Taekwondo Self Defense

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In _{colIa6oratbnof Facutty ofsportsciznce{ogafuUtasute't)nivertity,}

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TAErworvno:

_A

pRAcrrcAl

_{sEr,r'DEFENSE FoR MATNTENTNG}

AND EMPOWERING SOCIOCT-LTTIRAL NORMS

o"r.i

riBJrr,rir'rr"

Yo g g ak ar t q S t st e Unia

ersity

Taeku;ondo

is

a

modern

martial

o* .,ffiYff"d

in

_{the Korean traditional}

martial

art.

Taekuondo consfsr of three uords: 'tae' mean _fee.t/ destroging-trough

-kicking _tecnique; ,kuton, mean

hand/ hitanddefendwiththehandtecntque; _{do'm-eary."1i1r"it"y oTs.elf}

disciplining. so,if ittakenin

a _{simple tuag, Taekuond-o means the art'or way of}

s_elf

diicipliiiig/

_il-,n

^oraot

ii,

*ni"nrs

use rfte

barefoot and hand techniques-. vieuing

from

tiosl aefinitioi it

i,

i'escribe ttrot

ri"t

_-ondo is proper

martial art to taken,-especiallv

for

thiie

_uho

-need"

;

t"i;ry';;;"g

bare hand. In

i

iaekwondo, ir is

not

only

trained phgsically,

but

_{also emphasize on-}

i"riot"and"

_ethic.

niii"tir,

Taekwondo customizes its member to always respect each other,.not o"tg

li

tni

,"""i'"ai"ii"rli,t

t",

_{also to the} gum' Respecting the gym means giuing a lesson to the raenJtuindoins to,be responsible

to

_{their hause} of liuing and the enuironment. _tt-n

"oit

that people

*no

poiti"ipate and iluglte wiII get the ability _to

defense themselue and also receiue _{mang lesioni of ethici and}

r;rms

_{applied in their-cimmunity.}

Keywords : Taektu on d o, s erf d efen s e, E mp o u er ement, s o ci o cu rtur ar co mmunity

INTRODUCTION

Martial art is an hard sport, indeed a lot of people _{consider that b1, learn martial art, someone}

will har,'e tough characters. _{Martial art is same as other sports. ioauir, martial}

;. il;;_"

basic need

of human life' This encourage by- the significant numbers of criminai on the

.t.""i

urra iumiiy (Andrey Korotayev, zoo4)' Beyond of

it

learnirig, martial arts are encouraged to protect our selves from anv annoyance. Nowadays, the situation is unpredictable where the saf!

u."u.'urJur;;i;.'thi;ffi;i

not aiways go _{home the day or the e'enini.}

lhes_e-

""o**i.

p.o*ems ied many people to looking for

rvork that can

not

determine when they" should

g"

t";;:l;

_{the ruies}

"i

fi"

irrrr.place

to

be

maintained' Job that requires to come _{home.at nigfrt not o.riy}

Jor"

_{by men, but}

the r{,omen are ajso the same' These conditions make the mar[ial

,poi

_u,

i}r.

liroi"

_{to do. Learning martial art}

do not need to participate

in

_{the clubs that should}

u"

a"t"r-inJ

;;"*" t*"

u1

tiiSr;'h;;.r.

Ho*,ever,

learning rpartial art is very flexible norr,, p"opt"

;;;;;;,;

i"u*

*u.tiul

_{can determine their}

own

"''

=, of course with

diff".jnt

"o.,.*qu"n."i

i"it

_" g";gr^t

;;;;ti"J't",

b".;;;i;;

"""a

f".

safety to

i

''€

main factor,

it

tl

_{the financial is not a p*roblem'an1-o.". Toda-v, Taekwondo}

is one of the

popular martial art, evidenced

b;'

the number

of

"1n".tt*

;;st

ciubs

in

Jogjakarta,

or

even in Indonesia' In Yogyakarta,

it

reached more than_roo

pr"""!

riStJJru"n"or.do _{training in Tael*vondo}

pengprof DrY'

It

showed the that Tael<r.r'ondo.i.-u

g**i;;-pop"ru.

_{martial art. l,aelqvondo}

teachs

about

sparring, poomsae.

(a

style):

fractical

;Jiui' ;-r,

_{demo.rstration-}

t*t.,iqrr*

and ethics' Taelcrvondo is a modern

-"td;i

riort

_{trrut rooted in the}

taditional

_Korean

martial arts.Tae Kwon Do which consists of ₃ words: tae mieans reet

/

destrov trr"

u"t

t""rr"iq"i,^r.*"rr?uur"

hands

/

hit and defend themselves _{with hand}

t""t-iq.r"",

_{as well u" ao}

*"

T€ls

of art

/

how- to discipline

himself _{thtrp://www.Taekwondo-i"d";;i;.}

dry

/pmfire-Taekwondo.php). shortly, Tae Kwon Do means art or way of disciplining himself

/

martiai art^that

,t""

i"ln

_{riques bare feet and hands. view of} these definitions describe that'Taekwonho

i,

_{u ,nltubie marrial sport for rvork at,}

especially _for those who need to secure theirselves

*ith

"mpt

hanos.

To learn tae kuron, we do not haie to like pe-ople n'ho join the club general public.

It

means

if

people r+'ant to iearn tae kwon do- thel'

just

have _{to roiro*}

io.*ui

*r",

_{applied, but depending}

on the agreement of two parties

b"91.

yowe.,er, people rvho do

""t

i;i;

the formal rules also d.o not have

the right to participate _{in ofEcial actiriries'as i'elt. Moreo.r,-";,1;l;}

doesn,t;il;iiilieed

is just a

sport and the martial art itself. Learning practical tae kwon do is not like an athleie-*ho practice to follow the championship,-but learning

pi'.tl*r

tae kwon do

*ili

be.directed at things that can protect itseH from interference from outsidS.G

"o"..",

this exercir"

,ritr

tocus on certain parts intended paralyzing opponent' _{lcarning martial arts tae kivon do}

;li;;"

;"ople know which parts _{are fatal}

if

attacked' By knowing,

it

will ippear two very important

thffi-io'.,ot":

r.

with

_{out weak points of a} person _{then we can paralvzs pjople who tr-v}

to ittack us, itis easier to dodge and break the attack launched frorn bullies-, z.

we'llie *or" *."nrr

_{to take ti,"}

orr".,ri*

_{in those}

parts of the wea\ because it can be fatal' By seeing the effect,

r"a*i"i

u caartial art will reduce the number of people who died or

was seriously _{injured by accident. This mJans that the}

t""*i"as"

of the body parts _{are weak when}

atiacked by the people r'r'ill do if it wiil attack the control .""tron.

riiadition,

_{more people are iearning}

rrrartiai arls and it will reduce ihe number of fights,

l"*"""

*"u^n"a often fought, ind they know that if they fight, tirey will be hurr.That is why

mad;i-h;;""i,i;"p"""nt

_{to learn and good}

for anyone

In co[kqoration of facuftl of _{spart scicrce'Yogyforta stau onirnrtitl, %inistry of {outfr anfspon,}

ISow, Inf,onesia

(Dedn _{lforum of Spott Science}

Facufty

isrr:i . .

'*!:':ii: '

dli.

;{, grrotArg of Inten-atiar'a[ (onferrnce on Sport 2009

:

i:: whether old, young, children, women, so on. That old man and

a

r^/oman have to

,i'

_{or"a self-defense,} besides

it

can increase your confidence,

it

can also rnake people

ttt _{attack are not freely launched'}

feel that they

who would to

TAEKWONDO AS A MARTIALARTS

Taekwondo as a sport and martial sport should develop both of them, why? because not

everyone who joined Taekn'ondo wants to be an athlete, even there are also people who want to be

utt

t.t"

or

just

want

to

defence

their

selves, recreation, and socialization. So, Taekwondo shouid

always develop into four, so that people r,"ho wish to join Taelavondo channeled. People who want to be an athletes will practice in accordance with the purpose of an athlete, someone lvho just wants to

d"f"n." theirselves, they will practice in accordance with its {unction is that of how to defend yourself, attack and cripple, a man of leisure with pleasure with the possible accessories and pass the time, and

the like socialization because they want to get the community and good relationships.

Taelarlondo maftial arts not only just how to deal with opponents that will disrupt or attack, but more green than that ali of that lear-ning martial arts is to minimize the wrong people to do a blow

or attack on a fatal part. Why so? because by learning martial arts,it will be taught the parts of the body weak, and

if

attacked by a landslide could be fatal. Maybe not so problematic if the attack was a bad person who intentionally attacked us, and interfere with our salvation. But it would be very dangerous

if don" on people who are actually not a bad person, or maybe a joke.

Consider some events of teenagers fighting or the beating of a student who made his own only

because of a misunderstanding, but instead have been fatal. This happens because people do not know

who hit that part of it is very dangerous

if

attacked hard. If people know it's hitting a dangerous area

may not be hit hard, as long as that kno*1edge in the can from learning martial arts. However, in the

martial arts training not on).y be dodged and attacked

in

parts of the body's weak,

but

also givea responsibility, ethics and norms in social life. Besides, learning self-defense only to protect themselves

,vai also taught to be hr:mble person, so that way no one will be arrogant and rude. Yeon Hwan Park an,f Tom Seabourne (tSS:) described several principles of practical self defense according shown as

foilows.

Do

not

look

for

the

enemy,

this

is

the

principle

of

self-defense

for

the

main actors Tael<wondoin

or

practical self-defense exercise. There are no mles, although there is no rule but

rvhatever happens in the field or the way, don't atlack people who are already '*'eak. Although the villain in the street would never think of the rules. Avoid too close to strangers is suspicious, because

people can just cany a l\reapon and no member of our chance to escape. Do not easily intimidated just

by looking at the big body, tattooed or loud voice, because it is the beginning of the annoying \!-eapon,

hope the -,,;iim wnrlld be frightened and give up. Aiways ready, because we realize that emotion must be ready to fig;rt- rut keep in mind that crlminals of all cheating, so be wary.Know the environment,

it

means we have to know, is there any'thing, the extent of how, where roads are safe to run away if forced

or attacked. Weak point of the body, meaning the body look weak point closest and easi,ly reached

if

you start being attacked, so that could paralyze rapidly. For example knees and genitals that if we use

the kick, but

if

our hands should be able to reach your opponent's able to reach your opponent's nose

and eyes (http: _{/lsenytmanhati.multiply.com/journal/item/18)}

ETHICS AND RULE,S OF TAEKWONDO MARTIAL ARTS

Talk about the social life, studying tae lcrvon do is a smaLl community filled with the norms and rules. Learning marlial arts tae kwon do

witi

exercise, although countered and hit but can sstidak carelessly spoken and behave. Taekrvondo requires on its members to follow ail the rules that apply.

In sociology, according to Letitia Baldrige (zoog) manners are the unenforced standards of conduct which show the actor that you are proper. polite, and refined. They are like ]aws in that they codi{y or

set a standard for human behavior, but they are unlike laws in that there is no formal system for punishing transgressions, other than social disapproval. They are a kind of norm. What is considered "mannerly" is highly susceptible to change with time, gecgraphical location, social stratum, occasion, and other factors. That manners matter is elidenced by the fact that large books have been written on

the subject, advice columns frequently deal with questions of mannerly behavior, and that schools have existed for the sole purpose of teaching manners. A lady is a term frequently used for a woman who follows.

Rules applied

in

Taelcrvondo

TheGreeting

There are twotgles of greetings in Taelcrarondo; the standing gteeting (bow) & the lcneeling greeting. Rending standing greeting when a superior enters room. Rendering kneeling greeting and

ifter stinding greeting, if the superior sits tl-re floor. The standing greeung stars with the feet together. Arme to the side, fingers curled toward the legs so thai the indexs fingers are touching the thumb. Back

straight, head and eyes to the front. To render a greeting with a bow: the back bent fbrward r5

In ca{kfioration of facatty of Spottscience (opafgrtastatz'Onfuerit1,hLittistry of (outfr an[Sport, ISOQI, Infonesia

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degereesi head _{bent forward 45} degrees. _{After the bow, return to the}

standing

position

"'

tH?ff

ii::

-nY

run'''T,

I;**r,ng

:h*:i:?f,"ff

l

m ove t h e a rm to,n

"

diiff

il*i

T'onohot Qs,J-r

n-Teacher, Stud

ent

For"r-"riti";

;;;;;i;;;;;"'rb

Pubrlrun.

Before _to each training session, _{siluting nug!}

*;tn

_{a low res pecthful}

borv. Afte; flag, the rower _{rankins studenti}

;;;i;;;;neiisup?no;il ;;".

of rank, first the

.."j,r*tlT:s

$.

teacher' & then ttre ;'nalviauut.

*itt,?;;;;.i

_{lever of p.ofr.i"n.y}

r-hen oneserf. _Durine

th"-;:;i:::e

ff

x1tiil*:13:1"'"H1:;;:::l:,.!llmT:ff

Hy;fi

"*l','"\,ffi

fl

i:.ffiyriH5?,:#i=;."#fi

session. students shc-ruld arwavs

;; ;";

_impryin!

;;;;;;'[;;;.'

;;";;i;;;'Jl"lr::iT,,Ji$

necessary'

It

_{is important for ihe student}

to use discietion

*h"n .p"aki;;

d,i;;;'ffie

superior. rhe superiors do not have to b" .o ca.efui

il-their

serecti";;i;;;;;*1*

.p"?i.irg'ii

.*a""ts

of resser rank' while practitioner'. of

ra"k*o,r;;

;;;

_in

"r;if;;;,

,rr"

,riri"i

"i.l"t

*i?r.li

i;Jrr.,"*

,ut.,

$::ii:T"

over respect for etders.

H;;,

_{when not}

i"

;"ii;; ;;; f;;;;

iji"",

precedence

WearingThe

Unifonn

uniform neatnees _{and cleanliness are of the utmost}

importance..rluring _{the training session}

if

an _{individual's uniform is to become}

il;f

p;;;,li;

;'il""",:;ii{omentarily _{andiurn ,o tr,ut}

others wilr

ffj1""":iT!:":jinXt""t

tr,"

""iio,,''.

,ift".

ih;,;n

"il;;;*

made, h;

.;t";i;?e

practice.

_

while

in

_{the home, at work, or wtiile at social fungtions,}

it

is important for the student _to

$"#nnf

#tslU:il

"'t""a"J

l.i

a

L

sho w appropu

rt..?.i""t

_{a na consi aerati-c.,-}

io othe.r. High level of _{speech shoul<i alwa,vs imply rvhile}

speaking. _{The back shourd be straight,} & generai _{attitude shouid be formal-}

ii".rr"i."'il*"ti'ir"ffio.turt:

being words of courtesy _and respect' The voice should noi be loud,

t.at-i;;;'*;;il;;";;

_n"

t"i"."t"i.

ri

"*.*a""t

should be

careful not to spit w-hile speaki"g.'irr"'i*lioiarra-.rrouta

"ir"*

his _{integrity, wit, or sense of humor.}

The speaker should

"t".o"

t"

ir.

trr"'"'".'*t.titie

i;;

ii;

f"rro.., _.he is speaking _{too. Listening is}

:i::f# fr:l1ni'Tiff:::::i::l*,run::;;o*;.*5*"o,

rt to touch

*,"',,,a;,ta,,;it;;"";

Appearance

-'

crothes

:il:iftf:*ations,

it is imporrant to be conscious of_appearance. The t1pe, fitbing, & style of

raekwondosho"iJ{Tl::T:ry;r"H,1?;T,Tffi

::.r,ft

_JH:?,!*1i*:i:H##::*""j

should be evetlcnt. lrr

kei

r"g

*iir,1fri".,ii,

oinppearance, good _{habits result.}

The Sec,ting_Arragetnertt \Lhtile

in

_Crrrs The designated _driver

for

_{a formal,}

occasion always opens the _{car door for the superior.}

However'

in

the reat seat,

th.

]o"'er.a-n-kin;i;;i;;r;i'#,.

i","

the car first. So as

to

alrow the supcrior to depart the,fehicie

fi.rt on.l

ir,.i

_r,"""

r.eached th-eir destinarion.

Speaking On

the

phone

when calling.-t^1T:o:", _it

,rs appropriate io state your name first, then asks _{"to whom you wish}

to speak" when answeffs _{the telephone,}

s[a:-t-"*

{+;;ui"r,."quet

the nature of the call. All

trL:t:':i""H*t:":*

&1o the

p"i"i.

iii,

important to have a note pad near the telephone _{in chase}

iiit" il

""i.""u

vp! ur$ent messages'

when at the dinner _{table, all guest wait until the senior gives}

the signal to begin any course by picking

up their

_silver-ware.

when-in

;;ii;;po

;ffi;:i

be servJd,

befo."'-"ati's

_{can not}

commences. _{However, at very large gatheri;;;}

;; d+;;',#;".15

fesan _{eating when given their}

plates, _{so the food does not get}

cold.

{""p

coni.".rutio.r,, g".,*.uiat a smatt table.

Aia

_{long table it,s ok}

to break the conversatiols

ip

il;;;;;ups

_{or more}

iffeasibl;. Ar

abu;t";;;il#'o.

_{dinner, the}

guests _wait

for

_{the host to}

itar

the brisineis

ai."u."ior. nJ"nlt

put

_a

elbows _{on the table when}

earthling' but it is aopropriate

1o pui

$l.i.

on the tubie when

ln

_{conversations between courses.}

sit

straight in the chair ai,a ao

"ol;j#;#;;"ot

for cooting.

fnb"oductions

Introductions

^governed

by

three basic rules,

&

can be imp-lemented

in

most situations. Introduce a male to a fJmale,

int ofr""

""

adult to u

*u"i,;ilJ;r"

of the some sex, _{& introduce the}

lower _{rank to the highe-r .urri.. Th"i.}

i.rJoau"tio.r

,h";idil

b.i;i*

_{,rot yordy or}

awlaarard. _{The host}

always shakes _{the hands of the}

g""tt*

"po"

amwal

g

d"p;rd;.

Female always have the choice to

shake hands or not' ruales

shoufJ"r*"v""h"r."

h*d;

;ih;fri, -"t", -

*#l-u"i"g

introduced,

i*"tfi#"

awlavard to do so,

f;;;;;ili"iu.,tr,g

u".o., o,rru..

*iir"

_{seated at the dinner'tuutu.} Prior

to'isiting

_{some one, an appointment should}

be made. Do noj _9o up uninvited. _{Make it a} point never to visit on-holidays

;;;il;;;'""dt

i;-th;;"*,#;,"

"r'ighi,X

;;i;;"

or day of

In co[fa\oration of tracuttl ofSport Science (ogyafonta _State ,Unirndtl, _{tvtinistry of,youtfi}

an[5port, ISOW, Indonesia

#,'"

{*.**f*

of Internationaf 6onferente on Sport 2009

.-#1,

,----,

weather, unless specifically invited. Make the visite short, remember thet you are guest,

$:ilHff

#tHi*r*;*:',,"xll,Hl:.:":ff

:,"J*:n:h'',lJf"^.tr*;:il;iiflilTTJ:;

ff,[9"t;:t?ff#:11:f-X:,"ffi"";

person, walk to rront with slightry bent-rorward posture; this

:1"::':#*1?::t?:Iffi

""*;*::'mr'T'ffi;'nr'^'ru:ru':'*FJi""^Tl';","*i'Jl

::JJffi;iJ.

itr.

superior, and"be attentive to the needs as previouslv mentioned'

Y"ii"o

en"^?;frff#L:;iff;::::t

_{or honor} is to the-right orthe chairperson, then the nexr

highest p"r^iri"" ir to iheir left. At social gatherings, with a speaker present, the highest ranking

person

have on opportunrry to speak after-the sfeaker. the highest r:anking person will leave a crowded

room first when th" ceremonf

lr

o""., foilowed by the others in order of r:ank. This means there is a ranking

ili*"""

lrr"

*"*u"rr-il"gi.r rto-

the oldesi one to the youngest. This teach the members to respecting Ja"h oth"t, moreover with their mentors'

Ilrinking

oindStnoking

-'

"-'--

t,"i, trr" prinr"g"-Jr tn" individual to drink as much as he or she wants in private. Showing the , effects

"?,;;;h

to E i"r. in public is totally unacceptable because in one way or another a drunk is

;il;;;

a problem.

frf""*

"-"f."

in any place of worship or a-religious ceremony outof doors; while in

i"irija"ft"s

tfr" pruvl"s oJ1fr"

""to"ai

anthem; or during the raising or lowering of the national flag'

iVfr""

g.""ti;g to*"o.t",

remove cigarette from your mouth'

B ehcwior of The

lttstr'r.ctors

The Taelalrondo instnictor (s) is to set the example their students to fo1lorv. Instructors help

their stujents to find solutions to their problems. Instructors should refrain from speaking to their

;*a;;i;

as though gi"i"g

"ra"r, but is to be humble and sincere. Instuctors are to

avoid violence and

;;;

upp;"t""""

oi u"pt"ulrrre seeker. Instructors should live a clean & productive life free of dgug and

ui""of,oi.

ifr"y

should invoive themselves in communityfunctions, practice justice and anselsishnes'

B ehauior

During

S o cial Euents

In the event of social activities seating of head table

will

include not just the senior belt but customs apply to most Taelauondo socials

",r"itr.

If

you have any questions or doubts on proper also

rpo"."r.

d""og.ir"

spouses

&

parents

of

senior belts with

the

same respect'

Most

Korean

,iunrrerirm. plJace

"oniu" your insimctor or myself. If

you are attending a social event especiaill'lvere Korean instructors

"r*i"

UL present, ask questions before. Many of our norrrrs malibe conceived in the

\erong manner. As iong as

it

seems yo.r ur" makilg an honest effort. Most Koreans are honored in

*uf,iig

an on the spot"corrections. Botton line is to be have with. self respect for you represent not

only yJurself but your dojang (http://www.chaehooksung.com/public/etiquette.pd0.

-The most ,raluable

"ui."ti

in

Taekwondo are the rules of etiquette, the rules that gauge a

practitioner's behavior and the atritude tleep within his/her heart. A^11 Taekrnrondo practitioner's must

Le able to apply

tfr"i.

"tlq""tte

while they rvere practice and outside the dojang. The blue

print of Taelaarondo piriioroptry as self defense fosiering people to_do better manners on their life, this means there will be good

"-or11" applied by them.

The practice of Tae Kwon Do is a dangerous art which can lend easily to" violence

if

"oi

Uutu"ced by the ippropriate mental conditioning. By adhering to -the

traditionai etiquette of Tae Kwon Do,

*" i"u*

tlr-e respect, humility, and self-control-needed to utilize

our skills for honorabie purposes. Just as rvith our physical skills, these mental skilis can only be mastered by practiciqg

thl.n

co.rsistently. You should utilize our time of meditation before and after

class to focus your mind so that you may better train your body'

CONCLUSION

Martiai arts is something that must be ouned by anyone, whether male, female, young and old-This is because the number*of

"ri*"r

*.hat often occur

in

Lne streets and ertvironment of our

schools and homes. fea.oing martial arts is important to protect ourselves at any time

if

there is

interference. Learning martla't arts are not just

tiiking

and punching it but there are some prisip to be done, among oth"rs,"i, not seeking

o-roh,

there are no mles, do not easiiy intimidated, always prepared, ]ar"ow the environment, a i-eak point of the body. While studying m1*i-al arts as a precaution

igainst evil, but someone who learns martiai arts should also be humble, this is proven by th9 rul-es

and norms ur" uppt"a in practice tae ]cvon do martial arts, so that even an expert martiaL but also the

community social^ life weli lived. Remernber, the body and mind only flinction properly when used

together.

REFERENCES

Baldrige, Letitia. (zoog). Neut Planners

for

l{eu: Times:

A

Complete liuide to Etiquette. New York: Scribner.

In co[t|oratian of fac-utt1 of Sport Science ,{ogafonta Statz f)niverntl, gLinistry of {outfr an[Sport, ISOEI, In[oneia

Proceefrng of Intematbrwf _{C,infrrenre onsport 2009}

Korotayev, Andrey.

. .

,

,,,:::'Ci-ilizcttions:

'

_press (zoo_+).World Religions

A

Cross-anltural Perspecfrue

and

(First ed.). Social Euolution Lewiston,

of

__---._. (zooZ). practical

SeIf

Defense

Martial

Arts.

http : //senyumanhati.multiply.ctm/journal/item/r

B

indonesia.com/profil-Taekwondo.php

(zooo).

Taekwondo

Rules of

Etiquette. Availabre

_on

http : _{I I} v,,v,,w.chaehooksung.com/public/etiquette.pdf

'

Yeon Hwan Park, Tom Seabourne. ( _{ry9)i. rctet<aoiao}

r"'[iitques &

_{Tactics. Human Kinetics}

In _{colkaordtion of tFacuttl of sport science} (ogyafonta _{statc oniwdty, %inistry}

of toutfi antsport, ISow, rntrowsi|

Dean lForum _{of Sport Sciznce Facu[t1}

i

:fi

rtl

..,!

Available

on