Kasmiran, Marselus Suarta. 2016. Women's Language Features in Doc. Love’s Articles. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Based on Lakoff's (1973) study, men and women use different language features. Somehow, men and women nowadays interact and assimilate in order to be acceptable in the working world. The researcher was interested in analyzing which women's language features are used. The researcher was also interested in analyzing what factors affect men to use women's language.
There were two formulated questions in this research. They were 1) which women's language features are used by Doc. Love in askmen.com? 2) What factors affect Doc. Love to use women's language?
This research used discourse analysis to analyze the data. The articles in askmen.com were used as the main data. The articles analyzed to answer the two research questions. In answering the first question, the researcher analyzed women's language features used by Doc. Love in his articles. The researcher used nine features from Lakoff (1973) and one from Jespersen (1922). To answer the second research question, the researcher linked the findings with the changes of masculinity concept in society and a man in his profession.
The researcher identified that in his articles Doc. Love used lexical hedges, fillers, hypercorrection grammar, intensifiers, tag question, empty adjectives, superpolite forms, and avoidance of strong swear words. In answering the second question, the researcher discovered factors that affected the use of women's language features by Doc. Love. The factors are the changes of masculinity concept in society and a man in his profession.
In the last part, the researcher expects that the research delivers some benefits to English Language Education Study program students, English teachers, and future researchers. For English language study program teachers and students, it is expected that the study can be the source of learning. For future researchers, it is expected that the future researchers can use this study as the reference and produce the better studies.
.
Kasmiran, Marselus Suarta. 2016. Women's Language Features in Doc. Love Articles. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Lakoff (1972), wanita mengunakan fitur bahasa yang khas. Di lain sisi, sekarang ini pria dan wanita berinteraksi dan berasimilasi untuk keperluan pekerjaan. Pria yang diakui memiliki posisi yang lebih tinggi dari wanita di masyarakat, cenderung mengunakan fitur khas bahasa wanita. Peneliti tertarik untuk menganalisis fitur bahasa khas wanita apa yang digunakan oleh pria. Peneliti juga tertarik untuk menganalisis faktor apa yang mempengaruhi seorang pria untuk mengunakan bahasa khas wanita.
Terdapat dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini: 1) Fitur khas bahasa wanita apa yang digunakan oleh Doc. Love di artikel artikelnya? 2) Faktor apakah yang mengakibatkan Doc. Love mengunakan fitur khas bahasa wanita?
Penelitian ini mengunakan analisis wacana untuk menganalisa data. Artikel karangan Doc. Love di askmen.com digunakan sebagai data utama. Artikel-artikel tersebut digunakan untuk menjawab dua rumusan masalah. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah pertama, peneliti menganalisa fitur bahasa khas wanita yang digunakan oleh Doc. Lovedalam artikel-artikelnya. Peneliti mengunakan sembilan fitur dari Lakoff (1973) dan satu dari Jespersen (1922). Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah kedua, peneliti mengaitkan hasil penemuan dengan perubahan pandangan tentang maskulinitas di masyarakat masa kini dan seorang pria dalam pekerjaannya.
Peneliti mengidentifikasi bahwa dalam artikel-artikelnya Doc. Love mengunakan lexical hedges, fillers hypercorrection grammar, intensifiers, tag question, empty adjectives, superpolite forms, and avoidance of strong swear words. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua, peneliti menemukan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi Doc. Love dalam pengunaan fitur khas bahasa wanita, yaitu: perubahan konsep maskulinitas di masyarakat dan pria dalam pekerjaannya.
Pada bagian akhir, peneliti mengharapkan bahwa penelitian ini memberikan beberapa manfaat untuk mahasiswa, pengajar di program studi pendidikan bahasa Inggris, dan para peneliti di kemudian hari. Untuk pengajar dan mahasiswa, peneliti berharap penelitian ini dapat menjadi sumber belajar. Untuk para peneliti di kemudian hari, peneliti berharap penelitian ini dapat menjadi referensi dan para peneliti selanjutnya dapat menghasilkan penelitian yang lebih baik.
i
WOMEN’S LANGUAGE FEATURES
IN DOC.LOVE’S ARTICLES
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the SarjanaPendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
MarselusSuartaKasmiran Student Number: 121214112
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
vi
ABSTRACT
Kasmiran, Marselus Suarta. 2016. Women's Language Features in Doc. Love’s
Articles. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Based on Lakoff's (1973) study, men and women use different language features. Somehow, men and women nowadays interact and assimilate in order to be acceptable in the working world. The researcher was interested in analyzing which women's language features are used. The researcher was also interested in analyzing what factors affect men to use women's language.
There were two formulated questions in this research. They were 1) which women's language features are used by Doc. Love in askmen.com? 2) What factors affect Doc. Love to use women's language?
This research used discourse analysis to analyze the data. The articles in askmen.com were used as the main data. The articles analyzed to answer the two research questions. In answering the first question, the researcher analyzed women's language features used by Doc. Love in his articles. The researcher used nine features from Lakoff (1973) and one from Jespersen (1922). To answer the second research question, the researcher linked the findings with the changes of masculinity concept in society and a man in his profession.
The researcher identified that in his articles Doc. Love used lexical hedges, fillers, hypercorrection grammar, intensifiers, tag question, empty adjectives, superpolite forms, and avoidance of strong swear words. In answering the second question, the researcher discovered factors that affected the use of women's language features by Doc. Love. The factors are the changes of masculinity concept in society and a man in his profession.
In the last part, the researcher expects that the research delivers some benefits to English Language Education Study program students, English teachers, and future researchers. For English language study program teachers and students, it is expected that the study can be the source of learning. For future researchers, it is expected that the future researchers can use this study as the reference and produce the better studies.
.
vii
ABSTRAK
Kasmiran, Marselus Suarta. 2016. Women's Language Features in Doc. Love
Articles. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.
Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Lakoff (1972), wanita mengunakan fitur bahasa yang khas. Di lain sisi, sekarang ini pria dan wanita berinteraksi dan berasimilasi untuk keperluan pekerjaan. Pria yang diakui memiliki posisi yang lebih tinggi dari wanita di masyarakat, cenderung mengunakan fitur khas bahasa wanita. Peneliti tertarik untuk menganalisis fitur bahasa khas wanita apa yang digunakan oleh pria. Peneliti juga tertarik untuk menganalisis faktor apa yang mempengaruhi seorang pria untuk mengunakan bahasa khas wanita.
Terdapat dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini: 1) Fitur khas bahasa wanita apa yang digunakan oleh Doc. Love di artikel artikelnya? 2) Faktor apakah yang mengakibatkan Doc. Love mengunakan fitur khas bahasa wanita?
Penelitian ini mengunakan analisis wacana untuk menganalisa data. Artikel karangan Doc. Love di askmen.com digunakan sebagai data utama. Artikel-artikel tersebut digunakan untuk menjawab dua rumusan masalah. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah pertama, peneliti menganalisa fitur bahasa khas wanita yang digunakan oleh Doc. Lovedalam artikel-artikelnya. Peneliti mengunakan sembilan fitur dari Lakoff (1973) dan satu dari Jespersen (1922). Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah kedua, peneliti mengaitkan hasil penemuan dengan perubahan pandangan tentang maskulinitas di masyarakat masa kini dan seorang pria dalam pekerjaannya.
Peneliti mengidentifikasi bahwa dalam artikel-artikelnya Doc. Love mengunakan lexical hedges, fillers hypercorrection grammar, intensifiers, tag question, empty adjectives, superpolite forms, and avoidance of strong swear words. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua, peneliti menemukan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi Doc. Love dalam pengunaan fitur khas bahasa wanita, yaitu: perubahan konsep maskulinitas di masyarakat dan pria dalam pekerjaannya.
Pada bagian akhir, peneliti mengharapkan bahwa penelitian ini memberikan beberapa manfaat untuk mahasiswa, pengajar di program studi pendidikan bahasa Inggris, dan para peneliti di kemudian hari. Untuk pengajar dan mahasiswa, peneliti berharap penelitian ini dapat menjadi sumber belajar. Untuk para peneliti di kemudian hari, peneliti berharap penelitian ini dapat menjadi referensi dan para peneliti selanjutnya dapat menghasilkan penelitian yang lebih baik.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to The Almighty
God, for blessing and guiding me to finish my thesis. He always gives me chances
to learn to be a better person.
My special thanks go to my thesis advisor, Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed.,
Ph.D., for his guidance to help me finish my thesis. He kindly encouraged me to
give my best in my thesis. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to all
my lecturers in ELESP for the invaluable advice and knowledge that I have
learned throughout my four-year study in Sanata Dharma University. They gave
me much experience to be a great teacher in the future. I also want to thank to
PatrisiaSenita, who always supports and loves me. Last but not least, I
acknowledge my gratitude to my beloved family and friends who always give
me love and continuous support even when I facedifficulties in finishing my
thesis.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGANALITY ... iii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... iv
ABSTARCT ... v
ABSTRAK ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
LIST OF TABLES ... x
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background... 1
B. Research Problems ... 4
C. Research Limitation ... 4
D. Research Objectives ... 4
E. Research Benefits ... 4
F. Definition of Terms ... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ... 8
1. Women’s Language Features in Speaking ... 8
2. Women’s Language Features in Writing ... 15
x
4. Pro-Feminist Men and Men’s Perspective Changes ... 18
5. A Man in His Profession ... 20
6. Men, Women, and Culture ... 20
7. Critical Discourse Analysis ... 22
8. Doc. Love’s Biography ... 23
B. Review of Related Studies ... 25
C. Theoretical Framework ... 27
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 29
B. Research Setting ... 31
C. Data Source ... 31
D. Data Gathering Technique ... 32
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 32
F. Research Procedure ... 34
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Women Language Features ... 36
B. The Reason Why Doc. Love Used Women Language Features ... 50
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions ... 53
B. Recommendations ... 55
REFERENCES ... 57
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Table 3.1 Observation Checklist ... 33
2. Table 4.1. The Occurrence of Women’s Language Features in Doc. Love’s
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
A. Appendix. A. List of Women Language Features in Doc. Love’s Articles .. 60
B. Appendix. B. Examples of Color and Hypotaxis Used by Doc. Love ... 67
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts, namely the research background, the
research question, the research objective, the research benefits, and the definition
of terms. The research background represents the reasons why the topic is
conducted. Moreover, this chapter also discusses the reasons why the topic is
worth studying. The research problems deal with the problems that will be
analyzed in chapter four. The research objectives provide the purposes of the
study. The next part is the benefits of the study. In the last part, the researcher
provides the definition of the terms to deepen readers' understanding.
A. Research Background
Compared with men, women use different language features. Many studies
have scientifically proven that men and women have specific language features
used in speaking. The most famous study about women’s language features is
Lakoff’s (1973) study. Lakoff (1973) states that women have specific language
features. The language features distinguish women from men. Spender (1980) claims that men’s language is the norm of a society. Lakoff (1973) states that
society places women’s language in the lower position. It implies that men’s
language and women’s language are different.
In society, women use politer language forms, whereas men tend to speak
assimilate to society and achieve status denied to them. In the past, women were
considered in the lower society. Women were in the lower society because they
were illiterate. Men led the society and women became mothers and housewives.
There were only small places for women in other fields, such as in education and
politics. In order to be accepted, some women do assimilation strategy. The
assimilation strategy is a strategy that is persuaded by women in order to be in
equal status with men. Coates (1993) mentions six ways which imply women’s
assimilation. In some cases, women use deeper voices, swear, use taboo language,
use a more assertive style in group interaction, use prosodic features, talk about
traditionally male topics, and speak non-standard accents.
Nowadays, many women believe in feminism. In Indonesia, women have
taken some positions which men used to lead, such as politics, education and
other fields. In Indonesia, there are some women who have been famous in
politics, such as Tri Rismaharini as Surabaya’s mayor, and Susi Pudjiastuti as
Indonesia’s Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. In Indonesia, there are
many heroes who are women, such as RA Kartini and Cut Nyak Din.
On the other hand, some men have adopted women’s values. Italua (2013)
states that nowadays society considers femininity traits as a part of masculinity.
West (1990) mentions some benefits of using women’s language features. She
takes an example from doctor-patient talk and education field. The research
discovers that those male doctors who use men’s language features perform more
authoritarian and less sensitive. The doctors obtain difficulties in getting patients
doctor talk. The other example is in an education field. The new GCSE English
examinations prove that girls performed more positively in interpersonal skill.
The evidence that men and women tend to assimilate nowadays invite the
researcher to do a study. The researcher tries to recognize whether men’s
nowadays also use women’s language features in their literary works. If they use
women's language features in their writings, it may imply ideologies the men
believe. In order to examine the men's writings, the researcher chooses to obtain
data from Doc. Love's articles in askmen.com. Doc. Love is a man who writes
some articles in order to solve love problems. The researcher observes Doc.
Love's articles because Doc. Love is perceived as a doctor. Because of his job, he
may use women’s language. The researcher wants to know whatever Doc. Love
uses women language features in his articles.
Doc. Love’s articles are in a website, named askmen.com. Askmen.com is
a men’s website which helps men to improve their lives. Every man in the world
can open the website and obtain some advice and knowledge about being a better
man. Being the most famous men site, it influences many men in the world. If the
writers in the askmen.com use women’s language features, it shows that
assimilation between men and women is acceptable nowadays. The website is
categorized as documents where the data of the research can be gathered easily.
Because of the validity and accessibility, the study gains data from the site as the
main data for the study.
This research is relevant to English education. This research can be a
especially in teaching sociolinguisticss. This research also helps English learners
to learn sociolinguisticss. In English Language Study Program, students must past
sociolinguisticss. Women language features are one of the materials discussed in
sociolinguisticss. The students can expand their sociolinguistics knowledge by
studying this research.
B. Research Problems
Based on the problems above, the study aims to answer these questions:
1. Which women’s language features are used by Doc. Love in askmen.com?
2. What factors affect Doc. Love to use women's language?
C. Research Limitation
This research focuses on two points. First, it analyzes which women’s
language features by Doc. Love uses in his articles. The researcher uses women’s
language features purposed by Lakoff (1972) and women language features in
writing by Jespersen (1922). Second, the researcher analyzes the factors that
influence Doc. Love used the features. Besides, the researcher also relates the
obtained data with the theories that had been reviewed.
D. Research Objectives
The objectives of this study are to discover these things:
1. Women’s language features used by Doc. Love in askmen.com.
E. Research Benefits
The researcher expects that the study offers some benefits. The benefits
are:
1. English Language Education Study Program Students
It is expected that this study will make the students expand their
knowledge of women’s language features. On the other hand, by understanding
that women and men tend to assimilate nowadays, it may lead students to support
diversity in their daily life. It will help male and female students to be aware that
nowadays women are partners for men. Male students should learn to cooperate
with female students when they study in university. The fact that women are
acceptable to work with men nowadays should make the male students aware that
they may work with female workers when they are in their jobs. Male students
also should understand that there may be changes in society perspective of
masculinity and femininity.
2. English Language Study Program Teachers
For English Language Study Program teachers, this study may become an
additional source for teaching. There are many examples of women languages
features discussed in chapter four. The data which are put in the appendices can be
used in teaching process. The examples are taken from an online magazine. This
study examines language features from websites. The website is quite popular and
up to date. The content of the website may attract students to study. Hence,
students may not become bored with class activities.
3. Future Researchers
may contribute as an additional source. By reading this research, the future
researchers can replicate the study steps. It is expected that the future researchers
will produce better results and explanation about problems discussed in this study.
The references of this study also can be additional references for future
researchers. Hopefully, if the future researchers can find mistakes in this study,
they can produce a better research.
F. Definitions of Terms
In order to help readers, follow the discussion in this thesis, the researcher
defines the terms which are used. Some of the terms are defined as follows.
1. Sex
Talbot (2010) states that the term sex refers to what has been given
biologically to a human. Sex is an identity that a human obtains when he or she
was born. Eckert & Ginet (2003) state that the term sex is a biological
categorization based on reproductive potential. As a male, he has two kinds of
chromosomes; that are chromosome x and y. On the other hand, Talbot (2010)
adds that a female only obtains one kind of chromosome; that is chromosome x.
2. Gender
The term gender is not the same as sex. If sex is obtained when an
individual was born, gender is socially constructed. Talbot (2010) states that
gender is learned from the society; Society divides people into masculine and
feminine categories. Gender is not obtained biologically. Gender does not depend
masculine. He may adopt feminine traits. Gender is psycho-social. People are
decided whether they are masculine or feminine by society.
3. Askmen.Com
Askmen.com is a man lifestyle website. It provides men with much
information, such as dating, news, grooming, style, etc. Mediakit.askmen.com
(n.d) claims that every month there are about 14,000,000 readers who open
askmen.com. For over 7 years, AskMen has been an industry leader in what is
now known as “native advertising”. Askmen.com provides articles and videos
which help the readers to become better men. The website also provides some
advertisements.
4. Doc. Love
Thomas Hodge or Doc. Love is a relationship coach for men. He was born
on 1 January 1945. Since 1965, Doc. Love has given advice on relationships and
dating women. He has an own worldwide radio show every Wednesday on Blog
Talk Radio. He also writes a popular column on the #1 men's website in the world,
askmen.com. Doc. Love has been featured in some media appearances, including
Fox News, Time Magazine, The 9-5-0/ Houston and Kills/ Los Angeles (Retrieved
8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the review of related theories,
the review of related studies, and the theoretical framework. The first and the
second part discuss some of the theories and the relevant studies which were
conducted before this study. In the last part, it will discuss the theoretical
framework. It summarizes the theories which are discussed before. It will discuss
how the theories are used in the study.
A. Theoretical Description
This section provides some theories that are used in the study. They are
women’s language features by Lakoff (1973), women language features in
writing, feminism, pro-feminism movement, men's perspectives changes, men,
women, and culture, critical discourse analysis, Doc. Love’s biography and a man
in his profession.
1. Women’s Language Features in Speaking
The most famous study of women’s language is Lakoff’s study (1973,
1975 and 2004). She discovers that some features which are specifically used by
women in speaking. The features are lexical hedges and fillers, tag questions,
rising intonation on declarative, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers,
hypercorrect grammar, super polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and
a. Lexical Hedges or Fillers
Lakoff (1975) claims that lexical hedges and fillers are used to weaken
what a person is saying. Talbot (2010) adds that lexical hedges and fillers can also
strengthen the intended meaning. Holmes (2008) claims that fillers and hedges
have some differences. “Sort of” and “kind of” are classified as hedges, while
“well”, “uh” “um”, “ah”and “you see” are fillers.
There are some purposes of using lexical hedges. Lakoff (1975) states that
the use of lexical hedges aims to imply the speaker’s uncertainty. The use of
lexical hedges produces speaker’s sentences less dogmatic. She adds that the
politeness doing by women have some purposes. The women intend to raise their
status. Women’s places in the society are in the lower position. Another reason is
given by Lakoff & Bucholtz (2004). They state that the use of hedges is caused by
the fear of seeming masculine.
Eckert & Ginet (2003) claim that fillers are not integrated into the main
utterance. Fillers also do not contribute much to content. Discourses usually are
called "empty". Here are some of the examples: “Her family is rich, you know” or
“Of course men will be fathers”. You know and of course in the sentences do not
contribute much to the sentence meanings. People who read the sentences can still
understand the meaning of the sentences, although the words of course and you
know are omitted. Somehow, Eckert & Ginet (2003) add that some fillers such as like and you know have other functions. You know may make an addressee feel
collectivity with a speaker. You know is found more in women’s talks. Women like
argues that “like” decreases a meaning in a sentence. Her study discovers that the
use of like happens more between close friends. Her study is different with what
popular media have stated at the time.
b. Tag Questions
The use of tag questions implies uncertainty from the speaker. Eckert &
Ginet (2003) state that tag questions contain an inverted auxiliary form. It is
determined by the auxiliary in the main clause, and the pronoun that refers to the
subject in the main clause. These are the examples of tag questions, “It was a
dream, wasn’t it?” or “We should love each other, shouldn’t we?” Moreover,
Lakoff (1973) adds that tag questions aim to obtain approval. Women use the
features to obtain a confirmation of her claim from the addressee. Holmes (2008)
states there are four functions of the tag question uses. They are to express
uncertainty, to show positive politeness devices, to soften a directive or criticism,
and to avoid confrontational arguments. The use of tag question does not aim to
ask, but it intends to imply uncertainty the speaker says.
Almost similar to Holmes (2008), Eckert & Ginet (2003) state that there
are at least four functions of using tag questions. The first is to indicate
uncertainty and ask for confirmation from the other. The second is to facilitative
or to invite others into a conversation. This function is usually used in a talk show.
The third is to soften the potential negative impact of something like criticism. For
example, when a person does a critic, but she avoids the negative impacts of the
critics, she may use a tag question. The last is to challenge or to make the
c. Rising Intonation on Declarative
The use of rising intonation which is done by women aims to ensure the
accuracy of information when they are not sure about something. Lakoff &
Bucholtz (2004) explain that the use of rising intonation aims to change a
statement into a question. It is used to weaken the force and shows the uncertainty
of the speaker’s utterance.
Lakoof (1975) provides an example of rising intonation. It can be analyzed
from these sentences; (a) “When will dinner be ready? (b) “Oh..Around six
o’clock? From these sentences, we can analyze that the answer turns into a
question. It weakens the force of the answer and shows the uncertainty from the
speaker.
d. ‘Empty" Adjectives
Lakoff (1973) lists some adjectives that are the representative of
admiration. Some of the adjectives are neutral. Neutral means the adjectives can
be used by either women or men. Neutral adjectives are such as great, terrific,
cool, and neat. However, there are some specific adjectives which are only used
by women. The adjectives which are used only by women are such as, adorable,
charming, sweet, lovely and divine.
Asri (2015) states that women will feel positive if they use women’s
adjectives. Lakoff (1973) adds further that women can use the neutral adjectives
freely. Somehow, to some extend a man is not allowed to use the adjectives that
are listed as women’s only. The use of female adjectives may create a wrong
e. Precise Color Terms
Women tend to classify some specific terms for color. The terms are not
supposed to be used by men. Some specific colors are such as beige, ecru,
aquamarine, and lavender and so on. The words are not familiar with men’s
vocabulary. Eckert & Ginet (2003) state men who use women's specific color may
be considered as feminists or men who work for home decoration.
Lakoff (1973) states that women have much larger color vocabulary than
men’s color vocabulary. Eckert & Ginet (2003) add that color blindness happens
more in men than women. Precious colors relate to home decoration and clothing
practices. The fields connect with women’s jobs. Because women are good at
classifying colors, men confirm that color-blindness refers to masculinity.
f. Intensifiers
Intensifiers imply on decreasing or increasing of the intense sentences
which a speaker says. Holmes (2008) states that the intensifiers (such as really, so,
and very) are aimed to strengthen intended meaning. For example, “I don’t like
him so much”. The use of so in the sentence implies the strong feeling of dislike.
Lakoff (2004) adds that intensifiers are classified as boosting devices.
Intensifiers are associated with women. Some linguists state in their
studies that the use of intensifiers is more in women than men. Precht (2002) adds
that the uses of intensifiers are more in women’s speaking than men’s. Precht
(2002) adds that the use of intensifiers develops through fashion. Jespersen (1922)
states that the word “vastly” is classified a female word. Then, Lakoff (1973) adds
g. Emphatic Stress
Lakoff & Bucholtz (2004) state that emphatic stress aims to emphasize the
most important word in a speaker’s sentence. The examples of emphatic stress are
seen in these sentences: “What a beautiful shoes!” or “It was a brilliant performance!” The aims of using the emphatic stress are to boost and ensure the
message received and responded by the listener.
In the past, women have limited access to education. It causes women are
put in the lower position. In order to have same status in the society, women do
some assimilation. Using emphatic stress is one of the ways to make their
sentences sound serious. In their study, Lakoff & Bucholtz (2004) add that women
use emphatic stress to make them taken seriously.
h. Hypercorrect' Grammar
Women tend to use hypercorrect grammar. Some researchers discover that
in term of grammar, women usually use hypercorrection grammar. Asri (2015)
states that hypercorrection grammar means that women use correct grammar more
than they should be. Hypercorrection happens because of a specific reason.
Women are in the lower positions; hence the use of super polite forms will make
speakers’ positions higher in a society. White (2003) states women do
self-correction of sensitivity toward a standard speech. On the other hand, men do not
show the self-correction. Self-correction may gain someone’s status by doing
opposite speech patterns. Trundgil (1972) in his study adds that male speakers put
a high value on working class nonstandard speech.
are (1) “a number of” followed by a singular verb, (2) foreign articles preceding
foreign terms, (3) double adverbs, (4) “as” in place of like, (5) substituted for the
object me, (6) Latin plurals formed incorrectly, (7) prepositions prevented from
ending a sentence, (8) un-split compound verbs, (9) un-split infinitives, and (10)
whom in place of who.
i. Avoidance of Strong Swear Words
In language and women’s place, Lakoff (1973) describes that women
should not talk roughly. Since women were little girls, they have been taught not
to speak harshly. If women swear, they will be considered as unladylike. Eckert &
Ginet (2003) state swearing words are unsuitable for women and children.
Moreover, Lakoff & Bucholtz (2004) deliver two examples that
differentiate women’s and men’s speech.
(1). Oh dear, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again
(women’s talk).
(2). Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again (men’s
talk).
j. Superpolite Forms
Lakoff (1973) states that the aims of using super polite forms are to avoid
using swear words and extensive use of euphemism. Euphemisms are indirect
expressions used to utter taboo words in a conversation. Since women are little
girls, they are not supposed to talk harshly. It implies that women will choose
more polite form than men. For example: (1) “Close the door, please” will sound
any other polite form will sound un-masculine. The use of the polite form also
prevents expression of strong statements.
Eckert & Ginet (2003) state directives, such as requests, commands, and
other speech acts, can affect negatively to addressee’s faces. It is more polite if a
sentence is delivered indirectly. Somehow, Eckert & Ginet (2003) add that the use
of indirect speech does not always lower the speaker’s position. It depends on the
context, such as a mother who is talking to her child. Another example is a teacher
talk. A teacher talks politely to his students in order to deliver his teaching to the
students. When he talks politely, it does not mean a teacher in a lower position. It
happens to make his teaching acceptable.
2. Women’s Language Features in Writing
In this part, the researcher focuses the discussion on some language
features in writing. It aims to make this study specific. This part will discuss
women’s vocabulary, a concept of parataxis and hypotaxis.
a. Women’s Vocabulary
Women have specific vocabularies. Jespersen (1922) argues that women
tend to use an adverb of intensity, such as extremely, rather, and completely. She
provides the use of the adverbs in European speech community. Another tendency
of women’s writing is the use of some specific adjectives. Women use certain
adjectives which differentiate women’s writings from men’s writing. Jespersen
(1922) claims that women use certain adjectives, such as pretty and nice. These
findings relate to the previous section. Lakoff (1975) specifically points out that
adjectives.
Jespersen (1922) also adds another vocabulary writing tendency from
women. It is the use of conjunction with an adjective. The use of conjunction and
adjective combination such as, "Thank you so much; it is so lovely!" The theory
from Jespersen (1922) provides a theory which seems to be the same as the
classification from Lakoff. She states that women prefer the use of intensifier so
in their sentences.
b. Concept of Parataxis and Hypotaxis
The concept of parataxis and hypotaxis are introduced by Jespersen
(1922). Parataxis and hypotaxis are features aimed to join clauses. Parataxis is the
term used to describe a sequence of clauses where there are no links at all, such as
“I got up, I went to work”. On the other hand, hypotaxis is a term used for the
clause which uses coordination conjunctions, such as and, or and but. The
example of hypotaxis is that “After I got up, I went to work”.
Jespersen (1922) states that the crucial difference between these two
modes are that parataxis involves a series of main clauses. Each clause is being of
equal value. Hypotaxis consists of the main clause with one or more subordinate
clauses dependent on it. The logical connection between the clauses is made
explicit in a hypotactic style but the connection was left implicit in a paratactic
style.
Jespersen (1922) makes the differences of male and female syntax. He
states that women tend to use parataxis. On the other hand, men use hypo taxis.
another, while a feminine period can be compared to a set of pearls joined
together on a string of bands and similar words.
3. Feminism
The discussion of gender leads us to gender movement. In the past, women
were considered illiterate. They are seen inferior because of lack of education. The
perspective that women in the second position is supported by these following
reasons. The first is that women hardly ever leave their village, unlike men. Then,
women stay at home and talk to each other. Women do not mix with strangers.
Lastly, women do not do military service.
The fact that women are in the second position leads women to do what
people call feminism. Moffitt (n.d) states that feminism supports equality for
women and men. In feminism view, the equality of women and men should
implement in all lives’ aspects. Feminism happens in some waves. The first wave
of feminism happened in the twentieth century. At the time, the feminists spoke
either about the productive work of women, women’s material rights and the lack
of equality. First wave feminists together with labors, working women and
anti-colonial organizations claimed that all women should be equal citizens with men.
In the second wave, the feminism moved from labors and streets to the
conditions of many groups on the street and in the home. In the first wave,
feminist resembles other political theories, because it considers as the state’s
responsibility. In the second wave, Humm (1992) states that feminists search for
equality in the politics.
spaces to women. Kennedy in early 1960 signed equal pay act of 1963. Williams
(1989) states woman also makes a party which supports women in the politics
field. Freeman (1975) also argues that in 1960-s women were better educated than
they have been before. The same idea from the two waves is that women and men
are unequal. Men create the meanings of equality. Hence, the feminists search for
the same equality in all fields of life.
4. Pro-Feminist Men and Men's Perspectives Changes
The discussion of pro-feminist leads us to a categorization of feminism
and masculine. Hence, readers can clearly understand what the meaning of
pro-feminist is. Feminism and masculine do not refer to sex terms. They refer to
ideologies adopted by a human. It implies that feminism and masculine do not
relate to what sex a human has. Williams (1989) states feminists search for
women's rights and women’s equality. On the other hand, masculinity searches for
men's right and men’s equality.
On the other hand, there are some conservatives and anti-sexists.
Conservatives do not seek gender equality at all. On the other hand, the
anti-sexists or feminists support feminism. Williams (1989) explains that
pro-feminists men's movement starts to grow when feminist women have a greater
opportunity in politics.
The pro-feminists men are the opposite of traditional men. Traditional men
are some men who have a spirit of resistance to change the traditional personal
authority of men. They state that women should not undermine male’s authority.
argue that the larger opportunities given by the state to women will allow women
to be more independent. It may risk that women will not need husbands. Besides,
children will be rebellious, because they are not threatened in men's authority and
disciplined. Green (1981) states that women can never be the equals of men in the
leadership field, because of hormone men have.
The feminism wave started in 1990-s. The movement is followed by
shifting state’s ideology. In congress 1923, The National Women's party demerged
the suffrage campaigns with two focuses. The first is the equal rights amendment
and the second is women running for public office. In early 1960-s, Kennedy
tends to support feminism movement. Before he was elected, he promised equal
pay for equal works. Williams (1989) reveals that Kennedy, after being elected as
president, signed the equal pay act. It effected that if women were to be hired for
professional jobs, they had to be paid equally.
There are some studies found out that nowadays masculinity has a crisis.
Italua (2013) states the meaning of masculinity is not natural. The meaning of
masculinity changes over time because of the changes in society. Italua (2013)
states nowadays femininity is considered as one of the traits in masculinity. She
also adds that the meaning of masculinity changes because of works men have to
do nowadays. The role of men's jobs will determine whether they have to adopt
feminists traits or not, for example, male doctors and male teachers. In order to
have better outcomes, they have to adopt women's traits.
Connell (1995) divides masculinity into two kinds. The first is the physical
working class. On the other hand, upper class tends to consider technical
masculinity. Upper-class men judge a man's masculinity from his scientifically
and political power. It does not mean that physical masculinity is unimportant for
upper-classmen.
5. A man in His Profession
Eckert & Ginet (2003) state that now a gender category depends on society
practices. People act based on society needs. Gender is based on social practices
refers to human activities and the relation to the society. Eckert & Ginet (2003)
claim that if only minority people in a society do something different, it will be
considered antisocial behaviors. Somehow, nowadays we can easily find women
who go to work or a man who become a physician. In order to be acceptable in the
working world, they have to adopt some traits. It aims to make their works
operate.
Some studies have found that a gender does not depend on sex types. For
example, the study which is conducted by Nuri (2015), she discovers that in the
movie “Hart”, female character, adopts men's traits. It happens because of Hart's
profession. She is an FBI agent. She has to be more aggressive than women
should be. Eckert & Ginet (2003) state that there are some possibilities that
women and men change their roles. A woman can go to work, while her husband
takes care of their children. Eckert & Ginet (2003) also argue that men can also
assimilate with women traits. For example, a homosexual couple wants to adopt
6. Men, Women, and Culture
Gender is not the same as sex. Talbot (2010) states gender is learned.
Gender is socially constructed. Women's and men's places in society relate to how
their cultures treat them. Spender (1980) claims men's language was the norm of a
society. Somehow, some other linguists debate the claim. Italua (2013) debates
that nowadays femininity and masculinity are not separated. Femininity traits are
considered as a part of masculine traits. It happens because of working world men
and women face today.
Some linguists study social stratification. They conclude that women use
more prestigious forms than man do. Labov (1966) observes that women
consistently use prestige standard variety of language more than man do. Labov
did his study in New York City. Another linguist, Peter Trudgil (1972), conducts a
survey in Norwich. He models his survey like Labor's survey. Trudgil (1972)
observes that women use less vernacular. On the other hand, men use
non-standard variant in many cases. He adds that women feel they use more non-standard
forms when they do not. On the other hand, men feel they use more vernacular
when they do not. Lakoff (1973, 1975, and 2004) also states women have some
specific language forms in order to raise their status in society.
However, some linguists make their studies in Europe, British, and New
York. It may not suggest that all women in the world are in the lower positions.
There are some other places which put women in higher class than men. In some
societies, women run the societies. Garrison (2016) states there are six societies
Akan, Bribri, Garo, and Nagovisi. Garrison (2016) adds that Masuo Lineage is
traced through the female side of the family, and property is passed down along
the same matrilineal. Mosuo women typically handle business decisions and men
handle politics. Children are raised in the mother's households and take her name.
This kind of society is namely matriarchy.
Women’s nowadays have taken some places men used to lead before.
Markham (2013) states that at the end of 2012 the global average of women in
parliament stood at 20.3 percent. The percentage is up from 19.5 percent in 2010.
She adds that in 2013 there are 17 states headed by a woman. The states are
Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Costa Rica, Denmark, Germany, Jamaica, Kosovo,
Lithuania, Liberia, Malawi, South Korea, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland,
Thailand, and Trinidad and Tobago. The fact that there are some places which put
women’s place on higher class leads us to a conclusion. It may suggest that men
and women’s places relate to how a culture treats them.
7. Critical Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis is a study of language in use. Wood & Kroger (2000)
claim that basic assumption of discourse analysis refers to an assumption that
language is an action. It means that language does not stop only in the meaning of
a word. Utterances do not only refer to a meaning of a word. Wood & Kroger
(2000) add that utterances can consider three features. They are: 1) what the word
means, 2) what the speaker does with the words, and 3) what the effects of the
words on the hearer. Gee (2011) adds that in a language people can uncover
Gee (2011) states that discourse analysis is classified into descriptive and
critical discourse analysis. Descriptive discourse analysis answers a problem by
understanding the problem. For example, the goal of the physics is to discuss how
the physical world works in order to understand the problem. Descriptive
discourse analysis does not apply what has been known or what has been
discovered in a research. On the other hand, critical discourse analysis does not
stop only in understanding of a problem. Critical discourse analysis applies what
is understood. Critical discourse analysis does not only provide a deeper
understanding a problem, people who use critical discourse analysis speak and
apply their works in some fashion.
Wood & Kroger (2000) state discourse analysis combines two approaches.
It uses qualitative and quantitative. Discourse analysis moves from quantitative
data to qualitative. In collecting the data, the researcher processes the data in
quantitative analysis, then the researcher moves to the analysis of the quantitative
data. Gee (2011) claims that the desire to gain deeper evidences and contribute to
the world are the reasons why a researcher should use critical discourse analysis.
Dijk (1993) states discourse and communication are parts of our interpretation of
the world. He claims that people can link from micro to macro levels of society.
People can also link individual works to a social group.
8. Doc. Love’s Biography
Thomas Hodge or Doc. Love is a relationship coach for men. He was born
on 1 January 1945. Since 1965, Doc. Love has given advice on relationships and
Talk Radio. He also writes a popular column on the #1 men's website in the world,
askmen.com. Doc. Love has been featured in some media appearances, including
Fox News, Time Magazine, The 9-5-0/ Houston and Kills/ Los Angeles (Retrieved
from doclove.com on Friday, 15 July 2016).
Doc. Love creates a teaching material called “The System”. Doc. Love
states that he has interviewed thousands of women in the past thirty-six years; all
ages, sizes, and backgrounds. “The System” is the result. “The System” is the
result of a long-term study of the effects of male behavior on the behavior
responses of women toward them, with applications for the male via behavior
modification (Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/doc/47140/Doc-Love-The-System-Synopsis on Friday, 15 July 2016). Doc Love (aka Thomas Hodges) has
spent 30+ years of his life interviewing thousands of women to develop his dating
women program that will coach you to success with women (Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/datingwomenexpert/info?tab=page_info on Friday, 15
July 2016).
Doc. Love’s research was started because of his experience. At Fresno
State College in 1961, he lived in Homan Hall with over 200 male students. He
shared his experience that one day a fellow dorm wore a big brown army helmet
around the dormitory. It turned out that his girlfriend had dumped this guy, and
this crown was a symbol of his state of rejection. A bunch of guys later gathered
in his room - not to console him like Doc. Love, but to find out what he “got off”
of his ex before she gave him his walking papers. Doc. Love tells that he was
while his best friend and Doc Love were talking about their dates from the
previous night, they came to a sad conclusion that they never really knew where
they stood with the women they dated. Doc. Love then decided then to start
interviewing women, to find out what they wanted in romantic relationships.
Thomas Hodges wrote The System: The Dating Dictionary, a manual
advocating specific strategies for securing long-term relationships with the ever
feisty American woman. The System has a ton of valuable advice, but it is sold at
$100 per copy, and so much of the wisdom contained within is unavailable to the
average man. With the down economy, and the modern flood of dating products,
most men aren’t going to pony up $100 for advice that can be found online if one
searches hard enough. $100 dollar products look like scams (Retrieved from
http://www.returnofkings.com/2390/the-father-of-relationship-game-shares-his-secrets on Friday, 15 July 2016).
B. Review of Related studies
In this part, the researcher reviews some of the studies which were
conducted women’s language features. Some of studies which conducted women’s
language features, such as Lakoff (1973, 1975, and 2004) & Jespersen (1922).
Lakoff (1973) in her study, titled language and women’s place, discovered that
women had different features in speaking. The findings were named women’s
language features. The features were lexical hedges, fillers, hypercorrect grammar,
intensifiers, tag questions, empty adjectives, precious color terms, super polite
declaratives. Lakoff (1973) stated the women’s language features existed because
of women’s place in the society. She claimed that women were in the lower
positions; hence they used a language to lift their positions in society. Jespersen
(1922) did a study of women’s language features, titled Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. Jespersen (1922) discovered that women used hypotaxis
in their literary works. Women tended to omit conjunctions, such as and, or and
but. They preferred to use only commas. Women also used some specific
vocabulary, such as: specific color terms and specific intensifiers. Another study
which conducted the similar study is Asri (2015). She tried to analyze women’s
language features in spoken used by a woman in a movie. She conducted a study
titled Women’s Language Features in Miss Congeniality Movie. Asri (2015)
discovered that Hart used hypercorrection grammar, intensifiers, fillers, rising
intonation, lexical hedges, and tag questions. She discovered that there were some
factors affecting to Hart. The factors were community practice, women in
profession, and psychological view.
A study which conducted male and female writing in formal written texts
was done by Argamon, Koppel, Fine, & Argamon (n.d). They tried to explore the
differences between male and female writings in British National Corpus. They
discovered that male and female authors had some differences in their writings.
They discovered that the differences were identified in simple lexical and
syntactic features. Male author used clear distinguishing markers. The male
authors tended to specify what they wrote about. On the other hand, the female
between the writer or speaker and the reader or the listener. In their writings,
female writers used first and second person pronouns.
Another study which helps the researcher to understand cross gender
differences in a written product is a study from Puji (2007). She tried to discover a
woman’s masculinity in “Little Women” novel. In the novel, the character was
claimed that she had masculine traits, such as: she developed her skills to obtain
money. Puji (2007) claimed that the trait was considered as a masculine trait. Puji
(2007) compared the character with other women in the character’s era. She states
that the character in the novel denied her condition. The respond of the character
was considered as a masculinity trait. Then, Puji (2007) argued that the
masculinity trait was raised because of poverty and discrimination the character
faced in her daily life.
C. Theoretical Framework
The study employs Dijk (1993) critical discourse analysis in analyzing the
data. He states that discourse and communication are parts of our interpretation of
the world. He claims that people can link from micro to macro levels of society.
People can also link individual works to a social group. In this study, Doc. Love’s
articles are considered as media discourse. Critical discourse analysis is employed
to show the relation between a text and social practice. The application of the
framework in this study is the collaboration of some theories to analyze the data
and answer the research questions.
features used by Doc. Love in his articles. From Lakoff's (1973) theory, the
researcher will only use eight features. They are namely; lexical hedges or fillers,
tag question, empty adjective, precise color term, intensifiers, hypercorrect
grammar, avoidance of strong swear words and superpolite forms. The researcher
does not include rising intonation on declarative and emphatic stress, because it is
difficult to combine the two features into writing features. From Jespersen (1922),
the researcher includes women's vocabulary and parataxis which point out
women's language features in writing. To answer the second research question, the
researcher analyzes the language features. The aim of the analysis is to interpret
what possible factors influence Doc. Love’s writings. Finally, the researcher will
29
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into six sections, namely research method, research
setting, research subject, instrument and data gatherings technique, data analysis
technique, and research procedure. The first part explains the definition of the
research type chosen. In the research setting section, it informs where and when
the research was conducted. In research subject section, it elaborates on the
participants of the research as well as the methods of sampling. Then, in data
gathering technique, it explains the research instruments employed in carrying out
the study. In data analysis technique section, it describes the steps to analyze the
findings aimed to answer the research questions. Lastly, in research procedure, it
summarizes the steps taken in conducting the study.
A. Research Method
The researcher analyzed Doc. Love’s writings in askmen.com. Some of the
writings were analyzed to answer these research questions: (1) Which women’s
language features are used by Doc. Love in askmen.com? (2) What factors affect
Doc. Love to use women's language?
In conducting the research, the researcher applied qualitative research and
quantitative research. Qualitative research is a research which tends to focus on
how people or groups of people have different perceptions of looking reality
qualitative researchers are interested in understanding the meaning people have
constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the experiences
they have in the world. This kind of research studies human’s behavior in natural
settings. It counts humans as the data. It also focuses on reports of experience
which cannot be expressed numerically. Hancock, B., Ockleford, E., &
Windridge, K. (n.d) state that there are many types of qualitative research. They
are ethnography, grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis,
discourse analysis, conversation analysis, content analysis, and narrative analysis.
In this research, the study gained data through discourse analysis.
Quantitative research, on the other hand, focuses on quantity (how much,
how many) of the data analysis. Ary et al. (2008) mention that the data analysis of
quantitative research typically relies on measurement tools such as scales, tests,
observation checklists, and questionnaires (p. 421). In this part, the researcher
applied quantitative research as the method by presenting the amount of language
features used by Doc. Love.
Nunan (1993) states that discourse analysis and text are different. He
argues that for some writers discourse analysis and text are interchangeable; for
another, discourse refers to language in context. The term text refers to any written
record of a communicative event. On the other hand, the term discourse refers to
the interpretation of the communicative event in context. It may be concluded that
text is a piece of discourse.
Critical discourse analysis does not only focus on texts, spoken or written,
social process and of the social structures and processes within which individuals
or groups as a social historical subjects, create meanings in their interaction with
texts.
B. Research Setting
The research was conducted in English Language Education Study
Program Sanata Dharma University. The reason to choose the place was because
there were many sources available. The researcher conducted the research for five
months, from January until June 2016. In January 2016, the researcher read and
selected articles in Askmen.com. After reading the articles, the writer chose Doc.
Love’s articles as the data. After that, the researcher chose nine articles which
contain women’s language features. The researcher classified the women’s
language features in the articles from May to June 2016.
C. Data Source
The data source of the research was articles in askmen.com. There were
many articles written by male writers in the site. Somehow, the researcher only
chose Doc. Love’s articles. It happens to make the discussion focus. In the
beginning, the researcher tried to use articles from various writers in askmen.com.
Somehow, the researcher realized that it may lead the study to a bias in the
discussion. Doc. Love is a love consultant and he has been famous at the field. His
D. Data Gathering Technique
There were some steps that the researcher did in obtaining the data for the
research. First of all, the researcher read some of the articles from Doc. Love’s
articles in askmen.com. Second, the researcher selected 9 articles which contain
women language’s features. Third, the researcher collected the features from the
articles. After the data were collected, the data were classified into categorization
by using a table. The results become answers for the research problems.
To answer the factors behind using women’s language features, the
researcher made some limitations. The factors were viewed from only two factors.
They were the changes in society perspectives and men’s professions. The
researcher answered the second question by reviewing some theories about
feminism, pro-feminists, society perspectives and men’s professions.
E. Data Analysis Technique
In order to answer the two questions, the researchers took several steps.
The first was inputting the data into a table and giving checklists in order to know
which features being used. Second, the researcher rechecked the data in order to
ensure that the statements were in a correct classification. Third, the researcher
calculated the data into a percentage. Then the data were placed into the table
again in order to make the analysis clearer and easier be done.
In this step, the researcher made an observation checklist in the form of a
table (see Table 3.1). The researcher identified women’s language features in Doc.
classified which women’s language features that were used. In the end of the
steps, the researcher checked all of the women’s language features and inputted
the data to the table (see Table 3.1)
Table 3.1 Observation Checklist
ASSW : Avoidance of Strong Swear Words
P :Parataxis
To answer the second research problem, the researcher employed critical
discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis analyzes possible factors which
effect to the use of women language features. It was done to assess the possible
factors behind the use of women’s language features. After collecting and
counting the findings, the researcher related the findings to some theories, such as
feminism, traditional masculinity, the changes of masculinity perception in the
society, and a man in his profession. After obtaining the data and analyzing the
done under critical discourse analysis.
F. Research Procedure
In order to finish the analysis, there were several steps that the researcher
did. The procedure in conducting the researcher explains as follow.
1. Selecting the Research Questions
First of all, the researcher chose women’s language features in Doc.
Love’s writings to be discussed. The researcher came up with two questions. The
first one dealt with what women’s language features were used by Doc. love. The
second one discussed the factors affecting Doc. Love to use women’s language
features.
2. Reviewing Related Literature
Reviewing some related literature was the second step done by the
researcher. It aimed to answer the research questions. The researcher came up
with Lakoff’s (1973) theory which classified women language features in
speaking. Then, the researcher combined some of the spoken features with
Jespersen (1922) theory. It aimed to make the theories appropriate for discussing
writing features.
In answering the second formulated question, the researcher follows Dijk
(1993) discourse analysis. The researcher reviewed some theories that discussed
feminism, pro-feminists and changes in society perspectives, men, women, and
culture, and a man in his profession. After that, the researcher links the findings
with the theories. It aimed to examine the factors affecting Doc. Love to use
