Structural Equation Modeling
(SEM) With Latent Variables
Steps In
Structural Equation Modeling
1. Data preparation
2. Model specification
3. Identification
4. Estimation
5. Testing fit
Data Preparation
• Estimation of missing data
• Creation of scales and indices
• Descriptive statistics to include
– Examination for outliers – skewness and kurtosis
Measurement Model (1)
• Specifying the relationship between the latent variables and the observed variables
• Answers these questions:
1) To what extent are the observed variables actually measuring the hypothesized latent variables?
2) Which observed variable is the best measure of a particular latent variable?
Measurement Model (2)
• The relationships between the observed variables and the latent variables are described by factor loadings • Factor loadings provide information about the extent
to which a given observed variable is able to measure the latent variable. They serve as validity coefficients. • Measurement error is defined as that portion of an
observed variable that is measuring something other than what the latent variable is hypothesized to
Measurement Model (3)
• Measurement error could be the result of:
– An unobserved variable that is measuring some other latent variable
– Unreliability
SENTENCE (LV)
Sentence Test Score (OV)
Measurement Error
1
1
Setting the Error Variance
• Error variance can be set to 0 if you have a
single indicator of the latent variable and no
information about its reliability
• Error Variance = (1Reliability) Variance of
the Observed Score if you know the
Creating a Latent Variable from
Multiple Indicators
• Exploratory factor analysis can be used with
multiple indicators of a construct to
determine the number of factors and which
indicators are associated with each factor.
• Confirmatory factor analysis can then be
Spatial
Verbal
VISPERC 1 e1
CUBES 1 e2
LOZENGES 1 e3
PARAGRAPH e4
1
1
SENTENCE 1 e5
WORDMEAN 1 e6
1
Example of a Complete
Structural Equation Model
• We can specify a model to further discuss how to diagram a model, specify the equations related to the model and discuss the “effects” apparent in the model. The example we use is a model of
educational achievement and aspirations.
• Figure 3 shows there are four latent variables
(depicted by ellipses), three exogenous variables (knowledge, Value and Satisfaction) and one
Variables
• Performance – Planning, Organization, controlling, coordinating and directing a farm cooperative • Knowledge – Knowledge of economic phases of management directed toward profitmaking • ValueTendency to rationally evaluate means to an economic end • Satisfaction Gratification from performing the managerial role knowledge value satisfaction performance 2knowledge e4 1knowledge e3 1value e5 2value e6 2satisfaction e8 1satisfaction e7 1performance e1 2performance e2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e9 1Example 5: SEM with Latent Variables
Structural Model (1)
• The researcher specifies the structural model to allow for certain relationships among the latent variables depicted by lines or arrows
• In the path diagram, we specified that
Performance is related to Knowledge, Value and Satisfaction in a specific way. Thus, one result from the structural model is an indication of the extent to which these a priori hypothesized
Structural Model (2)
• The structural equation addresses the
following questions:
– Is Performance related to the three predictor variables?
– Exactly how strong is the influence of each variable on Performance?
Example of a Complete
Structural Equation Model (2)
• Each of the four latent variables is assessed
by two indicator variables. The indicator
knowledge value satisfaction performance 2knowledge e4 1knowledge e3 1value e5 2value e6 2satisfaction e8 1satisfaction e7 1performance e1 2performance e2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e9 1
Example 5: SEM with Latent Variables
knowledge value satisfaction performance 2knowledge e4 1knowledge e3 1value e5 2value e6 2satisfaction e8 1satisfaction e7 1performance e1 2performance e2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e9 1
Example 5: SEM with Latent Variables Measurement Moiel
knowledge
value
satisfaction
performance 1 e9
Model Building
• If the original model does not provide an
acceptable fit to the data, alternative models
can be tested.
• The standardized residuals and modification
indices can be used to determine how to
Covariance
• SEM involves the decomposition of
covariances
• There are different types of
covariance matrices:
1) Among the observed variables
2) Among the latent exogenous variables.
3) Among the equation prediction errors
Covariance (2)
• Types of covariance
1) Among the observed variables
2) Among the latent exogenous variables
IQ
HOME
Covariance (3)
3) Among the equation prediction errors
Religion
Experience
Legal Error
Profess Error
V1 F1
E1 E3
V2 F2
Total, Direct and Indirect Effects
• There is a direct effect between two latent variables when a single directed line or arrow connects them • There is an indirect effect between two variables
when the second latent variable is connected to the first latent variable through one or more other
latent variables