ABSTRACT
Kartikasari, Yheti. (2015). The Study of Women Language of Elizabeth’s Speech
In The King’s Speech movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study
Program. Department of Language and Arts Education. Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University.
The King’s Speech is a movie dedicated to King George IV, a king in the United Kingdom. It was a box office movie. The film received many awards and nominations. One of the female characters is Elizabeth. She is the wife of the Duke of York.
This study is addressed to the question of whether Elizabeth‟s speeches reflect the features of women‟s language as suggested by Lakoff‟s theory (1973 & 2004).
This study is essentially that of discourse analysis the data of which were taken from the transcript of the movie.
The result shows six features of women‟s language observed in the character. They were lexical hedges and fillers, rising intonation, intensifiers, „hypercorrect‟ grammar, „superpolite‟ forms, and emphatic stress. The features of precise color term, question tags, and “empty” adjectives did not appear in the character. It is concluded that the features of women‟s language appear in the character.
ABSTRAK
Kartikasari, Yheti. 2015. The Study of Women Language of Elizabeth’s Speech In
The King’s Speech movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris,
Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
The King’s Speech adalah sebuah film yang didedikasikan untuk Raja George IV, seorang raja di Inggris. Merupakan sebuah film box office. Film ini menerima banyak penghargaan dan nominasi. Salah satu karakter perempuannya adalah Elizabeth. Dia adalah istri dari seorang Duke of York.
Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk sebuah rumusan masalah yaitu apakah percakapan/ucapan Elizabeth dalam film ini mencerminkan fitur bahasa perempuan seperti yang disarankan oleh teori Lakoff (1973 &2004).
Penelitian ini didasari oleh analisis wacana yang mana datanya diambil dari skrip film.
Data yang ada menunjukan ada enam fitur yang nampak pada karakter. Fitur tersebut adalah lexical hedges and fillers, rising intonation, intensifiers,
„hypercorrect‟ grammar, „superpolite‟ forms, dan emphatic stress. Fitur yang lain
seperti precise color terms, question tag, dan “empty” adjectives tidak nampak dalam karakter. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa fitur bahasa perempuan tampak pada karakter di film The King’s Speech.
THE STUDY OF WOMEN LANGUAGE
OF
ELIZABETH’S
SPEECH
IN THE
KING’S SPEECH MOVIE
A
Sarjana Pendidikan
Final Paper
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yheti Kartikasari Student Number: 101214168
English Language Education Study Program Department of Language and Arts Education Faculty of Teachers Training and Education
Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta
i
THE STUDY OF WOMEN LANGUAGE
OF
ELIZABETH’S
SPEECH
IN THE
KING’S SPEECH
MOVIE
A
Sarjana Pendidikan
Final Paper
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Yheti Kartikasari Student Number: 101214168
English Language Education Study Program Department of Language and Arts Education Faculty of Teachers Training and Education
Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this final paper, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 13 August 2015 The Writer
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Yheti Kartikasari Nomor Mahasiswa : 101214688
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE STUDY OF WOMEN LANGUAGE
o
f ELIZABETH’s SPEECH
IN THE
KING’S SPEECH
MOVIE
Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 13 August 2015 Yang menyatakan,
ABSTRACT
Kartikasari, Yheti. (2015). The Study of Women Language of Elizabeth’s Speech
In The King’s Speech movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program. Department of Language and Arts Education. Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University.
The King’s Speech is a movie dedicated to King George IV, a king in the United Kingdom. It was a box office movie. The film received many awards and nominations. One of the female characters is Elizabeth. She is the wife of the Duke of York.
This study is addressed to the question of whether Elizabeth‟s speeches reflect the features of women‟s language as suggested by Lakoff‟s theory (1973 & 2004).
This study is essentially that of discourse analysis the data of which were taken from the transcript of the movie.
The result shows six features of women‟s language observed in the character. They were lexical hedges and fillers, rising intonation, intensifiers, „hypercorrect‟ grammar, „superpolite‟ forms, and emphatic stress. The features of precise color term, question tags, and “empty” adjectives did not appear in the character. It is concluded that the features of women‟s language appear in the character.
ABSTRAK
Kartikasari, Yheti. 2015. The Study of Women Language of Elizabeth’s Speech In
The King’s Speech movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
The King’s Speech adalah sebuah film yang didedikasikan untuk Raja George IV, seorang raja di Inggris. Merupakan sebuah film box office. Film ini menerima banyak penghargaan dan nominasi. Salah satu karakter perempuannya adalah Elizabeth. Dia adalah istri dari seorang Duke of York.
Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk sebuah rumusan masalah yaitu apakah percakapan/ucapan Elizabeth dalam film ini mencerminkan fitur bahasa perempuan seperti yang disarankan oleh teori Lakoff (1973 &2004).
Penelitian ini didasari oleh analisis wacana yang mana datanya diambil dari skrip film.
Data yang ada menunjukan ada enam fitur yang nampak pada karakter. Fitur tersebut adalah lexical hedges and fillers, rising intonation, intensifiers, „hypercorrect‟ grammar, „superpolite‟ forms, dan emphatic stress. Fitur yang lain seperti precise color terms, question tag, dan “empty” adjectives tidak nampak dalam karakter. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa fitur bahasa perempuan tampak pada karakter di film The King’s Speech.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I express my greatest gratitude to Allah SWT, for the eternal blessing, guidance, strength, help, and miracles along the journey of my paper. I thank Allah so much for sending me many wonderful people who always support me in completing this paper. I am really thankful to God for being present to keep me, bless me to fight against the laziness, and many temptations in finishing this paper.
My special thanks is addressed to my beloved family, my father Sunarto, my mother Eny Purwanti. I thank them for being my best parents. When I was down on my paper, they always supported and motivated me. Their prayers were my power in finishing this thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes to my advisor, Dr. Retno Muljani M.Pd. for her willingness to spend her time reading my paper, for her guidance, help and advice along this process. I would also like to express my sincere thankfulness to Paulus Kuswandono, S.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D. as the chairperson of the English
Language Education Study Program and all lecturers of ELESP for sharing knowledge during my study at Sanata Dharma University.
I would also like to express my sincere to Brigita Restu K and Deliana Ciciliawati who had given me suggestions and guidance for the improvements for
the paper.
express my gratitude to many whose name cannot be mentioned. May God bless them.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK‟S ORIGINALITY ... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUTUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... . xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Method ... 6
CHAPTER II: DISCUSSION The Feature of Women‟s Language ... 8
CHAPTER III: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………… 19
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. List of Women‟s Language Features Based on
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background and the method. The background
provides the general information about women‟s language, the researcher‟s
reasons for choosing this topic, the research problems, and the benefits of this research. The research method, meanwhile, provides the description of sample research, and procedures used in this research.
A. Research Background
Language is associated with human. People use language whenever they are talking, thinking, reading, writing, and listening (Archibald, Aronoff, O‟Grady, & Rees-Miller, 2010, p. 1). It means that people deal with language every day in their daily life to do something. In society, language is needed to communicate with others.
In communication, people also interact with each other. How people interact with others is influenced by many factors. According to Coates (1993) and Kuntjara (2003), the most affecting social factor in the interaction is gender.
born with (2003, p. 10). In addition, gender emphasizes the attitude or action that is done by people in order to differentiate whether they are male or female. Eckert and Ginet support Coates and Talbot‟s idea about gender is a social construction. They state that from infancy, male and female children are interpreted and interacted differently. For instance, parents will design different model of room for their baby boys and baby daughters. Besides, the parents also will give different toys for them.
In a daily language, gender has the contribution to differentiate sense to talk a “feminine” woman and “masculine” man and vice versa. “People can talk more about more masculine or feminine” (Talbot, 2010, p. 8). This is shown that people can be actively involved in gendering themselves in terms of masculinity or femininity.
Men and women have different styles in speaking or communicating with others. Generally, people will use different expressions to speak even in the same language due to the genders. Lakoff states that “women are more careful to be
„correct‟ when they speak, using better grammar than men”. This is one of the
characteristics which shows that men and women are different in speaking.
Furthermore, men and women have different characteristic in speaking to others. This phenomenon is called women‟s language. “Women‟s language is the language that is used by women who use more standard forms associated with over prestige, and switch to prestige forms when paying more attention to their
speech” (Archibald, Aronoff, O‟Grady, & Rees-Miller, 2010, p. 512). According
3
hedges or fillers, question tags, rising intonation, “empty” adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, “hypercorrect‟ grammar, “superpolite‟ forms, and emphatic stress.
Lexical hedges are the parts of hedging devices that can be used to weaken the strength of an assertion (Lakoff, 2004, p. 48). There are “hedges‟, such as, you know, well, kind of, you see, are used to weaken the force of an utterance. However, sometimes lexical hedges indicate uncertainty, but not always. Similarly to express uncertainty, people can use question tags. The examples are
“The movie is good, isn‟t it?” or “Your mother can‟t go, can she?”. Women may
use rising intonation to clarify the main point of the statements or questions. Rising intonation is used by women by turning a statement into a question (Lakoff, 1973 & 2004). To express approval or admiration as the features of
feminine, women can use “empty” adjectives, such as divine, adorable, charming,
and cute. Women make more precise discrimination in color terms (Lakoff, 1973 & 2004). It means that they tend to differentiate all the color names in detail. For instance, there are many colors for women‟s make up. There are beige, baby blue, Persian melon, and orange flips.
Intensifiers indicating on the increase or decrease of the intensifying with which is expressed. For instance (a) He is highly recommended, (b) I was only asking. Women are not supposed to talk rough (Lakoff, 2004, p. 29). They tend to
use “hypocorrect‟ to imply that grammatically they are correct. Women tend to
use “supperpolite forms”, select the appropriate words to show politeness in their
word in their statement (Lakoff, 1973 & 2004). For instance, “What a beautiful flower!” or “It was absolutely good!”. As stated by Lakoff (1973& 2004) all of
the examples above indicate the features of women‟s language.
Based on the background, it is interesting to study the use of women‟s language because it happens in daily life. Women‟s language can be one of discussion topics in Sociolinguistics class, and Lakoff‟stheory is discussed in the Sociolinguistics class of Sanata Dharma English Language Education Study Program. Sociolinguistics is a study of the relationship between language and society (Holmes, 1992, p. 1). It explains why people speak differently in different social context, and identifies the social functions of language.
Another reason why it is interesting to study women‟s language is because
the researcher thinks that women‟s language is important to English speakers who
want to improve their public speaking skill, especially to the students in the English departments. Since the students of the English Department of Sanata Dharma are accustomed to do a presentation in their class and practicing teaching at school (PPL), they should be able to be good public speakers. Being a good public speaker means that students should be able to deliver the messages to the
audiences. By studying the use of women‟s language, students will mind the
language before speaking to audiences and also think what features of women‟s language that cannot be done. For example, students have to avoid using more
hedge or fillers like “emmm” “shhh”. They must consider the social background
5
Then, the researcher chose The King’s Speech movie because the movie is dedicated to King George IV, a king in the United Kingdom. The researcher chose this movie because it was a box office movie. The film received many awards and nominations. Then, the researcher analyzed Elizabeth, one of the female characters in The King’s Speech movie.
In order to study the women's language used by Elizabeth, one of the female characters in The King’s Speech movie, the following research problem is formulated:
Do Elizabeth‟s speeches reflect the features of women‟s language as
suggested by Lakoff‟s theory (1973 & 2004)?
The researcher hopes that this study will be beneficial for some parties. First, it can help the students of the English Language Education Study Program that they have to be brave in speaking English without feel doubt, so that
women‟s language are used in communicating each other. Second, for the
lecturers and teachers, the researcher hopes that it can be used in delivering information in the classroom. Teachers and lecturers can communicate well in class while delivering information because every student has their own characteristic in speaking. Third, for future research hopefully this research will
help in finding information about women‟s language based on Lakoff‟s theory
(1973 & 2004). The last, for the readers, the researcher hopes that the readers will
B. Research Method
In this study, it is applied qualitative research. Qualitative research is an approach to study human and social behavior phenomena from the insider‟s perspective, for instance, participants in a particular social setting; a culture, school, community, group, or institution (Ary, Jacobs, & Razavieh, 2002, p. 422). The goal is to understand a phenomenon by focusing on the total picture deeply, rather than a numeric analysis of data. To answer a research problem, the method that was used is discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is a person‟s point of view that contains of methodological and conceptual elements (Wood & Kroger, 2000, p. 3). They also state that discourse data includes spoken word and written text. The researcher conducted a discourse analysis to study the phenomenon about the use of women‟s language in a movie. It was because this study investigated the existence of women‟s language that was used by the character in the The King’s Speech movie.
The data in this study was obtained from transcripts of the film. The transcription was conducted on 14-17 Mei 2014 in Jl. Legi 32a, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta.
The participant of this study was Elizabeth, one of female character in the movie. This research was conducted in order to investigate the features of
women‟s language of Elizabeth in the movie.
7
transcript. The researcher found the data from the conversation of Elizabeth with others in the movie that had been transferred into the transcripts.
8
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
This part contains a review of related literature and findings as well as the interpretation of the findings. The review of related literature provides relevant theories underlying this research paper. It is followed by the finding results and the interpretation of the findings.
The problem addressed in this research focused on the features of women‟s language found in Elizabeth. In order to answer the question, the researcher analyzed the transcripts of The King’s Speech movie to identify the features of women‟s language by Elizabeth that had been found in The King’s Speech movie. Then the researcher discussed the definition of women‟s language continued with the features of women‟s language to answer the formulated research problem.
Briefly, the features of women‟s language are mentioned as follows. The first point is lexical hedges or fillers. The second point is tag question or question tag. The third point is raising intonation on declaratives. The fourth point is empty adjectives. The fifth point is precise color terms. The sixth point is intensifiers. The seventh point is hypercorrect grammar. The eighth point is superpolite forms. The ninth point or the last point is emphatic stress.
9
character in the movie. Thus, the researcher only discussed the six features that shown in the character.
1. Lexical hedges or fillers
Lexical hedges are parts of hedging devices that can be used to weaken the strength of an assertion (Lakoff, 2004, p. 48). Hedges and fillers are also used as the sign of lacking confidence or to avoid offending people (Lakoff, 2004, p. 48). Indeed, women use women‟s language in their speech in order to show their politeness. The researcher provided some examples of speeches or sentences which indicated the term lexical hedges or fillers below.
a. Well then, in that case…
(The setting is in the waiting room, Logue’s chambers.)
b. Shh!
(The setting is in Children Nursery, York House.) c. Ah well
(The setting is in the waiting room, Logue’s chambers.)
d. Tick, tock, tick, tock.
(The setting is in Drawing room, 145 Picadilly.) e. By the way I think I found someone rather interesting.
(The setting is at the Staircase, York house.)
The researcher found statements that were analyzed as the part of “fillers”
and “hedges”. The researcher categorized the words “well then”,“well”, “by the way”, and “tick,tock” as hedges because they expressed uncertainty, for example,
in the dialogue on the transcript between Elizabeth and her husband Bertie - the Duke of York - below.
(a) Bertie : A married American? He can’t be.
Bertie :Out of the question. I’m not having this
conversation again. The matter’s settled
Another example of Elizabeth uncertainty was in the dialogue on the transcript page 10 between Elizabeth and doctor Logue (Lionel) below.
(b) Lionel : I can sure your husband. But for my method to
work there must be trust…
Elizabeth : Well then, in that case…
Pause
Elizabeth : When can you start?
The researcher analyzed the possible reasons for Elizabeth to use the word “by the way” in the conversation above. The first possibility was she was
uncertain to talk about that conversation with her husband. She was uncertain because she was doubt that her husband would agree with her idea. The second possibility why the character used that hedge was she lacked of confidence to talk about that idea to her husband. This is in line with the theory about women‟s language proposed by Lakoff (1973 & 2004) which states that hedge can be used as the sign of lack of confidence.
In the part of fillers, the researcher found the word“shh”. The researcher discovered the possibility of using it. It is used to think before speaking. It could be seen from the example below, the conversation between Elizabeth and her daughter Lilibet.
(c) Lilibet : You can’t walk from the South Pole.
Elizabeth : shh
11
well and by the way were also used by male characters in some conversations. In this study, the researcher finding out that fillers are used to give a pause in order to let the speaker to think before speaking, whether it was in public media or in daily conversation. Then, hedges that used by the character was expressing uncertainty.
In addition, the fillers were meaningless particles that could be used to pause when the speaker was not yet finished speaking or thinking. The researcher found that Elizabeth used „pause filler‟ like the word “shh” (Holmes, 1992). It was so meaningless that the addressee did not get what the speaker wanted to say. Even it was meaningless, women tend to use this language feature.
In conclusion, fillers and hedges were frequently used as the women‟s language feature. Those features that had different functions in speaking. However, both features were the signals of uncertainty and lack of confidence even though they had different functions based on the context.
2. Rising Intonation
Rising intonation is used by women by turning a statement into a question (Lakoff, 1973, p. 13). Rising intonation is about intonation which is raised. So the speaker raises on some words higher than other words. The characteristic showed
that feature of women‟s language which may not be found in men‟s language
a. And what if my husband were the Duke of York?
(The setting is in the waiting room, Logue’s chambers.)
b. The President of the Speech Therapists Society.
(The setting is in the waiting room, Logue’s chambers.)
c. Something of that nature.
(The setting is in the waiting room, Logue’s chambers.)
d. No. about her!
(The setting is at the Staircase, York house.) e. Shut up!
(The setting is in Austin, Royal Country Estate.)
f. We would love to, such a treat, but alas…a previous engagement. (The setting is in Parlour, Logue Apartment.)
g. What a pity.
(The setting is in Parlour, Logue Apartment.)
The character raised their intonation in order to ask and confirm. In accordance with the concept of rising intonation that is proposed by Lakoff (1973 & 2004), the researcher found that Elizabeth used rising intonation to get deeper information as found in the conversation in the transcript page 9 between Elizabeth and doctor Logue (Lionel).
(a) Lionel : Sorry, Mrs J, my game, my turf, my rules. Elizabeth : And what if my husband were the Duke of York? Lionel : The Duke of York?
Elizabeth : Yes the Duke of York.
Based on the example of the conversation above, the character used raising intonation to get deeper information and ask others. In the movie, the character gave stress and raised the intonation in the bold words while speaking. She used it to ask other and to get information about that conversation.
13
intonation in order to show their impression. It was the proof how intonation employed in declaratives (Lakoff, 1973, p. 55). For instance, in the conversation between Elizabeth and Mrs. Logue:
(b) Myrtle : Will their majesties be staying for dinner?
Elizabeth : We would love to, such a treat, but alas…a previous engagement. What a pity.
From the result of analysis, the researcher concluded that raising intonation pattern was used to ask and confirm. For example, like in (a) it is used to get deeper information and ask others. Then in the example (b) raising intonation used to show her impression toward something.
The researcher concluded that raising intonation features appeared in the character. The character tended to use rising intonation based on the certain feeling, information, and context of topic discussion. Then the researcher argued that rising intonation was needed to make the conversation run communicatively.
3. Intensifier
a. Thank you so much, Doctor, it’s been most interesting. (The setting is in the drawing room, 145 Picadilly.) b. He comes highly recommended.
(The setting is at the Ground Floor Entrance, 146 Harley street.) c. I thought I’d made that very clear in our interview.
(The setting is in Bertie’s study, York House.) d. This is actually quite good fun, Bertie.
(The setting is in Logues consultation room.) e. Then I thought…he stammers so beautifully
(The setting is in Bertie’s study, York House.)
f. But if I must be Queen, I intend be a very good Queen. (The setting is in Bertie’s study, York House.)
g. Queen to a very great King indeed.
(The setting is in Bertie’s study, York House.) h. Very nice to meet you, MrsLogure.
(The setting is in Parlour, Logue Apartment.)
In this study, the researcher discovered statements that contained intensifiers. They were so, awfully, highly, and very. The words “very” and “so”
Bertie storms out as Elizabeth tries to placate the doctor.
Elizabeth : Thank you so much, Doctor, it’s been most interesting.
(b) Bertie : How did you find this…physician?
Elizabeth : (poker-faced) Classifieds, next to “French
model. Sheperd’s Market”.
Bertie tries to smile despite his mood, but doesn’t make a job of
it.
Elizabeth (cont’d) : He comes highly recommended.
(c) Lionel : Now exhale slowly…can you feel that resistance,
Bertie? Down goes your Royal Highness…
15
In accordance with the theory of women‟s language, Lakoff (1973 & 2004) proposes that intensifier function to increase someone‟s expression. Based on those three examples, the researcher found that the character used this feature to show how she agreed with her own feeling and opinion. In this study, the researcher found intensifiers were the most used by the character in this movie.
speak without thinking the grammar. These were the examples on the features of
women‟s language in Elizabeth speeches.
a. I thought I’d made that very clear in our interview. (The setting is in Bertie’s study, York House.)
b. That’s sufficient. My husband has difficulties with his speech. Just deal with that.
(The setting is in the waiting room, Logue’s chambers.)
c. Johnson was used during the Great War when the Navy didn’t want
the enemy to know “he” was abroad.
(The setting is in the waiting room, Logue’s chambers.)
d. She can. By the way I think I found someone rather interesting. On Harley Street. A doctor.
(The setting is at the Staircase, York house.)
e. Yes. I’ll help myself. Off you go now, or must I knock (The setting is in Parlour, Logue Apartment.)
“hypercorrect” grammar. The first problem appeared because the researcher
observed the data in a form of conversation. The second problem appeared because almost all the conversation used correct grammar in the script so it was
not easy for the researcher to decide “hypercorrect” grammar.
The researcher provided two examples “hypercorrect” grammar shown by
the character (a) Johnson was used during the Great War when the Navy didn’t want the enemy to know “he” was abroad (b) That’s sufficient. My husband has
difficulties with his speech. Just deal with that. Based on the data, the researcher classified those sentences as the “hypercorrect” grammar feature because the speaker used correct grammar in saying those sentences. They paid attention a lot in every detail of their statements. In addition, the researcher said that the character was very careful in speaking in order to show her character as a woman.
Concerning the results of “hypercorrect” grammar, it is important to use
“hypercorrect” grammar. People will mind what they will say and focused on the
standard form of languages.
5. Superpolite
In “supperpolite forms‟, Lakoff (1973 & 2004) emphasizes three things;
avoidance of swearing words, extensive use of euphemism, and using more particles in a sentence request. Those terms were used by Lakoff in order to show how women consider politeness in their speaking.
17
a. I’m afraid we’re slightly late
b. Excuse me, doctor. What is the purpose of this?
c. I’m afraid I’m…
d. Hello. Is anyone there? e. Are you alright, Bertie?
Superpolite form means that words or sentences which is used is appropriate and unharmed to other people. In the movie, the researcher found
some examples such as when Elizabeth says to Lionel (a) “I’m afraid we’re
slightly late” it shows that Elizabeth afraid and worry if they are late. Indirectly
she says sorry to Lionel and makes him waiting. It is the nature of women.
According to Lakoff, the more expressions in a sentence can make sense of the sentence as a polite request rather than an order (Lakoff, 2004, p. 34). Inaccordance with the theory proposed by Lakoff (2004, p. 34), the researcher found the additional particles (expressions) such as “Are you alright, Bertie?” and “Excuse me, doctor. What is the purpose of this?” used by Elizabeth was the
polite form in order to ask some questions politely. Thus, it would be better to use formal sentence (polite forms) rather than an informal sentence.
6. Emphatic Stress
Emphatic stress is a term to show that women tend to emphasize the most important word in their statement (Lakoff, 1973 & 2004). It can be seen from the examples, when the speech is all high on the particular word, it means that the woman character speaks it in high in order to stress the stressed word. Then, there
a. It’s lovely.
b. Absolutely lovely.
Based on the analysis, the researcher found two emphatic stresses from Elizabeth speeches. The word is “lovely”. The researcher analyzed that Elizabeth used emphatic stress to show that how emphatic stress was used in order to show someone‟s strong expression. Besides, it aimed to emphasize which point that should be paid attention a lot by the addressee.
19 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter consists of two parts, namely, conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions present the essential points of the discussion. The recommendations present some suggestions for the readers, the students of the English department, lecturers and teachers.
A. CONCLUSIONS
In this section, the researcher focuses on the major findings of this study. To obtain the data, the researcher used a discourse analysis as the method to analyze the conversation in linguistic areas. Therefore, the researcher used the movie transcript and the movie itself to analyze the data.
Theoritically, there are nine features in Lakoff‟s theory, namely, lexical hedges and fillers, rising intonation, intensifiers, “hypercorrect” grammar, “superpolite‟ forms, emphatic stress, question tag, “empty” adjectives, and precise
color terms.
However, the researcher only discovered six features of women‟s language
suggested by Lakoff (1973 & 2004) in the character of The King’s Speech movie, namely lexical hedges and fillers, rising intonation, intensifiers, “hypercorrect” grammar, “superpolite‟ forms, and emphatic stress.
intonation while speaking is to get deeper information, ask others and to show her impression toward something.
The character used intensifiers feature to show how she agreed with her own feeling and opinion. In this study, the researcher found intensifiers were the most used by the character in this movie. The character mostly used correct grammar. Then, the character used “superpolite” forms to avoid inappropriate
words while speaking to others also uses “emphatic” stress in order to emphasize the main statement that she focused on and to strengthen someone‟s expression.
The researcher concluded that women‟s language is used by the character
in the movie. For instance the character used “hypercorrect” grammar and hedges
and fillers when speaking with others. It is done to deliver good speech. Since Lakoff state that women are more careful to be „correct‟ when they speak.
From the results of discourse analysis of thescript of The King’s Speech
movie. The researcher analyzed those scripts by using the theories about women‟s language proposed by Lakoff (1973 &2004), the existence of women‟s language helped Elizabeth as the character speak fluently. She knew how to interact each other communicative. Besides, she could also learn about how to be a good speaker by learning how to select communicative words while speaking to others.
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B. RECOMMENDATIONS
In this section, the researcher addressed some recommendations to the readers, students in the English departments, lecturers or teachers. First, readers could use this research to add their knowledge about women‟s language suggested by Lakoff (1973 & 2004) and determine what features of women‟slanguage that can be used to help the readers to speak communicatively. Second, students in the English department can use this research to improve their knowledge about one of the branches in sociolinguistics named women‟s language. Besides, this study can be used in sociolinguistics class.
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REFERENCES
Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., O’Grady’W., & Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary linguistics: An introduction (6th ed.) New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Arliss, P. L. (1991). Gender communication. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Ary, D., Jacobs L., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in education
(6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Group. Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble. London: Routledge.
Coates, J. (1993). Women, men and language. New York: Longman. Coates, J. & Pia Pitcler. 2011. Language and gender: A reader. Oxford :
Blackwell Publishing
Cook, G. (1994). Discourse and literature: The interplay of form and mind.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Denzin, K. N., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). The sage handbook of qualitative research.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications .
Eckert, P., & McConnell-Ginet, S. (2003). Language and gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
Fraenkel, J.R., & N. E. Wallen. (2008). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Holmes, J. (1992). An introduction to sociolinguistics. New York: Longman. Kirton, J.F. (1970). Twelve pronominal sets in Yanyuwa. PL series C, 13, 825-44. Kirton, J.F., & N. Timothy. (1982). Some thoughts on Yanyuwa language and
culture. Work Papers of SIL-AAB Series B, 8.
Kuntjara, E. (2003). Gender: Bahasa dan kekuasaan. Jakarta: Gunung Mulia. Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and woman’s place: Language in society, 2(1), 45-
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Lakoff, R. (2004). Language and woman’s place: Text and commentaries. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mills, S. (1995). Language & gender interdisciplinary perspectives. New York: Longman.
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (5th ed.). (1995). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Talbot, M. (2010). Language and gender (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Polity Press. Wardhaugh, R. (2002). An introduction to sociolinguistics (4th ed.). Oxford:
Blackwell Publisher.
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX 1. List of Women’s Language Features Based on Category Proposed by Lakoff
The Classification of Women’s Language Features Employed in Elizabeth speeches
No Women Language Features
Example of Elizabeth speeches in the movie Note
1. Lexical
And what if my husband were the Duke of York? The President of the Speech Therapists Society. Something of that nature.
I thought I’d made that very clear in our interview. This is actually quite good fun, Bertie.
Then I thought…he stammers so beautifully But if I must be Queen, I intend be a very good Queen.
Queen to a very great King indeed. Very nice to meet you, Mrs Logure. 4. Hypercorrect
grammar
I thought I’d made that very clear in our interview. That’s sufficient. My husband has difficulties with his speech. Just deal with that.
Johnson was used during the Great War when the Navy didn’t want the enemy to know “he” was abroad.
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Yes. I’ll help myself. Off you go now, or must I knock your heads together?
5. Superpolite I’m afraid we’re slightly late
Excuse me, doctor. What is the purpose of this? I’m afraid I’m.
Hello. Is anyone there? Are you alright, Bertie? 6. Empty
adjectives -
7. Question tag - 8. Emphatic
stress
It’s lovely.
Absolutely lovely. 9. Precise
APPENDIX
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APPENDIX 2. Sample of Elizabeth dialogue.
INT. DRAWING ROOM, 145 PICCADILLY – CONTINUOUS CLOSE ON SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM - an elderly, unctuous, studiedly-distinguished physician who simultaneously manages to combine pontificating and obsequiousness.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Inhale deep into your lungs. Relaxes your larynx, does it not?
Bertie is seated nervously on the edge of a couch, gripping a cigarette between thumb and forefinger, placed in the middle of his mouth.
Elizabeth watches from across the room.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Cigarette smoking calms the nerves and gives you confidence.
Bertie clearly feels nothing of the sort. Smiling
ingratiatingly, the doctor produces a medical cannister from his bag.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : If Your Highness will be so kind as to open his hand...
Bertie unclenches a fist.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Thank you so very much. Opening the container, with forceps he removes five marbles
from an antiseptic solution and places them onto Bertie‟s
palm.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Sterilized. Now...if I may take the liberty?...insert them into your mouth. Bertie obeys, mortified. The doctor hands Bertie a book from
his bag.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Would you be so kind as to read. Bertie blanches, his neck muscles twitch and constrict
He can‟t even say “can‟t”.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Just take your time. Relax. Bertie is unable to do it. Elizabeth watches with growing
discomfort.
ELIZABETH : Excuse me, Doctor. What is the purpose of this? SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : The classic approach that cured Demosthenes.
ELIZABETH : That was in Ancient Greece. Has it worked since? Blandine-Bentham passes Bertie a book.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Now if you would be so kind as to read. A wealth of words.
Bertie tries. It is excruciating.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : Fight against those marbles Your Royal Highness. Enunciate!
As Bertie struggles.
SIR BLANDINE-BENTHAM : A little more concentration your Royal Higness.
Bertie spits the marbles out.
BERTIE : (explodes) I nearly swallowed the damned things! Bertie storms out as Elizabeth tries to placate the doctor.
ELIZABETH : Thank you so much, Doctor, it‟s been most interesting. Elizabeth goes through to the adjoining room to find Bertie.
INT. BERTIE‟S STUDY, 145 PICCADILLY - CONTINUOUS
Bertie is struggling to light a cigarette.
ELIZABETH : Temper, Bertie darling, temper. Tick, tock, tick, tock. BERTIE: Insert marbles! He can insert his own bloody marbles....!
[Note: when he speaks with his wife there‟s hardly any hesitation]
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INT. GROUND FLOOR ENTRANCE, HARLEY STREET - CONTINUOUS Elizabeth enters, somewhat dampened, the white silk roses decorating her hat now limp. There is a cramped elevator which is whirring noisily and a winding
staircase. Elizabeth is even more dubious. INT. ELEVATOR - CONTINUOUS
Elizabeth inside the cramped elevator. She surveys the buttons. The bottom one
reads “Basement: L.Logue, Speech Defects”. She closes the inner gate of the elevator and presses the bottom button. Nothing.
Confused, she opens the inner gate, closes the outer gate then the inner gate and presses the button again. The elevator jumps downwards.
INT. WAITING ROOM, LOGUE‟S CHAMBERS - CONTINUOUS
Umbrella stand, coat rack, wooden waiting bench: that‟s all. She looks about. The area is devoid of life. Coughs. No response. Calls imperiously:
ELIZABETH : Hello. Is anyone there? From behind a door:
MUFFLED VOICE (O.S.) : I‟m just in the loo.
Princess Elizabeth is not used to this sort of thing. She‟s further appalled by the loud gurgling of a toilet being flushed, and startled by the entrance of – LIONEL LOGUE – a tall, middle-aged man with strong features. His demeanor is friendly, yet professional.
LIONEL : “Poor and content is rich and richenough” ELIZABETH : I beg your pardon?
LIONEL : Shakespeare. I‟m sorry, there‟s no receptionist. I like to keep things simple. How are you Mrs Johnson? I‟m afraid you‟re late. Offers his hand. She takes it, a little gingerly.
ELIZABETH : I‟m afraid I am. LIONEL : Where‟s Mr Johnson? ELIZABETH : He doesn‟t know I‟m here. LIONEL : That‟s not a promising start.
ELIZABETH : My husband has seen everyone to no avail. He‟s given up hope. LIONEL : He hasn‟t seen me.
ELIZABETH : You‟re awfully sure of yourself.
LIONEL : I‟m sure of anyone who wants to be cured.
ELIZABETH : Naturally he wishes to be cured. My husband is required to speak publicly.
LIONEL : Indentured servitude? ELIZABETH : Something of that nature.
LIONEL : Well have your hubby pop by...Tuesday would be good...to give
his personal history and I‟ll make a frank appraisal.
ELIZABETH : I do not have a “hubby”. We don‟t„pop‟. We never talk about our private lives. You must come to us.
LIONEL : Sorry, Mrs J, my game, my turf, my rules.
ELIZABETH : And what if my husband were the Duke of York? LIONEL : The Duke of York?
ELIZABETH : Yes the Duke of York.
LIONEL : I thought the appointment was for “Johnson”? Forgive me, your Royal...?
ELIZABETH : Highness.
LIONEL : Your Royal Highness.
ELIZABETH : Johnson was used during the Great War when the Navy didn‟t want the enemy to know „he‟ was aboard.We are operating under the strictest of confidences.
LIONEL : Of course. I‟m considered the enemy? ELIZABETH : You will be if you remain unobliging. LIONEL : How did you find me?
ELIZABETH : The President of the Speech Therapists Society. LIONEL : Eileen McCleod? She‟s a sport.
ELIZABETH : Dr McCleod warned me your antipodean methods were
“unorthodoxand controversial”. I warned her...they were not my favorite words.
LIONEL : I succeed. ELIZABETH : So she says. LIONEL:
I can cure your husband. But for my method to work there must be trust and total equality in the safety of my consultation room. No exceptions.
ELIZABETH : Well then, in that case... Pause.
ELIZABETH : When can you start? AT STAIRCASE (YORK HOUSE) ELIZABETH : Will she be there? BERTIE : My brother‟s insisting. ELIZABETH : Is he serious?
BERTIE : About our coming to dinner? ELIZABETH : No. About her!
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She can. By the way I think I found someone rather interesting. On Harley Street. A doctor.
BERTIE : Out of the question. I‟m not having this conversation again. The
matter‟s settled.
ELIZABETH : His approach seems rather different....
INT. GROUND FLOOR ENTRANCE, 146 HARLEY STREET The Yorks enter the tiny elevator.
Bertie shuts the inner gate.
ELIZABETH : (indicating outer gate) No, darling, shut that one first. Bertie gets the gates closed and Elizabeth presses the button.
BERTIE : How did you find this...physician?
ELIZABETH : (poker-faced) Classifieds, next to “French model, Shepherd‟s
Market”.
Bertie tries to smile despite his mood, but doesn‟t make a job of it.
ELIZABETH : He comes highly recommended. Charges substantial fees in order to help the poor. (realizes) Oh dear, perhaps he‟s a Bolshevik?!
INT. LOGUE‟S WAITING ROOM - DAY
Bertie and Elizabeth enter. She explains in a whisper:
ELIZABETH : No receptionist. He likes to keep things simple. Elizabeth glances nervously at the lavatory door.
ELIZABETH : (loudly) The Johnsons.
LOGUE‟S CONSULTATION ROOM - NEW DAY
Bertie and Elizabeth have returned to the consultation room. BERTIE : Strictly business. No personal nonsense.
ELIZABETH : I thought I‟d made that very clear in our interview. Logue is silent, then:
LIONEL : Got the shilling you owe me? BERTIE : No I don‟t!
LIONEL : Didn‟t think so.
BERTIE : Besides, you tricked me!
LIONEL : No, I showed you what you can do. (tries to get them to
understand) What you‟re asking will only deal with the surface of the problem.
ELIZABETH : That‟s sufficient. My husband has difficulties with his speech. Just deal with that.
BERTIE : Are you willing to do your part? Logue considers, then tells Bertie:
LIONEL : Alright. You want mechanics? We need to relax your throat muscles and strengthen your tongue. By repeating your tongue twisters for example. “I am a thistle-sifter. I have a sieve of sifted thistles and a sieve of unsifted thistles. Because I am a thistle
sifter.”
BERTIE : Fine.
LIONEL : You have a flabby tummy, we must build up the strength in your diaphragm. Simple mechanics.
ELIZABETH : That is all we ask.
LIONEL : And that‟s about a shilling‟s worth.
BERTIE : Forget about the blessed shilling! (calm again) Perhaps, upon occasion, I shall request some assistance in coping with a minor event. Will that be agreeable?
LIONEL : Of course.
ELIZABETH : That will be the full extent of your services. BERTIE : Shall I see you next week?
LIONEL : I shall see you every day. On Bertie, reacting.
MONTAGE
Many different sessions, many different days, all in the consultation room.
CU of Bertie‟s mouth. Humming.
LIONEL : Hum for as long as you like. Hmmmmmmmmmm. And when
you‟re ready,“Mother”.
BERTIE : Hmmmmmmmmmmmmmother.
LIONEL : Beaut.
LIONEL : A simple outward breath. “FFFFF”Wait for the “aa”.
“FFFFFather”. Just slide into it. BERTIE : FFFFFFFFFFFFather.
LIONEL : Feel the loosening of the jaw
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their jaw. As their jaws wobble, they omit a vibrating sound. BERTIE : Ahahahahhahahahahahahahahahahahah.
LIONEL : (at the same time) Ahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha, Bertie lies on the floor
LIONEL : Deep breath. Expand your chest...lift your diaphragm...allow the column of air into your stomach...How do you feel?
BERTIE : Full of hot air.
LIONEL : Isn‟t that what public speaking is all about? Bertie inhales deeply.
Some fast cuts. Lionel handing him a cup of tea. Bertie doing slow breathing exercises. Bertie shouting something in frustration.
BERTIE : I will never get that. assistance. If you‟d kindly sit on yourhusband‟s stomach. ELIZABETH : Oh yes?
LIONEL : Gently of course.
Elizabeth sits gingerly on Bertie‟s stomach, asking solicitously:
ELIZABETH : Are you alright, Bertie? Bertie nods.
LIONEL : Now exhale slowly...can you feel that resistance, Bertie? Down goes your Royal Highness...inhale slowly...and...up comes your Royal Highness. Exhale and down. Yes. Inhale and up. You get the idea.
ELIZABETH : This is actually quite good fun, Bertie.
LIONEL : Do it at home. Doesn‟t have to be you, of course, but I thought
Lionel encourages Bertie to move as he reads a joke out.
LIONEL : Move, rock back and forth on the balls of your feet, keep the movement continuous and flowing.
Bertie stands framed by the open window.
LIONEL : I want you to release the five vowel sounds, each to last no les than 15 seconds.
BERTIE : Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa... LIONEL : (tapping him on the diaphragm)
Let‟s connect the toned diaphragm with your relaxed throat.
Ma‟am, would you be so kind as to be the timekeeper?
Lionel hands her a stop watch.
BERTIE : ....aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa...
High up in the wall at the back of the building, a Harley Street physician peers out the window.
LIONEL : Anyone who can vibrate loudly in full view of the world can learn to give a speech.
ELIZABETH : That‟s right, Bertie. (checking watch) Now Eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee... Lionel joins in.
LIONEL : Eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee... BERTIE : Eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee...
The sound of “eeee” becomes the roar of machinery
INT. AUSTIN, ROYAL COUNTRY ESTATE - CONTINUOUS
Bertie and Elizabeth are dressed for a party. Outside, fallen trees, and more
falling. They‟re aghast.
ELIZABETH : Five hundred year old oaks...removed to improve the view! BERTIE : Nonetheless...we must try to be pleasant towards Mrs Simpson. ELIZABETH : You know she calls me “The FatScottish Cook”?
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She gives her husband a look, but realizes he‟s teasing. She
gasps and points:
POV - more trees being felled. BERTIE : I sifted seven. ELIZABETH : Shut up!!
INT. BERTIE‟S STUDY, YORK HOUSE – NIGHT
Bertie valiantly tries to make sense of his new dispatch box filled with state papers, seated at his desk. It is late at night.
Elizabeth enters, in night clothes.
BERTIE : I‟m trying to familiarise myself with what a state paper looks like. He picks up a series of papers.
BERTIE : A despatch from Mr Baldwin which I don‟t understand a word of.
David‟s finances. The Christmas broadcast - I think that might be a mistake.
ELIZABETH : Don‟t do it then.
BERTIE : Plans for the Coronation - I think that‟s an even bigger mistake.
I‟mnot a King. I‟m a naval officer. Its the only thing I know about.
And Bertie breaks down; fierce, wracking sobs.
Elizabeth speaks softly, with growing strength, having already accepted and adapted to the situation.
ELIZABETH : Dear, dear man... I refused your first two marriage proposals, not
because I didn‟t love you, butbecause I couldn‟t bear the royal
cage. Could bear the idea of a life of tours and public duties, a life that no longer was really to be my own. Then I thought...he stammers so beautifully...they‟ll leave us alone.
She takes his anguished face in her hands tenderly.
INT. PARLOUR, LOGUE APARTMENT - CONTINUOUS A knock at the front door.
Two figures can be seen outlined in the frosted glass door. Lionel opens it.
Bertie and Elizabeth are standing there.
BERTIE : Waiting for a king to apologize, one can wait rather a long wait. ELIZABETH : I‟m afraid we‟re slightly late.
Beat.
LIONEL : This is home. Myrtle‟s at bridge.I‟ve made sure the boys are out. ELIZABETH : (stepping in) It‟s lovely. Absolutely lovely.
Lionel pulls out a chair for her to sit down.
LIONEL : Would you like some tea, Ma‟am? ELIZABETH : Yes. I‟ll help myself.
(then)
