The Analysis of Women’s Language Features Between Carl
y in
Street Dance’s
2010 Movie and Aya in
Make Your Move’s
2014
Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Maharani Rahma Wati
Reg. Number A03212048
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
The Analysis of Women’s
Language Features Between Carly in
Street Dance’s 2010 Movie and Aya in Make Your Move’s 2014
Movie
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
The Advisor
Dr. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M. Pd.
NIP. 196005152000031002
Maharani Rahma Wati
Reg Number: A03212048
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
ABSTRACT
Wati, Maharani Rahma. 2016. The Analysis of Women’s Language Features
Between Carlie in “Street Dance’s 2010” Movie and Aya in “Make Your Move’s 2014” Movie. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The Advisor : Dr. A. Dzoul Milal, M. Pd.
Key words : Women’sLanguage, Women’s Langauage Features, Movie.
This study is discusses about the women’s language features using by two female characters in difference movie, Carly in Street Dance movie and Aya in Make Your Move movie. It is focuses on what are the women’s language features used by Carly in Street Dance movie and Aya in Make Your Move movie. Then what are the similarities and differences woman’s language features between Carly and Aya. The last is what are the factors that influence the differences woman’s language features between Carly and Aya and how can it be.
The writer uses a qualitative approach because the data collected are in the form of words. The writer applies several steps in collecting the data: she watches the movie, and then she reads the transcript and underlines each of the features found in each dialogue, the last she gives some codes in those utterances based on women’s language features in Lakoff’s theory. The writer analysis the data based on the theory. After that, she will describe the collected data and explain the data in a text.
INTISARI
Wati, Maharani Rahma. 2016. The Analysis of Women’s Language Features
Between Carlie in “Street Dance’s 2010” Movie and Aya in “Make Your Move’s 2014” Movie. Tesis. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Pembimbing: Dr. A. Dzoul Milal, M. Pd.
Kata kunci: Bahasa Wanita, Fitur Bahasa Wanita, Film
Penelitian ini membahas tentang fitur bahasa perempuan yang digunakan oleh dua karakter perempuan dalam film perbedaan, Carly dalam film Street Dance dan Aya dalam film Make Your Move. Ini berfokus pada fitur bahasa perempuan apa saja yang digunakan oleh Carly dalam film Street Dance dan Aya dalam film Make Your Move. Lalu apa saja persamaan dan perbedaan fitur bahasa wanita antara Carly dan Aya. Yang terakhir adalah apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi perbedaan fitur bahasa wanita antara Carly dan Aya dan bagaimana hal itu dapat terjadi.
Penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif karena data yang dikumpulkan dalam bentuk kata-kata. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah dalam mengumpulkan data: pertama dia melihat film, dan kemudian dia membaca transkrip dan menggarisbawahi setiap fitur yang ditemukan di setiap dialog, yang terakhir dia memberikan beberapa kode pada ucapan mereka berdasarkan fitur bahasa perempuan dalam teori Lakoff. Penulis menganalisis data berdasarkan teori itu. Setelah itu, ia akan menjelaskan data yang dikumpulkan dan menjabarkan data dalam teks.
2.1.3.9. Avoidance of Strong Swear Words ... 19
2.1.3.10. Emphatic Stress ... ... 20
2.1.4. Possible Factors that Shape the Features of Female Language .. 21
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 22
3.1. Research Approach ... 22
4.1.1. Women’s Language Features used by Carly in Street Dance movie and Aya in Make Your Move movie ... 27
4.1.2. Women’s language features used by Carly in Street Dance movie 41 4.1.3. Women’s language features used by Aya in Make Your Move movie... 43
4.1.4. Similarities and Difference ... 44
4.1.5. The Factors that Influence the Differences ... 46
4.2. Discussion ... 48
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and the definition of key terms.
1.1Background of the Study
If we are talking about men and women, there are many things that can be discussed about them, especially about the difference. Although today the distinction would no longer be a big problem, but the differences are still interesting to be studied and analyzed. For example, we use different words to describe similar or identical behavior by men and by women. Certainly, women’s
speech differs from men’s speech; and women and men use language differently
due to the styles, registers, and the way of using language, interaction, thought, culture, and linguistic attitudes gender, politeness and stereotypes. In fact , there is a number of close relationship between gender and language. Another word, men’s way of using language and women’s way of using language is different. It
is because of structure of the language, norm of the society or people of the society who use the language.
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of gender categories in society makes it impossible for us to move through our lives in a nongendered way and impossible not to behave in a way that brings out gendered behavior in others.” Gender is a key component of identity.
Language and gender have always been an interesting issue both in academic field and everyday life, especially when it is claimed that men and women differ in their linguistic behavior. There are many researchers that analyze about gander and language, with some focuses in different problems like in 2010, Farida decided to analyze the use of the women’s language that are uttered by the the main character of Thirteen movie using Lakoff's theory. Her research is about how women’s language is used by the character of “Thirteen” movie related to the
types of women’s language and how does the characteristics of women’s language
of “Thirteen” movie.
The results show that not all types of women’s linguistic features occur in the dialogues. There are only seven types of women’s linguistic features occur in the dialogues, they are lexical emphatic stress, intensifiers, empty adjective, tag question, super polite form, lexical hedges, and rising intonation which is affected by the social and education background.
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swear and use more slang words while man character does not show it. Based on the topic, women are likely to talk about life’s trouble, pornography, and life style.
The content of the conversation of this movie supports the theory that woman has positive value judgment and man has hostile judgment. Based on use, women are assertive while men are nonassertive. In conclusion, based on Adelaide Haas’ theory, Puspitasari found out that women and men language are
mostly different. It happened because women like to maintain the relationship between each other while men like to say what they want to say.
The analysis of Gender and Language within in the movie, maybe very interesting to analyzed. In 2014, Siti Dara Nirmala Aulya concerns to find out the linguistic features of woman, Margaret Thatcher, in the film Iron Lady. The utterances were classified and analyzed into 10 (ten) linguistic features by Lakoff (1975) then calculated all to find out the mostly linguistic features used by Margaret Thatcher and drew it in conclusion.
The result of analysis revealed that there were 114 utterances spoken by Margaret Thatcher which can be classified into 8 (eight) woman’s linguistic features. There were 20 lexical hedges and fillers, only 2 (two) tag questions, 8 (eight) rising intonations, 30 adjectives, 33 intensifiers, 14 superpolite forms, 3 (three) expression expressed avoidance of strong swear words, 4 (four) emphatic stress spoken by the main character in the film Iron Lady.
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Phyllida Lloyd. Through the analysis, she found nine types of woman’s speech features that used by the main character while vocabulary (precise colors terms) was not found. It can be found that in spite of called as The Iron Lady and Woman Prime Minister, she still has femininity side as women in common. The dominant type of women’s speech features used by a main characteris Intensifier.
In the next year, 2015, Aprihastiwi Rahayu Ningsih was compared women’s language features between Sarah Silverman in Standup Comedy and
Precious in Precious Movie. Her research is to compare natural and planned language process, to show up women’s language features. She found nine features
that are used both Sarah and Precious. They are lexical hedges or filler, tag question, rising intonation on declaration, ‘empty’ adjectives, intensifiers, the use of ‘superpolite’ form, avoidance of strong wear words, emphatic stress, and ‘hypercorrect’ grammar. But she didn’t found out any use of precise color term.
The dominance feature is intensifier (40%).
In 2016, Laila Nur Aflah was analyzed about features and functions of woman’s language in Anna’s character of Anna Karenina movie. In conclusion,
based on Lakoff’s theory, Aflah found out that there are nine feature of women’s language in that movie, they are lexical hedges (12.70%), tag question (1.23%), rising intonation on declaration (40.16%), ‘empty’ adjectives (3.28%), the use of
precise color term (0.41%), intensifiers (5.33%), the use of ‘superpolite’ form
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In the same year, 2016, Riza Solikha also was analyzed about the way how Michelle Obama acquired the women’s speech features in delivering the speeches
as an African American First Lady.
The findings shown that there were only seven features are classified as women’s speech features used by Michelle Obama. They are lexical hedges,
rising intonation on declarative, empty adjective, intensifier, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite form, and empathic stress. While the other speech features were not found such as tag question, precise color terms, and avoidance of strong swear words. The researcher also concludes that every feature has different purposes.
Movies, also known as films, are a type of visual communication which use moving pictures and sound. People in every part of the world watch movies as a type of entertainment, a way to have fun. For some people, fun movies can mean movies that make them laugh, while for others it can mean movies that make them cry, or feel afraid. Most movies are made so that they can be shown on big screens at cinemas or movie theatres.
In this era, more people like a movie. It is signifiers that the movie’s quality is better. It can’t be denied, that people are more like for watching movies rather than reading a book or novel. There are some people who watch movies just as mere entertainment, but some are watching it to be used as a motivation.
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about gender and language only focusing on women’s language features in a movie and it will be compared with other women’s language features with different movie in the same genre, it is dance movie. The writer will analyze Carly’s language features in Street Dance movie and Aya’s language features in Make Your Move movie. There are several factors why she chooses those movies.
First, they have the same movie’s type that is romantic and dance. Second, those
movies have the same main character, she is a woman. Third, those movies are the most popular dance movie in a year.
Many people assume that most women use a soft-spoken and good language choices. However, in reality, not all women like that. There are some women who use a different language options, although they have a profession and be in the same environment. That is why the writer is interesting in analyzing and comparing woman’s language features used by two female characters, as main
characters, in different movies but in the same kind, that is dance movie. Finally the writer entitles her study “The Comparison of Women’s Language Features Between Carly in Street Dance’s 2010 Movie and Aya in Make Your Move’s 2014 Movie”.
1.2Statement of The Problems
Based on the background of the study, the writer arranges some problems: 1.2.1 What are the women’s language features used by Carly in Street Dance
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1.2.2 What are the women’s language features used by Aya in Make Your Move movie?
1.2.3 What are the similarities and differences woman’s language features between Carly and Aya?
1.2.4 What are the factors that influence the differences woman’s language features between Carly and Aya? How can it be?
1.3Objectives of The Study
Based on statement of the problem above, the objective of the study is as follows:
1.3.1 To explain the woman’s language features are used by Carly in Street Dance movie.
1.3.2 To explain the woman’s language features are used by Aya in Make Your Move movie.
1.3.3 To identify the similarities and differences woman’s language features between Carly and Aya.
1.3.4 To investigate some factors that influence the differences woman’s language features between Carly and Aya and to know how it is happened.
1.4Significance of The Study
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make woman’s language different from other woman’s language that, important to know.
Moreover, the readers can explore some information from this study. They will know what women's language features are most often used in a movie. Beside that the readers will know that every woman has different women’s language features, despite being in the same scope they have their own language. The last one is the writer also hopes that this study will give contribution on the literary study, especially in English Department of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
1.5Scope and Limitation of The Study
The scope data analyzed in this research are the woman’s language features in two dance movies, that are Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini’s Street Dance and Duane Adler’s Make Your Move movie.
The data analysis in this research limited to woman’s language features are used by female characters in two different movies, they are Carly in Street Dance and Aya in Make Your Move movie.
1.6Definition of Key Terms
In the definition of key terms the writer wants to describe about language and gender, women’s language, women’s language features, Street Dance movie,
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Language and gender studies is a subfield of sociolinguistics, which deals with linguistic gender differentiation reflected in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, as well as women’s and men’s speech interaction patterns. Additionally, sexism in language is also a topic widely studied.
1.6.2 Women Language
Women language is special language that used by women. Robin Lakoff, an American linguist, argued that women were using language which reinforced their subordinate status; they were ‘colluding in their own subordination’ by the
way they spoke. (Holmes, 2001:284) 1.6.3 Women’s Language Feature
Lakoff (in Holmes 2001) suggested that women’s speech was characterized by linguistic features such as the following:
a) Lexical hedges or fillers b) Tag questions
c) Rising intonation on declaratives d) ‘Empty’ adjectives
e) Precise colour term f) Intensifiers
g) ‘Hypercorrect’ grammar h) ‘Superpolite’ forms
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1.6.4 Street Dance Movie
Street Dance 3D (also called StreetDance in the non-3D version) is a 2010 British 3D dance drama film which was released on 21 May 2010. The film was released in RealD 3D, XpanD 3D, and Dolby 3D with Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini directing it. This movie is starring Nichola Burley as Carly, Richard Winsor as Tomas, and Ukweli Roach as Jay. Britain's Got Talent stars George Sampson, Diversity and Flawless made their debut appearances to the big screen. 1.6.5 Make Your Move Movie
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Framework
In this section is used to review the theories and the problem studies, which are significant in answering the research question in the previous chapter.
This study is focused on the women’s language features using by two female
characters in difference movie, the similarities and differences woman’s language features between Carly and Aya, and some factors that influence the differences
woman’s language features between Carly and Aya and to know how it is
happened.
2.1.1 Language and Gender
Gender differences in language become established early and are then used to support the kinds of social behavior males and females exhibit. It is mainly when males and females interact that the behavior each uses separately becomes noticeable. As Holmes (1992, p. 330) says,
The differences between women and men in ways of interacting may be the result of different socialisation and acculturation patterns. If we learn the ways of talking mainly in single sex peer groups, then the patterns we learn are likely to be sexspecific. And the kind of miscommunication which undoubtedly occurs between women and men will be attributable to the different expectations each sex has of the function of the interaction, and the ways it is appropriately conducted.
One consequence of such differences is that women’s speech has often been
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no way denies the existence of male dominance (1993, p. 9). (In Wardhaugh, 2006:328)
The reason why men’s and women’s speech differ is because boys and girls are brought up differently and men and women often fill different roles in society. Moreover, most men and women know this and behave accordingly. If such is the case, we might expect changes that make a language less sexist to result from child-rearing practices and role differentiations which are less sexist. Men and women alike would benefit from the greater freedom of choice that would result. (Wardhaugh, 2006:333)
Trudgill found that women tended to use the prestige form more than men (women over thirty years of age also tended to use the prestige forms of the other phonetic variables he studied more than men). He also found that women (more than men) tended to over-report their pronunciation, that is, when asked about their pronunciation, said they produced more ‘prestigious’ sounds than they actually did. (Jane, 2006:7)
In biological factors pitch of the voice, for instance, is produced by vibration of the vocal cords can be set to vibrate. Thick and heavy vocal cords vibrate more slowly than lighter ones. Since men tend to develop a larger larynx than women, their voices tend to be pitched lower. By considering the pitch, it is not difficult to determine which voice belongs to, whether it belongs to men or women.
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supportive and non-competitive. While, men are innately predisposed to independence. In social organization as an appearance of power, men use what power they have to dominate each other and, of course, women. While women must learn to dominate others too, women included. Men constantly try to take control, to interrupt, and so on. Women are relatively powerless they opt for more prestigious language forms. Men and women are social beings who have learned to act in certain ways. Men learn to be men and women learn to be women, linguistically speaking. They have learned to do different things with language.
Simply, language and gender studies is a subfield of sociolinguistics, which deals with linguistic gender differentiation reflected in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, as well as women’s and men’s speech interaction patterns. Male and female language is different. Women, as a social group, have their own language characteristics. (Qi Pan, 2011)
2.1.2 Women’s Language
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are less sure about themselves and their opinions than are men. (Wardhaugh, 2006:321)
Women’s linguistic behaviour is often characterised as being concerned
with co-operation (more positively polite than men) and avoidance of conflict (more negatively polite than men). This characterisation is based on the assumption that women are powerless and display their powerlessness in language; these forms of politeness are markers of their subordination. (Sara, 2003:203)
Robin Lakoff’s Language and Woman’s Place (LWP), published in 1975,
was one of the first publications of its time to address the relationship between language and gender. As a result, LWP served as the impetus for both linguists and feminists alike to look more closely at gender variation in language.
“Women’s language”, a term coined by Lakoff, became a commonly used
identifier among language and gender researchers. According to Lakoff, women’s
language describes how women use language and how language is used to talk about women, both which position women as powerless. This position has been adopted by a number of sociolinguistics and feminists. In an effort to support
Lakoff’s rationale with empirical evidence (Lakoff’s argument was based entirely
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However, other researchers have found that gender variation in language is not as clearly and easily defined as much of the earlier research may claim. The influence of context (local and global), social factors other than gender (ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status), and issues of power have also been found to play a role in how men and women use language.
Women’s language refers not so much, and, not only, to concrete speech
forms associated with a feminine speech style, but rather to a network of sites, practices, and discourse that produce the metapragmatic knowledge of how
women speak (or how women should speak)” (Inoue, 2004, p. 39-49). In other
words, women’s language is a term dealing with discourse about how women
should speak rather than a term dealing with women’s actual language use.
(Vranic, 2013)
2.1.3 Lakoff’s Theory of Women’s Language Features
The beginning of the term ‘women’s language’ began in the 1970s with
Robin Lakoff’s search for specific features of women’s speech. Her book
Language and women’s place from 1975 has been very influential on further
research on this notion. Lakoff characterized women’s speech features as follow: 2.1.3.1 Lexical Hedges or Filler
Hedges are words that convey the sense that the speaker is uncertain about what he or she is saying, or can not vouch for the accuracy of the statement, such
as “kind of”, “sort of”, “you know”, “I think”, “I suppose”, “I guess”, “well”,
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Hedges seem to appear more often in women’s speech. There is another justifiable use in which the hedge mitigates the possible unfriendliness or unkindness of a statement, that is, for the sake of politeness. (Qi Pan, 2011)
2.1.3.2 Tag Questions
Tag question is a syntactic device listed by Lakoff, which may express uncertainty. Lakoff proposed that tags are used when a speaker is atating a claim but has less than full confidence in the truth of the claim. In some situations, then, a tag question would be perfectly legitimate sentence form.
She proposed that women used one particular type of tag question more than men. The type in which the speaker’s own opinions are being expressed, as in the example above. The effect is to convey uncertainty and lack of conviction.
Lakoff argued that women frequently used tag questions where they were
reluctant to state a proposition baldly: ‘The way prices are rising is horrendous,
isn’t it?’ (1975: 16). Holmes looked more closely at the functions of tag questions,
and identified two main differences between women’s and men’s language use: Women used more ‘facilitative’ tags, inviting the addressee to contribute to the
conversation (e.g. ‘You’vegot a new job, Tom, haven’t you?’). Men, on the other
hand, used more ‘epistemic modal’ tags, expressing uncertainty about the
information conveyed (e.g. ‘Fay Weldon’s lecture is at eight isn’t it?’). (Swann, 2003)
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hot in here, isn’t it?). However, tag questions can just as readily be interpreted as
interactional facilitators, since they may serve to draw listeners into conversation, or even as tools to enshance a confrontational tone (e.g. You do realize you’re late again, don’t you?). (Schilling in Mesthrie, 2011:222)
2.1.3.3 Rising Intonation on Declaratives
Women have more variation in pitch and intonation in general. Also, they tend to exaggerate more and often use a rising intonation in what are considered declarative statements, which creates a sense of uncertainty and indecisiveness. As stated by Lakoff (2004:50), the use of rising intonation indicates that there is unwillingness to be very assertive in carrying an opinion. For example:
a) It’s really good?
b) Oh… it has already six o’clock?
Through this feature, the speaker provides a confirmation since she is unsure if her opinion will be agreed by the addressee so that rising intonation in declaratives is used to show that the speaker leaves the decision open to the addressee in a non-forceful way.
2.1.3.4 ‘Empty’ Adjectives
Women are said to have their own vocabulary for emphasizing certain effects on them, words and expressions. They tend to use adjectives which convey
emotion rather than intellectual thought (‘adorable’, ‘divine’, and the more
contemporary ‘sweet’ and ‘cute’). Some of these adjectives are neutral in which
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Neutral Women Only
Great Adorable Terrific Charming Cool Sweet Neat Lovely
Divine 2.1.3.5 Precise Color Terms
Lakoff stated that women make far more precise discriminations in naming colors than do men; words like beige, ecru, aquamarine, lavender, and so on, are unremarkable in a women’s active vocabulary, but absent from that of most men. We might ask why fine discrimination of color is relevant for women, but not for men. A clue is contained in the way many men in our society view other ‘unworldly’ topics, e.g. high culture and the Church, as outside the world of men's work, relegated to women and men whose masculinity is not unquestionable.
2.1.3.6 Intensifiers
The other feature that is found in women’s speech is intensifiers such as so, just, very, such, or quite. Women are likely to use intensifiers to persuade the
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2.1.3.7 Hypercorrect Grammar
Lakoff notes that women tend to use “hypercorrect” grammar, including standard pronunciations such as going rather than goin’ and avoidance of non-standard forms like ain’t. She holds that women’s language as she describes it is
“weaker” than men’s, and so she is often characterized as taking a “deficit”
approach. This characteristic is related to “superpolite” language. 2.1.3.8 “Superpolite” Form
This is related to the fact that women are supposed to behave and communicate politely and carefully. Women shows their use of super polite form in their speech through several ways, some of them are by having less assertive, making an indirect request, using euphemism, using hypercorrect grammar, and so on. The more particles in a sentence that reinforce the notion that it is a request, rather than an order, the politer the result. Look at the sentences bellow:
a. Close the door. b. Please close the door. c. Will you close the door? d. Will you please close the door? e. Won't you close the door?
Sentence (a) is a direct order, (b) and (c) simple requests, and (d) and (e) compound requests.
2.1.3.9 Avoidance of Strong Swear Words
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forcefully one says how one feels - perhaps, one might say, choice of particle is a function of how strongly one allows oneself to feel about something, so that the strength of an emotion conveyed in a sentence corresponds to the strength of the particle. Look at these sentences:
a. Oh fudge, my hair is on fire. b. Shit, you broke my glasses!
From the examples above, we can see the different between the sentence a and sentence b. We can classify the sentence a as part of ‘women’s language’, then b as ‘men’s language’.
As children, women are encouraged to be ‘little ladies’. (Lakoff, 1973) Little ladies don’t scream as vociferously as little boys, are chastised more severely for throwing tantrums or showing temper: ‘high spirits’ are expected and therefore tolerated in little boys; docility and resignation are the corresponding traits expected of little girls.
2.1.3.10 Emphatic Stress
Emphatic stress is a special stress that is given by the speaker to some word in a sentence, usually to single out, compare, correct, or clarify things. Women like to use emphatic stress to strengthen the strength of an assertion, for
example “Your mother is really kind!” and “It was a brilliant performance”. The
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2.1.4 Possible Factors that Shape the Features of Female Language
The factors that shape the features of female language are not only the influence of physiology and psychology, but also because of the influence of the society and the culture. The difference of social work distribution, cultural factors and social psychological factors are all responsible for the appearance of these characteristics. (Qi Pan, 2011)
2.1.4.1. Social Factors
As language is closely related to social attitudes and it reflects language’s, creators’ and users’ thought as well as attitudes and cultural values. And people’s attitudes are affected by social ideology and their own value orientation, which will, in turn, have great influence on people’s evaluations about objects. Therefore, early linguists’ attitudes towards women’s language are inevitably influenced by their social ideology and value orientation. Specifically speaking, their evaluation about women’s language is based on several social factors: women’s social status, women’s sex role socialization and dominant gender system.
2.1.4.2. Culture Factors
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part discusses many points related to the research method. Research method is used to show how the writer conducts this research. It consists of research design, subjects, instruments, data and data sources, data collection and data analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
The writer used the qualitative research for analyzing this research. The data are in the forms of words and described based on Lakoff’s theory of ten types
of women’s speech features. In this qualitative approach, the research procedure
produced research descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken about behaviors people that can be observed so as to find the truth that is acceptable to human reason. It can be explained that the descriptive research is used to give more information and description about existing condition that occurs at the time of the study.
3.2 Subjects
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Royal Dance School in exchange for rehearsal space in order to win the Street Dance Championships. Second is Aya in Make Your Move’s 2014 movie by Duane Adler. Aya and Donie is a pair of star-crossed dancers in New York fined themselves at the center of a bitter rivalry between their brothers’ underground dance clubs.
3.3 Instruments
The instrument that usesd in this research was the writer herself. She collected the data, conducted, and analyzed the data based on the theories reviewed in the previous chapter.
The writer also used a TV or laptop and headset as the main tools for watching VCD to transcript the data. Next, the researcher used paper, notes, pen, in transcribing the data.
3.4 Data and data sources
The source of the data was the whole of the movie. There are two movies here, Street Dance movie with duration 1 hour 38 minutes 32 second and Make Your Move movie with duration 1 hour 49 minutes 57 seconds.
The writer took online script of those movies as the data was published in YouTube on Google search. The data of this research was all of the utterances that
contain women’s language features were spoken by Carly in Street Dance and
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3.5 Data collection
The writer applies several steps in collecting the data. 3.5.1 First, the writer buys the DVD, because hers was lost.
3.5.2. Second, she downloads the English subtitle and then watches the movie from DVD to get the data. While watching the movie, the writer hears the audio and reads the transcript of the movie to find out the dialogue lines,
which consist of women’s language features, she underlines the script based
on the women utterances.
3.5.3 Then the writer gives some codes in those utterances based on ten women’s language features of Lakoff’s theory.
CODING
LHG Lexical Hedges Or Fillers TQ Tag Questions
RI Rising Intonation On Declaratives EA Empty Adjectives
PC Precise Color Terms I Intensifiers
HG Hypercorrect Grammar SP Superpolite Forms
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3.6 Data analysis
After collecting the data the writer analyzes the data based on the related theories by the following steps:
3.6.1 First, the writer notes the utterances which include categories of women’s language that existed at the movies.
3.6.2 Second, she classifies the data to the types of women’s linguistic features
based on Lakoff’s theory of women’s language to make easier in analyzing
the data.
3.6.3 After that, the writer compares Carly’s and Aya’s language in the same feature. She writes this in the table to make easier for understanding. For example:
Lexical Hedges or Fillers
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
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3.6.5 Next, after knowing the results of the previous analysis, writer can concludes the factors that influence their language, such as their background of life or characterization that made by their director. However, to further reinforce those conclusions, writer will look for other factors through the
whole movie’s story.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the finding and discussion about the data in this research. The writer focuses on the women’s language features used by two female characters in difference movie based on Lakoff’s theory. In this step, the writer wants to analyze and find out the answer of statement of the problem.
4.1 Finding
4.1.1 Women’s Language Features used by Carly in Street Dance movie and
Aya in Make Your Move movie
In this section, the writer analyzes and compares women’s language
features used by Carly in Street Dance movie and Aya in Make Your Move movie
based in Lakoff’s theory. From this, we know what are the similarities and
differences between Carly and Aya’s language feature, although both of them are
woman. There are ten features in Lakoff’s theory, they are lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, superpolite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress.
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We use hedges to soften what we say or write. Hedges are an important part of polite conversation. They make what we say less direct. The most common forms of hedging involve tense and aspect, modal expressions including modal verbs and adverbs, vague language such as sort of and kind of, and some verbs. Another study, for instance, made a distinction between
“fillers” and “hedges”, with sort of classified as a hedge, while well and you see
were described as ‘meaningless particles’ and assigned to the same category as
‘pause fillers’ such us uhm, um, oh, and ah.(Holmes, 2001:286)
After analyzing the lexical hedges or filler feature in the Carly and Aya utterances, the writer found out four hedges in there. They are well, I think/I thought, you know/you knew, and like (see table 4.1.1.1.1, 4.1.1.1.2, 4.1.1.1.3, 4.1.1.1.4 bellow).
Table 4.1.1.1.1 Lexical hedges or fillers “Well”
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
nothing well in Aya utterances. As we know, hedging is one of characteristic of women’s language that can express a lack of confidence and reflect of women’s insecurity about the society around them. Lakoff also said that the use of lexical hedges or fillers by the speakers especially women also indicates that women is not sure about the accuracy of what she is saying. (cited in Fitria’s thesis)
So when Carly said that, there is still uncertainty of what she is saying. For
example, “Well, why don’t you sponsor us?” it indicates that Carly doesn’t brave
enough to say that she asking for a sponsor for her, so she adds well as her hedge. While, there is no well in Aya utterance, it means that Aya always certain with what she talked about. She feels secure about society around them.
Table 4.1.1.1.2 Lexical hedges or filler “I think/I thought”
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
From table above, there are five I think/I thought hedges used by Carly and only once used by Aya. In utterances “I thought you had more ambition”, she used I thought to show that she expected based on her opinion and she was not confidence enough with her statement. It can conclude that I think of hedges for giving support with own argument. Carly more often say I think than Aya. It indicates that Carly feel not more confidence than Aya.
Table 4.1.1.1.3 Lexical hedges or fillers “You know”
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
As shown table 4.1.1.1.3 Carly used four you know hedges, while there are only two you know in Aya utterances. You know is device to get attention or a way
to check with someone’s interaction partner whether they are listening, following,
and attending to the speaker’s saying. (as cited in Ningsih’s thesis from
Umdatun’s thesis)
From table above Carly more often using you know than Aya, it means that she wants to check the focus of her addresses.
Table 4.1.1.1.4 Lexical hedges or fillers “Like”
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
Move movie
00:20:07 Other way round, more like.
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00:27:41 You’re going to make us look like jokers!
- -
00:48:09 I got goose bumps, like.
- -
The last word of lexical hedges that found by the writer is like. Different with previous hedges, in here Carly only used three times like, and Aya only once. Carly used like in “Other way round, more like.” to show a doubt of what has been said. It means that maybe she was in wrong place or maybe not. So, she felt doubt toward her own statement.
4.1.1.2 Taq Question
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they? They look bored stiff.
4.1.1.3 Rising Intonation on Declaratives
Through this feature, the speaker provides a confirmation since she/he is unsure if her/his opinion will be agreed by the addressee so that rising intonation in declaratives is used to show that the speaker leaves the decision open to the addressee in a non-forceful way. Sometimes it has the rising inflection typical of yes-no question and seems like being especially hesitant.
Table 4.1.1.3 Rising Intonation on Declaratives
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
Move movie
00:27:00 Just trainers
tomorrow, yeah?
01:29:43,669 Don’t I get 2 minutes?
From the table above, we know that Carly and Aya is same. They are only
used this feature once. Carly said, “Just trainers tomorrow, yeah?” wants make
sure to Tomas and his friends that she and her team will be practice together with
Tomas and his dance team. While Aya said “Don’t I get 2 minutes?” wants to tell
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4.1.1.4 Intensifiers
Sometimes women, compared with men, use more intensifiers to strengthen what they want to express. This feature like so, just, very, such, or quite often used by women. After analyzing this research, the writer was found
three word of intensifiers feature. They are so, just and much. The writer describes more detail in below:
Table 4.1.1.4.1 Intensifiers “So”
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
Move movie
- - 00:55:33,747 I know. There’s so
much.
- - 01:10:15,336 I was so proud of you
tonight
- - 01:15:41,745 So much hate in his
eyes.
36
37
people
00:23:41 Let’s just have a go.
They’ll be crap.
- -
00:26:36 That’s just the way it is, ballet boy
- -
00:30:54 Spread out. Just move like you are in a club.
- -
00:45:25 I know it’s over with me and the crew and everything, I just wish
you’d of said...
- -
00:54:26 It’s not a game, it’s a battle. Just throw own some moves
- -
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Table 4.1.1.4.3 Intensifiers “Much”
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
Move movie
- - 00:39:30,951 A little too much
bass, if you ask me.
- - 00:44:24,744 But how much of
yourself have you given up?
In this much feature, only Aya was used it. Almost same with so, word much used to give emphasis to her opinions. Here, Aya would like to give
emphasis for her statement in order her hearer certain what she said.
4.1.1.5 Superpolite Forms
Women shows their use of super polite form in their speech through several ways, some of them are by having less assertive, making an indirect request, using euphemism, using hypercorrect grammar, and so on. In this research, the writer found out eight utterances with consists of superpolite form in Carly utterance only.
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please.”, Carly asked tomas to be more relaxed when doing street dance by using super polite forms, in order that Tomas doesn’t have any optional except do what has requested by her.
Table 4.1.1.5 Superpolite Forms
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
40
got something to say.
4.1.1.6 Avoidance of Strong Swear Words
Women are avoided to show her emotional feeling by using some strong words as like shit and hell because as women, they have been chosen by their society to keep the good norm.(cited in Fitria’s thesis)
The writer only found out two utterances in this research. These utterances used by Carly when she talks with Helena, a lecturer in Ballet class. She choose to avoid swear word to respect Helena.
Table 4.1.1.6 Avoidance of Strong Swear Words
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
Move movie
00:18:47 Oh, my God, it’s you guys!
- -
00:21:57 Oh, my God. I’m so sorry.
We’ll pay for the
damage.
- -
4.1.1.7 Emphatic Stress
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things.Women like to use words which are used to emphasize the statement or strengthen the meaning of a statement.
Table 4.1.1.7 Emphatic Stress
Duration Carly in Street Dance
movie
Duration Aya in Make Your
Move movie
00:13:04 No, they’re very good. 00:16:00,292 I’ll take care of my own problems.
00:22:14 This is amazing. 00:30:17,357 No. Let me go!
From table above, Carly and Aya used emphatic stress feature to clarify
their own statement. In utterance “No, they’re very good.” Carly denied Helena’s
statement about Helena’s class ballet is still looks not good enough. Then Carly
used the word “very” to clarify that Helena’s class ballet is great.
4.1.2 Women’s language features used by Carly in ‘Street Dance’ Movie
Women’s language features used by
Carly in Street Dance Movie
Utterance
Lexical Hedges or Fillers 16
Tag Question 10
Rising Intonation on Declaratives 1
‘Empty’ adjectives -
42
Intensifiers 11
‘Hypercorrect’ grammar -
‘Super polite’ Form 8
Avoidance of Strong Swear Words 2
Emphatic Stress 2
Total 50
Based on the data above, the researcher is found any 50 words that
indicate women’s language features. The writer was classified them into seven
women’s language features based on Lakoff’s theory. They are lexical hedges or
fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declaratives, intensifiers,’super polite’
form, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress while the writer doesn’t find that Carly used three types of women’s language features that are precise colors term, ‘empty’ adjectives and ‘hypercorrect’ grammar.
From that seven features, Carly more dominance to use lexical hedges or fillers than other features. From the data (see table 4.1.1.1.1, 4.1.1.1.2, 4.1.1.1.3,
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4.1.3 Women’s Language Features used by Aya in ‘Make Your Move’ Movie
Women’s language features used by
Aya in Make Your Move movie
Utterance
Lexical Hedges or Fillers 4
Tag Question -
Rising Intonation on Declaratives 1
‘Empty’ adjectives -
Precise Colour Term -
Intensifiers 7
‘Hypercorrect’ grammar -
‘Super polite’ Form -
Avoidance of Strong Swear Words -
Emphatic Stress 2
Total 14
Very different with Carly, the writer only found 14 words contained in
Aya’s utterances. Those words, then classifyed become four women’s language
features. They are lexical hedges or fillers, rising intonation on declaratives, intensifiers, and emphatic stress. There are six other features that doesn’t used by Aya that are precise colors term, ‘empty’ adjectives, ‘hypercorrect’ grammar, tag question, ‘super polite’ form, and avoidance of strong swear words.
The women’s language features that dominance used by Aya is Intesifiers.
44
to the word it modifies. Aya used this feature for showing the strong emotions or
making the strong assertions of the speaker, so the hearer cann’t deny or disagree
with her statement. We make a simple meaning that Aya used Intensifiers to persuade her hearers agree with her uttterance.
4.1.4 The Similarities and Differences of Woman’s Language Features between
Carly and Aya
Women’s Language Features
Usage
Carly Aya
Lexical Hedges or Fillers
Tag Question x
Rising Intonation on Declaratives
‘Empty’ adjectives - -
Precise Colour Term - -
Intensifiers
‘Hypercorrect’ grammar - -
‘Super polite’ Form x
Avoidance of Strong Swear Words x
Emphatic Stress
Total 7 Features 4 Features
45
utterance. They are Lexical Hedges or Fillers, Rising Intonation on Declaratives, Intensifiers, and Emphatic Stress. While the difference features between Carly and
Aya, in other word only Carly used it while Aya didn’t use, are taq question, ‘superpolite’ form, and avoidance of strong swear words.
The first similar feature is Lexical Hedges or Fillers. From those data, we know that both of Carly and Aya used hedges to take a moment for thinking about what they would say next. Besides that, they try to avoid make mistakes when they are speaking. In other word they tried to soften their utterances.
Then, Carly and Aya used Rising Intonation to provide a confirmation since they are unsure if their opinion will be agreed by the addressee so that rising intonation in declaratives is used to show that the speaker leaves the decision open to the addressee in a non-forceful way. Simply, we can say that both of them want to get response.
Next, the similar women’s language feature they use is Intensifiers. Carly
and Aya used this feature for showing the strong emotions or making the strong
assertions of the speaker, so the hearer cann’t deny or disagree with her statement.
We make a simple meaning that they used Intensifiers to persuade the hearers agree with their utterance.
46
4.1.5 The Factors that Influence the Differences Women’s Language Features
between Carly and Aya
Before we jump into the analysis, let’s review a little bit about who was
Carly and Aya, and how their lives. 4.1.5.1 Carly in Street Dance movie
In Street Dance movie, told Carly is an independent young woman. She lived with her young brother, Eddie. She worked at one of the food seller’s sandwich shop. She is a street dancer and has a dancing team. After the head of the dance team, her boyfriend, leaving his team in order to join the champion’s dancing team, she was appointed as head of the team replaces Jay. She was confused thinking about the fate of her dancing team.
At a time when she delivered sandwich to the building ballet dancer, she met Mrs. Helena. Then she offered to practice in that building with on requisite. They must dance together with other dancing team that is very different genre
with her, they are ballet’s dancing team. Here she was confused thinking of ways
how makes ballet dancers and street dancers can unite into a beautiful dance. With some creativity and hard work, finally both teams were able to unite presents a beautiful dance in a competition and win it.
4.1.5.2 Aya in Make Your Move movie
47
She has a dream, someday her team can be produced by a famous producer in America. One day he met with Donie, they begin to fall in love. But the obstacles, their older brother hostile to each other. Many problems arise in their lives. Until one day Donie get an idea of how to rebuild his relationship with Aya. Then he held a show. From here everything is well. Aya and Donie get their relationship again. Nick and Kaz forgive each other. And the famous producer was amazed at the appearance of Cobu and plans to soon produce and sponsor them.
4.1.5.3 Factor that Shape Women’s Language Feature
There are some factor that shape the features of female language. They are not only the influence of physiology and psychology, but also because of the influence of the society and the culture. The difference of social work distribution, cultural factors and social psychological factors are all responsible for the appearance of these characteristics. (Qi Pan’s Journal, 2011)
4.1.5.3.1 Social Factors
Specifically speaking, their evaluation about women’s language is based on several social factors: women’s social status, women’s sex role socialization and dominant gender system.
48
Carly definitely use polite language and soften. That is why she is more using
women’s language feature than Aya in her utterances.
Meanwhile, Aya is a dancer who often dances in nightclubs. She often encountered is the world night. Although, she was a music teacher at a primary school, but she did not interact much with her students. Therefore, it is natural that
she very rarely use women’s language feature.
4.1.5.3.2 Culture Factors
The image of women’s language, of course, is closely linked to cultures, like sex discrimination, western women’s subculture and Bible, so is the early evaluations about western women’s language. On the whole, in the sense of culture, their evaluations are affected by such factors, like gender culture, gender ideology and gender stereotypes.
Compared with the social factor, culture factor does not affect the use of
women’s language features in Carly and Aya’s utterances. In the movie was not
told about the cultures that exist in their environment.
4.2 Discussion
Women’s language features used by
Carly and Aya
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Precise Colour Term - -
Intensifiers 11 7
‘Hypercorrect’ grammar - -
‘Super polite’ Form 8 -
Avoidance of Strong Swear Words 2 -
Emphatic Stress 2 2
Total 50 14
Based on table above, the writer was found seven women’s language
features in Carly’s utterance. They are lexical hedges or fillers, tag question,
rising intonation on declaratives, intensifiers,’super polite’ form, avoidance of
strong swear words, and emphatic stress. The dominance features is Lexical
Hedges and Filler with 16 words in her utterances.
In Aya’s utterances, the writer was found only four features. They are
lexical hedges or fillers, rising intonation on declaratives, intensifiers, and
emphatic stress. And the dominance features is Intensifier with 7 words in there.
From this difference, we know that not all women have the same women’s language although they have the same profession. Many factors affect the difference, such as social factors. The environment also affects the differences in
women’s language features used by women. Carly and Aya have similarity
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The Connection between this Research with Islamic Religious
Here, the writer connects the analysis with hadits, as mentioned below: Al-Bukhari in his shahih book number 6475 and Muslim his shahih book number 74 narrated the hadith of Abu Hurairah that the Prophet said.
ْت ْصيل ْوأ اًرْيخ ْلقي ف رخآْا ْويْلاو هَاب نمْؤي اك ْنمو
“Barangsiapa yang beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhir maka hendaknya
dia berkata yang baik atau diam”
“Whoever believes in Allah and the last day then he should speak good or
keep quiet”
Imam Nawawi commented on this hadits when explaining hadits Arba’in. He explains, “Imam Shafi’i explained that the purpose of this hadits is that if someone wanted to say, let him think first. If the predicted words will not bring disadvantages, then please he spoke. However, if the estimated his message would bring disadvantages or doubt, is it bring harm or not?, then he should not talk”.
Some scholars said, “If you were to buy the paper to the angels who record your
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter consists of the conclusion and suggestions. The conclusion is
created based on the research problem’s analysis, while suggestion is purposed to
give information to the next researchers who are in doing further research in this area.
5.1. Conclusion
Based on Lakoff’s theory, there are ten women’s language features, they
are lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declaratives,
‘empty’ adjectives, precise colors term, intensifiers, ‘hypercorrect’ grammar,
‘super polite’ form, avoidance of strong words, and emphatic stress. In this
research, the writer can conclude that she finds only seven features of women’s
speech features used by Carly in Street Dance movie. The total utterance of lexical hedges is sixteen. Rising intonation on declaratives is only one word and taq question in total ten. Next, there are eleven occurring in intensifier, two in super polite form, four in avoidance of strong swear words and the last feature is empathic stress is four. Finally, the total utterances of all features are fifty. But, there are three feature which is not used by Carly, they are precise colors term,
‘empty’ adjectives and ‘hypercorrect’ grammar. Here Carly more often uses
lexical hedges or fillers than other features.
Meanwhile, the writer finds four women’s language features only used by
52
intonation on declaratives, intensifiers, and emphatic stress. Lexical hedges or fillers is appear four times in her utterances. Rising intonation on declaratives only once used by Aya. There are seven words in intensifiers and two words in emphatic stress There are six other features that doesn’t used by Aya that are precise colors term, ‘empty’ adjectives, ‘hypercorrect’ grammar, tag question,
‘super polite’ form, and avoidance of strong swear words. The women’s language
features that dominance used by Aya is Intesifiers.
From the data analysis, the writer having done discussion and find that only four similar feature they used in their utterance. They are Lexical Hedges or Fillers, Rising Intonation on Declaratives, Intensifiers, and Emphatic Stress. While the difference features between Carly and Aya, in other word only Carly used it while Aya didn’t use, are taq question, ‘superpolite’ form, and avoidance of strong swear words. This similarity and differences is caused social factor. In social, Carly is often interacting to others who have different professions with her, from lower until higher class. That is why she is more using women’s language feature than Aya in her utterances.
Meanwhile, Aya is a dancer who often dances in nightclubs. She often encountered is the world night. Therefore, it is natural that she very rarely use
women’s language feature.
5.2 Suggestion
53
based on Lakoff theory, we can know the way a woman interact with other through her language choice in her utterance.
The writer wants to give some suggestions for the readers and the next
writer. Firstly, in order to enrich our knowledge about women’s language features
and their purposes or functions. The writer suggests making the different research
with her using different theory as possible or still use Lakoff’s theory with
supported by other linguists that define Lakoff’s theory. Second, taking the data
from other source such as analyze women’s language features that used by people
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