Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1998] 2 0 0 –2 0 8 © MCB Unive rs ity Pre s s [ISSN 0956-6163]
Ef fect of pond ash on ground water quality: a case
study
I.V. Suresh
Dis as te r Manage me nt Ins titute (DMI), Paryavaran Paris ar, Bho pal, India
C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M .V.R.L. M urthy, C.B. Raju and R.N. Yadava
Re gio nal Re s e arc h Labo rato ry (CSIR), Bho pal, IndiaK. Venkata Rao
Vijayawada The rmal Po we r Statio n (VTPS), Ibrahimpatnam, India
I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and
K. Ve nkata Rao
Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8
Ava ila ble N, P, S a n d exch a n gea ble K in soil a n d fl y a s h sa m p les w er e exa m in ed by t h e st a n d a r d m et h od s (J a ck s on , 1973; Su bb a Ra o, 1993). Ava ila ble Cu , Fe, Zn a n d M n w er e d et er -m in ed by t h e DTPA (d iet h y len e t r ia -m in e p en t a a cet ic a cid ) ext r a ct ion m et h od (Gu p t a , 1993; Lin d s ay a n d N or vell, 1978). Ab ou t 10gm fl y a s h w a s sh a k en w it h 20 m l DTPA ext r a ct -in g s olu t ion . T h e solu t ion w a s fi lt er ed a n d t h e con s t it u en t s d et er m in ed u sin g AAS a n d DCP.
X-r ay p ow d er d iffr a ct ion a n a ly sis w a s ca r r ied ou t by t h e P h illip s d iffr a ct om et er m od el 1710 u sin g Cu K r a d ia t ion a n d n ick el fi lt er a t 40KV a n d 20m A. T h e id en t ifi ca t ion of m in er a l p h a ses w a s d on e w it h t h e h elp of Min er a l P ow d er Diffr a ct ion fi le J CP DS a n d ASTM d iffr a ct ion d a t a . In fr a r ed sp ect r op h o-t om eo-t er m od el 984 G of M / s P er k in -E lm er, UK
w a s u sed for m ea su r in g IR sp ect r a l lin es by con ven t ion a l KBr p ellet m et h od .
Results and discussions
Che mic al c o mpo s itio n o f po nd as h
T h e ch em i ca l com p os i t i on of p on d a s h i s s h ow n i n Ta b le I w h i ch h a s a lk a li s (N a2O + K2O) i n t h e r a n ge of 1.5 – 2.3 w t p er cen t a n d a lk a li n e r a r e ea r t h ’s (Ca O + M gO) les s t h a n 3.0 w t p er cen t (P r a b h a et a l., 1994). T h e m a jor con s t i t u en t s a r e Si O2(59 – 61 w t % ) a n d a lu m i n a (28 – 29 w t % ). Fe2O3d oes n ’t exceed 5.5 w t % . In a d d i t i on t o t h e a b ove, p on d a s h s a m p les h ave m i cr o-n u t r i en t s s u ch a s Cu , F e, Zn , M n a n d m a cr o-n u t r i en t s li k e av a i la b le n i t r o gen (n i t r i t es ), p h os p h or u s, p ot a s s i u m , s od i u m a n d s u lp h u r (Ta b le II). T h e v a lu es i n Ta b le II s h ow s om e of t h e
Hillocks
AGRICULTURAL LAND
N
S
VUAYAWADA CAPITAL
THERMAL POW ER STATION
TRILOCHANAPURAM
KOTA MULAPADU
MULAPADU GUDEM
J UPUDI
J UPUDI EAST
QUALITY STONE CRUSHER
SDA SCHOOL 10
11
7
4
3 9
8
2
5
1
6
NH 9 NH 9
Fly as h Pond (About 180 Acres )
HYDRABAD
Figure 1
Lo c atio n map o f s ampling s tatio ns ne ar as h po nd
Table I
Che mic al c o mpo s itio n o f po nd as h s ample s o f VTPS (wt%)
LOI SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Na2O K2O CaO M gO
I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and
K. Ve nkata Rao
Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8
t ot a l m i cr o-n u t r i en t s s u ch a s Cu , Fe, Zn a n d Mn w h ich a r e in t h e for m of b ot h lea ch a ble a n d n ot ea sily lea ch a ble ion s r esp ect ively.
Mine ralo gy and mic ro -struc ture o f fly ash
F ly a sh con sist s of m ost ly a m or p h ou s gla ssy p h a ses of SiO2a n d a lu m in o-silica t e in t h e p oor ly cr y st a llin e m u llit e for m . X-r ay p ow d er d iffr a ct ion a n a ly sis a n d IR s p ect r op h ot om e-t r y h ave con fi r m ed e-t h e p r esen ce of a lp h a q u a r t z a n d m u llit e (F igu r e 2 a n d 3). Fe is p r esen t m ost ly in t h e for m of Ma gn et it e h av -in g d (Å) = 2.5 (F igu r e 3). A p a r t of it is -in m olt en st a ge a n d for m s a coa t in g on t h e su r -fa ce of t h e a lu m in o-silica t e cen o-s p h er es (F igu r e 4). T h e ch a n ces of m olt en ir on p r e-sen t in sp h er ica l sh a p e ca n n ot b e r u led ou t . Sca n n in g elect r on m icr o-gr a p h s of va r iou s sa m p les su ggest t h e p r esen ce of sp h er ica l a n d n ea r sp h er ica l sh a p e p a r t icles w it h h a r d ly a n y cr y s t a llin e s t r u ct u r e or p h a se se p a r a t ion (F igu r e 4).
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2∅
Key
MULLITE QUARTZ MAGNETITE –
– –
R
e
la
ti
v
e
I
n
te
n
s
it
y
(
I/
I0
)
Figure 2
X-ray diffrac tio n patte rns o f fly as h s ample s fro m VTPS
3000 1900
3800 1100
Wave Number (Cm– 1)
Abs orption
300 1092
790 540 495
394
Figure 3
Infrare d s pe c tra o f re pre s e ntative fly as h s ample s fro m VTPS
Table II
Available mac ro -nutrie nts and mic ro -nutrie nts in po nd as s ample s o f VTPS
Name of Total Name of Total Available
macro-nutrient (ppm) micro-nutrient (wt%) (ppm)
Available N2 1 5 5 – 1 8 0 Cu 0 .0 8 7 – 0 .1 0 2 0 .4 0 – 0 0 .7 6
– do – P 0 1 4 – 0 4 5 Fe 1 .9 0 – 3 .8 4 .0 – 1 4 .5 0
– do – K 0 0 7 – 0 1 9 Z n 0 .0 0 8 – 0 .0 4 2 0 .6 – 2 0
I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and
K. Ve nkata Rao
Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8
Crystal struc ture
T h e SiO2r ich p h a se is cr y s t a llin e a n d h a s t h e t et r a h ed r a l st r u ct u r e a s sh ow n in F igu r e 5. T h e cr y s t a l s t r u ct u r e of t h e s p h er ica l p a r t i-cles ca n b e exp ect ed t o b e m ost ly d is or d er ed b eca u s e of t h e a m or p h ou s n a t u r e of t h e m a t e-r ia l w h ich foe-r m ed a s a e-r es u lt of s u p ee-r coolin g of t h e p a r t ia lly fu sed silica t e/ a lu m in o-s ilica t e p r es en t in t h e coa l. Alu m in o siliilica t e n et
-wor k h old s m a n y ca t ion s a n d a n ion s in t h e va ca n t sp a ces (F igu r e 6). T h e va r iou s ca t ion s lik e N a , K, B, Ca , Mg, Zn , Cu , N i, P b a n d As a r e a t t a ch ed t o Si/ Al t h r ou gh oxygen “O”. At t h e sa m e t im e, som e of t h ese ca t ion s occu py va ca n t sp a ces a s s h ow n in t h e F igu r e 6.
Si-O-M or Al-O-M; w h er e M – N a , K, B, Ca , Mg, Zn , Cu , N i, P b, As.
X-r ay p ow d er d iffr a ct ion p a t t er n (F igu r e 2) a n d IR sp ect r a (F igu r e 3) h ave clea r ly sh ow n t h e a b sen ce of ca r b on a t es or sp in a l. H en ce t h e F igu r e 5 a n d 6 r e p r esen t s t h e t r u e st r u c-t u r e of fi y a sh .
We athe ring o f fly ash and its e ffe c t o n so il and gro und wate r in the vic inity o f ash po nd
It h a s b een n ot iced t h a t p H of p on d a sh va r ies fr om 7.09 t o 8.63, elect r ica l con d u ct iv it y r a n ges fr om 0.017 t o 0.036m m h os/ cm , sp ecifi c gr av it y 1.63 t o 1.83 a n d or ga n ic m a t t er 0.73 t o 1.94 w t % w it h a n in cr ea se in d ist a n ce u p t o 650/ 700 m et r es aw ay fr om t h e d isp os a l p oin t t h a t is cover in g t h e en t ir e b r ea d t h of t h e p on d (Ta ble III a n d F igu r e 1). It w a s r e p or t ed ea r lier t h a t t h e ch lor id e, su lp h a t es, b ica r b on -a t es, or g-a n ic m -a t t er, w -a t er ext r -a ct -a ble solid s a n d elect r ica l con d u ct iv it y va lu es of fl y a sh a r e d ecr ea sed p r ogr essively fr om t h e su r fa ce of t h e p on d w it h a n in cr ea se in d e p t h of t h e a sh p on d (Ra ju , 1993). Su ch a sit u a t ion sh ow s t h e p oss ib ilit y of w a t er con t a m in a t ion w h en -ever t h e w a t er t a ble r is es h igh .
T h e t est r esu lt s of gr ou n d w a t er sa m p les collect ed fr om a b ou t 13 st a t ion s over a d is-t a n ce of 10k m fr om is-t h e a sh p on d of VTP S a r e given in Ta ble IV. T h e TDS of gr ou n d w a t er h a s b een p r esen t ed in F igu r e 7 a s con t ou r s. An a ly sis of t h es e r esu lt s sh ow a n in cr ea se in t h e ca lciu m h a r d n ess (96298p p m ), t ot a l h a r d -n ess (168-904p p m ), Ma g-n esiu m (17-147p p m ), Cl¯ (56-499p p m ) a n d t ot a l a lk a lin it y
105-10µm Figure 4
SEM mic ro graph o f flyas h (VTPS)
: Si : O2 Key Figure 5
Crys tal s truc ture ne two rk o f s ilic a
: M : Si (or) Al Key
∅
: O2Figure 6
Crys tal s truc ture o f alumino s ilic ate glas s in flyas h
Table III
Phys ic o Che mic al analys is re s ults o f po nd as h VTPS
Samples
distance from Electrical Organic Organic
disposal point conductivity Specific carbon matter
(meters) pH (mmhos/ cm) gravity (wt%) (wt%)
700 8 .6 3 0 .0 3 6 1 .8 3 6 0 .4 2 5 0 .7 3 3
650 8 .5 4 0 .0 3 2 1 .7 5 5 0 .4 6 1 0 .7 9 4
550 7 .2 4 0 .0 2 5 1 .7 0 2 0 .5 0 3 0 .8 6 7
400 7 .0 9 0 .0 2 1 1 .6 6 0 0 .7 1 3 1 .2 2 9
300 7 .1 0 0 .0 1 7 1 .6 3 0 0 .7 5 4 1 .2 2 9
I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and
K. Ve nkata Rao
Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8
533p p m (Ta ble IV). A m a r gin a l r is e in t h e con cen t r a t ion of Zn (0.01 t o 1.30p p m ) a n d P b (0.01-0.05p p m ) a r e n ot iced . H igh er va lu es of Fe u p t o 4p p m sh ow t h a t t h e lea ch a b ilit y of Fe is a s h igh a s 40 t im es. T h e effect of p on d a s h on a lk a li ion s N a a n d K in gr ou n d w a t er a p p ea r s t o b e n ot ver y sign ifi ca n t (Ta ble IV). T h is m ay p r ob a bly b e d u e t o h igh er ion ic r a d ii of N a a n d K ion s w h ich a r e r ea d ily exch a n ged t o t h e soil a n d w a t er s lu r r y. F r om t h e lea ch in g s t u dy of fl y a s h a n d ch em ica l a n a ly s is of t h is w a t er s olu ble m a t er ia l, it h a s
b een n ot ed t h a t a ll of t h e m a jor elem en t s p r es en t in t h e fl y a sh a r e a ls o p r es en t in it s w a t er solu ble fr a ct ion s. T h e a m ou n t of w a t er solu ble fr a ct ion s in d iffer en t a sh es va r ies sign ifi ca n t ly. T h er e is n o sign ifi ca n t cor r ela -t ion b e-t w een -t h e com p osi-t ion of a sh a n d w a t er solu ble fr a ct ion of a sh .
T h e m ovem en t of t h e ca t ion s Ca a n d Mg a n d t h e t ot a l h a r d n ess follow a n in cr ea sin g t r en d a t t h e loca t ion s in t h e or d er 5 > 1 > 6 w h er ea s ch lor id e h a p p en s t o b e a t it s m a xi-m u xi-m va lu e a t t h e loca t ion -l w h ich xi-m ea n s, Cl¯ Table IV
Charac te ris tic s o f gro und wate r ne ar as h po nd s ite (VTPS)
Regulatory body Number of
Desirable samples
limit USEPA ISI exceeding
Elements M in. M ax. M ean (ppm) (1976) ES (1983) limits
Z n 0 .0 1 1 .3 0 0 .1 7 5 .0 0 – – 1 1 5 Nil
Pb 0 .0 1 0 .0 5 0 .0 3 0 .0 5 – – NR Nil
Fe 0 .1 0 4 .2 0 1 .3 0 0 .3 0 – – 1 .0 0 5
Na 1 0 0 1 5 5 1 2 2 .8 – 2 0 0 1 7 5 – Nil
K 2 0 1 7 0 8 1 .1 8 – – 1 2 – Nil
Ca 3 8 .6 1 2 9 .5 8 5 .7 2 7 5 2 0 0 – 2 0 0 Nil
Ca hardness 9 6 .6 2 9 8 2 1 4 .1 8 3 0 0 – – 6 0 0 Nil
Total hardness1 6 8 9 0 4 4 5 7 .4 5 3 0 0 – 1 0 0 -5 0 0 6 0 0 3
M g 1 7 .4 1 4 7 5 9 .2 2 – 1 2 5 1 2 5 1 2 5 1
Chloride 5 6 .8 4 9 9 2 7 0 .3 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 0 1 ,0 0 0 Nil
Total alkalinity1 0 5 5 3 3 3 1 4 .2 2 0 0 – – 6 0 0 Nil
pH 6 .5 7 .5 7 .0 6 .5 –8 .5 6 .5 –8 .0 6 .5 –8 .0 6 .5 –9 .2
Notes:
US = US standards; ES = European standards; ISI = Indian standards; NR = no relaxation
29.20
25.23
21.26
17.29
13.31
9.34
5.37
1.40
0.40 4.40 8.40 12.40 16.40 20.40 24.40 28.40 32.40 36.40 40.40 44.40 48.40 0.40 4.40 8.40 12.40 16.40 20.40 24.40 28.40 32.40 36.40 40.40 44.40 48.40
1
2
3
4
8
9
5
TDS
29.20
25.23
21.26
17.29
13.31
9.34
5.37
1.40 Figure 7
I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and
K. Ve nkata Rao
Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8
is m or e loca lized h er e t h a n a t loca t ion s 5 a n d 6 (F igu r es 8 a n d 9). If w e con s id er t h e loca -t ion s 7, 4, 3, 9 a n d 8 -t h er e is a r e gu la r -t r en d in t h e p r es en ce of b ot h ca t ion s a n d a n ion s (F ig-u r es 10-11). In gen er a l, loca t ion N o. 3 h a s m a xim u m q u a n t it ies of ca t ion s a n d a n ion s a s com p a r ed t o t h e ot h er loca t ion s. Wh en t h e loca t ion s 8, 9 a n d 3 a r e on ly con s id er ed it is seen t h er e is a r e gu la r fa ll in t h e con cen t r a -t ion s of Cl¯, Ca , Mg a n d -t o-t a l h a r d n es s a s 8 &l-t; 9
< 3. T h ese r esu lt s a r e sh ow n in F igu r es 6-12 a n d t h e m ovem en t of t h e ion s h a s som e b ea r -in g on t h eir ion ic r a d iu s, ion exch a n ge ca p a c-it y, geologica l t er r a in a n d p H of t h e fl y a sh . T h e b igger t h e ion ic r a d iu s of elem en t s, t h e h igh er is t h e r a t e of t h eir exch a n ge.
Ap a r t fr om sligh t solu b ilit y in w a t er, fl y a sh is ch em ica lly ver y st a ble a n d t h er e is n o d et e-r ioe-r a t ion on exp osu e-r e t o t h e a t m osp h ee-r e. F u r t h er m or e, sin ce t h e s olu ble con t en t b ecom es fi xed by p a r t icip a t ion in t h e p oz-zola n ic a ct ion , w a t er p a ssin g over or t h r ou gh t h e a sh is u n lik ely t o p ick u p sign ifi ca n t q u a n t it ies of a n y com p ou n d t h a t wou ld low er t h e q u a lit y of st r ea m or gr ou n d w a t er.
T h e p a r a m et er s t h a t gr ea t ely a ffect t h e lea ch in g p r ocess a lso in clu d e soil t ext u r e, p H , p a r t icle s ize, t h e p r es en ce of ch ela t in g a gen t s in soil, r a t io of fl y a sh t o t h e solu t ion ’s t em p er a t u r e, p r es en ce of lea ch a t e collect ion sy st em s a n d t h e or igin of fl y a sh .
Exc hange of ions from soil/ fly ash to plants
Con cen t r a t ion of solu ble elem en t s in soil h ave sh ow n a n u pw a r d t r en d by a d d in g m or e fl y a sh t o it (P a ge et a l., 1979). It is es sen t ia lly d u e t o t h e fa ct t h a t t h e s olu ble fr a ct ion of elem en t s com in g fr om fl y a sh a r e r ea d ily a b sor b ed a n d r et a in ed by t h e s oil in or d er t o en h a n ce gr ow t h of p la n t s. Soy b ea n , la dy ’s fi n ger, p ea s a n d b en ga l gr a m h ave sh ow n en cou r a gin g gr ow t h r a t e in t h e fl y a s h (30 – 90 w t % ) a m en d ed soil (RRL, Bh op a l, 1996). T h e ed ible p a r t s of t h e t h ese p la n t s w er e a n a ly zed for Fe, Mg, N i, Cu , Zn , N a , K w h ich h ave sh ow n h igh er u p t a k e of t h ese ion s w h en com
-800
600
400
200
0
Conc e ntra tion (mg/I)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sa mpling points Key
Ca Na
T.ha rdne K
Mg Cl–
Figure 8
Mo ve me nt o f mac ro nutrie nts (a)
4
3
2
1
0
Concentration (mg/I)
0 2 4 6 10
Sampling points
Key
Zn
8
Pb Fe
Figure 1 0
Mo ve me nt o f mic ro nutrie nts (a)
500
400
300
200
100
0
Concentration (mg/I)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Sampling points
Key
Ca Na
T.hard K
Mg Cl–
Figure 9
I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and
K. Ve nkata Rao
Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8
a s h p on d d oes n ot n ecess a r ily d et r im en t a lly a ffect gr ou n d w a t er con cen t r a t ion s. H ow ever, p ot en t ia l im p a ct of fl y a s h p on d on t h e loca l en v ir on m en t m ay gen er a lly a r ise ou t of w in d er os ion , s u r fa ce w a t er er os ion , d is solu t ion by su r fa ce r u n off, r a in a n d s u b seq u en t p er cola -t ion -t o gr ou n d w a -t er. P er cola -t ion of w a -t er t h r ou gh fl y a sh p on d s gen er a lly y ield h igh a lk a lin e solu t ion (p H : 8-10) t h a t w ill r es t r ict h eav y m et a l lea ch in g. T h e con cer n , h en ce, lies on t h e lon gev it y of t h is s u ffer in g con t in -u a l r a in fa ll in fi lt r a t ion or gr o-u n d w a t er in t r u s ion . Acid ext r a ct ion p r oced u r es, s u ch a s t h e USE PA, E P -t oxicit y t es t (s im u la t es t h is lon gt er m con d it ion in a n a ggr es s ive b a t ch -eq u ilib r iu m lea ch in g t est ) in d ica t e t h a t t h e efflu en t fr om t h ese fl y a sh p on d s a r e w ill w it h in lim it s a s p r es cr ib ed by USE PA (1976) by a t lea s t on e or d er of m a gn it u d e for a ll m et a ls of con cer n exce p t ir on .
In or d er t o m in im ize t h e occu r r en ces of su ch en v ir on m en t a l p r oblem s w it h st r u c-t u r a l fl y a sh p on d , ic-t is a dv isa ble c-t o r es c-t r icc-t t h e r a t e of w a t er p er cola t ion by a p r op er ly d esign ed d r a in a ge a n d collect ion s y s t em .
Conclusions
• N ea r t h e a s h p on d t h e gr ou n d w a t er q u a lit y is ch a n ged ow in g t o t h e lea ch in g of s olu ble ion s p r es en t in fl y a sh .
• Ad d it ion of fl y a s h t o t h e n a t ive soil lea d t o a n in cr ea se in t h e ava ila b ilit y of n u t r ien t ion s lik e Cu , N i, Zn , Fe, P, K a n d N a a n d en h a n ced gr ow t h of p la n t s.
• E xt er n a l er os ion d u e t o w in d , r a in a n d w ave a ct ion ca n a ls o b e con t r olled by a s u it a ble ve get a t ive cover on t h e d ow n s t r ea m slop e w h ile p r ot ect in g t h e u p s t r ea m slop e. Ad eq u a t e s p illw ay or r u n -off d iver sion s m u st b e p r ov id ed a n d w ill b e m a in t a in ed p r op er ly.
• Select ion of p a r t icu la r t y p e of p la n t s a n d t h eir p la n n ed gr ow t h , wou ld con t r ol t h e m igr a t ion of m et a llic ion s t o t h e gr ou n d w a t er.
Avoid in g h igh in p u t s of fl y a sh in soil a m en d -m en t sch e-m es for b et t er cr op gr ow t h a n d in t r od u ct ion of m et a b olic m ech a n ism s wou ld con t r ol t h e lea ch a b ilit y of s olu ble ion s a n d r ed u ce m igr a t ion of va r iou s elem en t s t o t h e gr ou n d w a t er.
References
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Table V
Elemental c onc entration (ppm) in edible portions of c rops grown on pure soil and 9 0 per c ent fly ash
Soybean Lady’s finger Peas Bengal gram
Elements Control F.A. Control F.A. Control F.A. Control F.A.
Calcium 9 0 0 8 5 0 1 ,9 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 1 ,1 0 0 2 ,7 5 0 1 ,5 0 0 2 ,7 0 0
M agnesium 2 ,0 0 0 2 ,1 0 0 1 ,8 2 0 1 ,8 5 0 1 ,4 0 0 2 ,3 0 0 1 ,7 0 0 1 ,5 0 0
Sodium 3 ,0 2 0 3 ,8 2 0 1 ,0 5 0 1 ,2 0 0 4 ,5 0 0 1 ,8 0 0 1 ,4 3 5 3 ,3 1 5
Potassium 2 ,5 0 0 4 ,8 5 0 4 ,5 5 0 4 ,7 0 0 1 ,4 3 5 3 ,3 1 5 3 ,1 0 0 3 ,7 5 0
M anganese 7 0 5 0 1 3 2 5 3 0 2 3 8 0 6 1
Iron 4 2 5 3 0 0 1 7 5 2 0 0 2 3 5 1 5 0 3 5 0 1 0 0
Nickel 1 0 2 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 5 8 2 1
Copper 1 6 3 1 1 1 1 6 1 9 1 3 1 3 1 7
Z inc 4 0 7 0 3 2 3 7 7 7 3 5 4 5 3 0
Notes:
I.V. Sure s h, C. Padmakar, Prabha Padmakaran, M.V.R.L. Murthy, C.B. Raju, R.N. Yadava and
K. Ve nkata Rao
Effe c t o f po nd ash o n gro und wate r quality: a c ase study
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
9 / 5 [1 9 9 8 ] 2 0 0 –2 0 8
p ollu ta n t tra n sp or t to Gr ou n d Wa ter, USE PA, RSKE RL, a d a , Ok la
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