
2. Reduction the data
Reduction the data was the activity to select, to focus, to simplity, to
abstraction and to transformation the raw data which is appearing. Not only that,
the researcher was also coding those data by making in field note. Some ways to
analyze this phase includes summarizing, coding, examining the theme and
making the groups.
In this research, the writer focused to words, phrases and sentences related
to lexical relation and dispose those data that are not related to lexical relation by
coding or grouping the data. The writer concluded this step by drawing the table
below:
Numb.
Data:
Words, Phrases and Sentences
HOM POL SYN ANT HYP MER
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Table 3.1
Note: (Types of lexical relation)
HOM = Homonymy
POL = Polysemy
SYN = Synonymy
ANT = Antonymy
HYP = Hyponymy
MER = Meronymy
3. Display data
Display data was arranging the information which is organized to describe
the conclusion and to take the action. Qualitative research displayed the data by
narration text. In this research, the writer arranged, chosen and described the
meaning of data than categories which one is relating to principle of lexical Men,
Women
2.
Guardian-Lord
=
God
29
relation. After the types were known, the writer continued to describe the types of
lexical relation.
Data
Meaning (Oxford Dictionary 4th editions)
Mankind Is a human race
Man An adult man human being
Woman An adult woman human being
Table 3.2
Those data categorized to inclusion principle of lexical relation. The
reasons why those were called the inclusion of principle of lexical relation
because if we were saying the word „mankind’, automatically we include think about man and woman. Those words cause the appearing the type of lexical
relation, it was hyponymy. The writer said like that because hyponymy was the
general words which had the specific words. The word „mankind’ is general. It had the specific words, they are man and woman.
DATA TYPE INC OVL CMPL CONT
HOM
POL
30
ANT
Mankind;
Man and
Woman
HYP √
MER
Table 3.3 Note, the principles of lexical relation:
INC = Inclusion
OVL = Overlap
CMPL = Complementation
CONT = Contiguity
4. Verification and conclusion
Verification and conclusion was the activity of concluding the data. It was
explaining if the data is meaningful, having the relation and proposition. The way
to conclude the research were explained from collect the data, explanations,
configurations, a plot of cause and reasons and proposition. Actually the
conclusion has been prepared but not really clear. But, in the next phase, the
conclusion increased to be more specify and forceful.
In this step of analyze the data, the writer concluded if those words,
phrases and sentences were called of type and principle of lexical relation. The
31
FREQUENCY TYPE INC OVL CMPL CONT
HOM √
POLY √
SYN √
ANT √
HYP √
MER √
32
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the writer presented two points. The first point of this
chapter is data findings and the second point is discussions. Data finding is the
explanation of the types of lexical relation and their relation meanings that appear
in Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali that are served by the table. From the data finding, the writer describe by interpreting the words, phrases and
sentences that have relation to lexical relation and their relation meanings. The
writer analyzed types of lexical relation theory by Saeed, John (2016). They are
homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy and meronymy. And
relation meaning theory by Nida, Albert Eugene (1975). They are included,
overlap, complementation, and contiguity.
4.1. Findings
In this point, the writer provided the table of types of lexical relation and
their relation meanings. In the table contained some examples of words, phrases
and sentences of Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Previously, the writer has found many words, phrases and sentences of Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali that have relation to types of lexical relation. So,
she takes some the data finding as a sample. The table made the writer easier to
33
4.1.1. Types of lexical relation and their principles of meaning relation
In this section, the writer analyzed sample of the data findings above. The
data findings was taken from Surah An –Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali based on lexical relation theory by Saeed, John (2016) relation meaning theory by
Nida, Albert Eugene (1975). The writer finds five lexical relation types in her
analysis. They are moronymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy and
meronymy. And also she finds four relation meaning theory. They are included,
overlap, complementation, and contiguity.
4.1.1.1.Homonymy
Homonymy is one of fewest finding in Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali translation of this research. Homonymy is the words that have
same sound, or same written but different of meaning.
Data 1
(Air (129); Heirs (176))
The word “air” can be found in the verse 129. The word “heirs” also just found in the verse 176.
As explains above about the definition of homonymy, the data (air and
heirs) has the same phonological word. And it is categorized in the different
34
when the owner dies. From those analysis, the data are different meanings, same
spelling and same phonological word. That why the data are called homonymy.
The meaning relation of the data is overlapping. Overlapping occur cause
of two ways. The first way a word explains the different meanings. Or the second
ways, many words in the same sound but have different meaning. The word “air”
and “heir” as homonymy type has the overlap principle because it is the effect of homonymy that categorized many words in the same sound. By the explanation
above, the data called overlapping principle.
4.1.1.2.Polysemy
Polysemy also has the fewest finding in Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali of this research. Polysemy is a word has several meanings. In
following explanation is the data and data analysis of polysemy. Look at the data
below:
Data 2
Your right handspossess (3, 24, 25, and 36) Your right handwaspledged (33)
Rub therewith your faces and hands (43)
The sentence “your right hands possess” is found is the verses 3, 24, 25, and 36. The sentence “your right hand was pledged” is found in the verse 33. And the sentence “rub therewith your faces and hands” is found in the verse 43.Those are the data of polysemy in this analysis. Because the words “hand” in those
35
Now, the writer analyses one by one about the meaning of “hand” in each
sentence. From the reference, TafsirJalalain by As-suyuthi, Jalaluddin and
Al-Mahally, Jalaluddin Muhammad Ibnu Ahmad, in the sentence “your right hands possess”, the meaning of word “hand” could not be stand alone, it must be the phrase “right hand”, the meaning is a slave,(As-suyuthi and Al-Mahally: 48). In
the sentence “your right hand was pledged”, the word “hand” is not the part of our
body, but it means you are who promise to always faithful to somebody
(As-suyuthi and Al-Mahally: 52). In the sentence “rub therewith your faces and
hands”, the meaning of word “hand” could stand alone. It means “hand” part of our body. As-suyuthi and Al-Mahally: 54). From the analysis above, the word
“hand” has several meanings and called polysemy.
The meaning relation of the data is overlapping. Overlapping occur cause
of two ways. The first way a word explains the different meanings. Or the second
ways, many words in the same sound but have different meaning. The word
“hand” as polysemy type has the overlap principle because it is the effect of polysemy that categorized a word has several different meanings. By the
explanation above, the data called overlapping principle.
4.1.1.3.Synonym
Synonym is the most finding in Surah An – Nisa’ translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali of this research. Synonym is the several words that have similar
36
Data 3
Devour (2, 161) = eat up (10, 29 ) = consume (6)
The word “devour” is found in theverses 2 and 161. The phrase“eat up” is found in the verses 10 and 29. The word “consume” is found in the verse 6. The
data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford Dictionary.
“Devour” is eat all of the something quickly and hungrily. “Eat up” is 1 using up money, time, etc. 2 destroy or damage the surface of something. “Consume” is
1using something 2 eat or drink something 3 fill somebody with a strong. By the
explanation of similarity meanings, they called synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of data (Devour, eat up, and consume) is the speed of using
something is different. The word “Devour” maybe needs fast speed because before it, someone feels hungry, the word “eat up” maybe need not really fast
because it takes the something. It could be now, tomorrow, or yesterday. And the
word “consume” also not really in a fast speed because it relates to something.
Sometime we consume a food, but seldom have we consumed something. From
the analysis data about the differences level of similarity, it called contiguity
meaning relation.
Data 4
37
The word “suitable” is found in the verses 33 and 59. The word “appropriate” is found in the verse 29. The word “accordance” is found in the
verse 64. The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “suitable” is right or appropriate for purpose.The word “appropriate” is suitable or correct. And the word “accordance” is in accordance
with something in agreement with something. From the meaning explanation
above, they are very similar in meaning, that why they called synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of data (Suitable, appropriate, accordance) is the using depend
of the context. It is seen from individual or with many people factor. The word
“suitable” is used to individual using. For example, their clothes suitable with
their veils. The word “appropriate” is used to individual using. For example, her data is appropriate with the theory. And the word “accordance” is used to group
using or an agreement of the discussion. For example, the accordance the meeting
is agreed by audiences. By the explanations above, they called contiguity meaning
relation.
Data 5
Guardian – Lord / Lord = God
The word “Lord” is found inthe verses 1, 65, 75, and 77. The word “God”
is found in the verses (1, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30,
38
61, 62, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148,
149, 150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171,
172, 173, 174, 175, 176).
The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “Lord” is God. The word “God” is 1 the maker and ruler in the universe. 2 (in some religions) being that is believed to have power over
nature or to present a particular quality, etc. From the similarity meaning
explanation above, the data called synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of data (Lord ; God) is the using description a possession or not.
The word “lord” is used if we say our God is our possession. For example, “Oh My Lord”, “your lord”, etc. The word “God” is used when it is not describe about
possesses. For example, "This is from God". That is the explanation of differences
level similarity of “Lord” and “God”. And they called contiguity meaning
relation.
39
Good (2, 4, 19, 29, 36, 40, 62, 69, 73, 79, 85, 94, 95, 114, 125, 127, 128, 147, 148) = kindness (5, 8, 19) = excellent (58) = well (90, 91, 94, 135, 165)
The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “Good” is 1 of a high quality, 2 pleasant: that you enjoy and want, 3 able to do something well, etc. The word “kindness” is 1 quality of being kind, 2 kind act. The word “excellent” is very good. The word “well” is 1 in a
good, right or satisfactory way, 2 thoroughly and completely, 3 to a great extent or
degree. From the similarity meaning explanation above, the data called synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of data (Good, kindness, excellent, well) is the using
description a characteristics of the thing or a human. The word “good” is used to
describe the characteristics of human or thing. For example he is good looking.
The word “kindness” is used to describe the characteristics of human. For
example her kindness makes me happy. The word “excellent” is used to describe
something or human that better or the best from other. For example, you are
excellent from other. And the word “well” is used to describe a something. For
example, well preparation.
Data 7
40
The word “mankind” is found in the verses 1, 54, 79, 133, 165, 170, and 174. The word “person” is found in the verses 1 and 95. The word “people” is
found the verses 41, 47, 54, 75, 78, 90, 91, 92, 123, 131, 153, 159, and 171.
The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “mankind” is the human race. The word “person” is singular of people, it is human being. The word “people” is 1 persons in general, 2
nation, race, 3 persons who live in particular place, 4 ordinary persons without
special rank or position.By the similarity meaning of the data, they called
synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of data (mankind, person, people) is how many people that
purpose in that context. The word “mankind” is used much people in the world.
Because, it is Islamic religious community and it addresses to humanity in the
world. So, it uses “mankind”. The word “person” is used singular to individual or just one individual. The word “people” is used to many people, group, society,
etc. By the meaning explanation above, those data called contiguity.
Data 8
41
The word “speak” is found in the verses 5, 8, 9, and 63. The word “say” is
found the verses 18, 43, 46, 51, 72, 73, 77, 78, 94, 97, 127, 141, 150, 171, and
176.
The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “speak” is1 talk to somebody about something, use your
voice to say something 2 is able to use the language, 3 make a speech to an
audience, 4 say or state something. The word “say” is 1 speak or tell to somebody
about something, using words 2 give an opinion to something, 3 suggest or give
something as an example or possibility, etc. From the similarity meaning above,
the data called synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of the data (speak, say) is informal or informal. The word
“speak” is used to formal situation. Usually it uses in the discussion, meeting,
speech, speak with director, lecturer, etc. But the word “say” is used to informal
situation. It uses to tell something or describe something in someone, maybe to
her friend or family. By those analyses about the similarity differences level, the
data called contiguity.
Data 9
Please (48, 49, 90, 110) = cheer (4)
The word “please” is found in the verses 48, 49, 90 and 110. The word “cheer” is
42
The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “please” is 1 making somebody happy, 2 choose or want to do something. The word “cheer” is 1 shout of praise, support, etc. 2 happiness.
From the similarity meaning explanation above, the data called synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of the data (please, cheer) isusing formal or informal applying.
The word “please” is used to formal occasion. For example, expression happy in general discussion. But the word “cheer” is using informal occasion. It expression to happy or cheer up with friends or group. That is the analysis of contiguity
reason in that data.
Data 10
Wrong (20, 110, 161, 168) = blame (24, 101, 102, 128) = evil (17, 18, 31, 38, 51, 60, 76, 78,80, 85, 97, 110, 115, 123, 148, 149)
The word “wrong” is found in the verses 20, 110, 161 and 168. The word “blame” is found in the verses 24, 101, 102, and 128. The word “evil” is found in
the verses 17, 18, 31, 38, 51, 60, 76, 78, 80, 85, 97, 110, 115, 123, 148, and 149.
The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “wrong” is 1 not true or correct, mistaken, 2 causing
problem or difficulties, 3 not suitable, right, or what you need, 4 not morally right
43
responsible for something bad. The word “evil” is 1 force that caused wicked
things to happen, 2 very bad or harmful things. From the similarity meaning
explanation above, the data called synonym.
The meaning relation is contiguity. Contiguity is the effect of synonym.
There is no another type relating. That why, contiguity occurs not really far with
synonym. But contiguity has more differences level similarity. The differences
level of similarity of the data (wrong, blame, evil) is the differences of part of
speech. The words “wrong” and “evil” is adjective part of speech. Another name is the characteristics of the thing or human. The word “blame” is verb part of
speech. It is used to say something wrong. By the explanation about differences
similarity level above, the data called contiguity.
Data 11
Create (1, 28, 119, 120, 133) = make (5, 6, 26, 65, 120, 152, 176)
The word “create” is found in the verses 1, 28, 119, 120, and 133. The word “make” is found in the verses 5, 6, 26, 65, 120, 152, 176.
The data is known to synonym from the explanation meaning of Oxford
Dictionary. The word “create” is 1 make something happen or exist, 2 produce a particular feeling or impression. The word “make” is 1 construct, produce or
prepare something; bring something into existence, 2 cause something to exist,
happen or be done, 3 cause somebody or something to be or become something,
