ABSTRACT
Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King’s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper’s The King’s Speech. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
The study of discourse analysis in this research reveals the power of language use to overcome someone’s disorder. Through the proper approach, the discourse analysis can be the means to analyze the significance of the language use to overcome the stuttering that is part of the psychological disorder. Through its interaction between the therapist and the king, the discourse analysis has abundant examples in the power of language use.
The approaches of this research are Halliday’s Systemic Functional
Grammar (SFG) and Gee’s Seven Building Tasks of Language (SBTL). Two
research questions are employed to reach the goal of the research. They are (1) What discourse implies the power of language in the interaction between the therapist and the king? and (2) How does the power of language overcome the king’s stuttering compared with the standard treatment?
The type of the research is discourse analysis. The supported theory is stuttering as the psychological disorder to examine the activities that are in the language use implementation. Furthermore, the interaction that is part of the treatment is the main object to be analyzed through the SFG (Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual process) and SBTL (significance, activities, identities, relationships, connections, politics, and system and knowledge). The data collection uses the first cycle that is included twelve (12) parts of interaction only between the therapist and the king.
The language use related to the significances, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connection and sign system and knowledge reveals that the therapist’s intention toward the king. They acquire the equality during the treatment. The Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual show the dynamic process during the interaction by analyzing the clause using the process of doing-and-happening, feeling and the token; the Mood system and Tone; and marked and unmarked theme selection. By implementing SFG and SBTL, this research has proven that discourse analysis that is conducted in the significant chunk of clause
reveals the power of language use in overcoming the king’s stuttering. The actual
standard treatment combined the mental approach and distractive method is proved to match with the process in the movie.
ABSTRAK
Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King’s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper’s The King’s Speech . Yogyakarta: Program Pasca-Sarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Analisa wacana pada studi ini menunjukkan kekuatan dari penggunaan bahasa untuk menyembuhkan penyakit seseorang. Melalui pendekatan yang tepat, analisa wacana dapat menjadi alat penghubung untuk menganalisa penggunaan bahasa yang signifikan untuk menyembuhkan kegagapan yang adalah bagian dari penyakit psikologi. Melalui interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja, analisa wacana sangat kaya dengan sampel-sampel akan kekuatan penggunaan bahasa.
Pendekatan pada penelitian ini antara lain Fungsi Grammar Terpadu milik Halliday dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa milik Gee. Dua pertanyaan digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Mereka adalah (1) Wacana apa yang mengimplikasikan kekuatan dari bahasa pada interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja? dan (2) Bagaimana kekuatan bahasa dapat menyembuhkan kegagapan raja dibandingkan dengan perawatan standar?
Jenis dari penelitian ini adalah analisa wacana yang adalah penelitian mengenai penggunaan bahasa. Teori yang mendukung adalah teori mengenai kegagapan yang merupakan penyakit psikologis untuk membuktikan aktifitas-aktifitas di dalam implementasi penggunaan bahasa. Selanjutnya, proses interaksi yang merupakan bagian dari terapi adalah objek utama untuk dianalisa melalui Fungsi Grammar Terpadu (Transitivity, Interpersonal dan Textual) dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa (Kepentingan, Aktifitas, Identitas, Hubungan, Koneksi, Politik dan Sistem Tanda dan Pengetahuan). Pengumpulan data menggunakan siklus pertama termasuk didalamnya dua belas (12) bagian interaksi hanya antara si terapis dan sang raja.
mengkombinasikan pendekatan batin dan metode distraksi telah membuktikan bahwa kedua metode ini cocok dengan metode yang ada di dalam film.
i
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
THE THERAPIST AND THE KING IN OVERCOMING THE
KING’S STUTTERING DISORDER IN
TOM HOOPER’S
THE
KING’S SPEECH
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies
by
Nurvita Wijayanti Student Number: 146332019
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is a delightful opportunity for me to express my deepest gratitude to all of those who have supported me in accomplishing this thesis. Firstly, my deepest gratitude goes to Allah SWT for showing me the light to have my courage finishing this thesis.
I present the best gratitude to my lovely advisor Dr. B.B Dwijatmoko, M.A. for his guidance and patience. He has been a good advisor who has listened
and shared opinion regarding the ideas contributing in this thesis. Great thanks also go to Dr. Francis Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A. and Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum who give me a fruitful contribution to my thesis as the second readers.
I dedicate this thesis to my lovely parents, Martini Lastianingsih, S.H and (alm) Pranoto, S.H, and siblings, Fajar Putra Pradika and Yudanti Kurnia Dewi, who are always be my motivation whenever I am about to give up finishing this thesis. Their endless love indeed works to keep up my encouragement and spirit.
Many thanks are also presented to all people in English Language Studies especially batch 2014, batch 2015, all the staff, and lecturers. People who are helpful in any condition: Mas Adit, Ruly and Indra. Last but not least, I present this thesis to my life time best friends: Wuri Handayaningsih, Sabina Pristiwati, Redys Febrianti, Hafsyah, Edwin Sugara, Rudi Irawan, Billy Talusakata, Josephine Dewi, Theresia Respati, Ch. Eli Indriyani, Dangin, Wasisti Argo T.R, Sisilia Endah L. for their best support from afar.
vii
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a
single step
viii
Page of Dedication
ix
Table of Contents
COVER PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGE ...Error! Bookmark not defined. STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI UNTUK KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v
PAGE OF DEDICATION ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
ABSTRACT ... xii
ABSTRAK ... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Question ... 6
1.3 Research Objectives ... 6
1.4 Research Benefits... 8
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 10
2.1 Discourse Analysis... 10
2.1.1 Written Text ... 12
2.1.2 Implicature ... 12
2.2 Seven Building Tasks of Language Use ... 13
2.2.1 Significance ... 13
2.2.2 Activities ... 14
2.2.3 Identities ... 14
2.2.4 Relationships ... 15
2.2.5 Politics ... 15
2.2.6 Connections ... 16
2.2.7 Sign System and Knowledge ... 16
2.3 Systemic Functional Grammar ... 17
2.3.1 Ideational Function (Transitivity) ... 17
2.3.2 Interpersonal Function ... 18
x
2.4 Stuttering as Psychological Disorder ... 21
2.4.1 The Treatment for Stutterers ... 26
2.4.3.1 Valsalva Mechanism ... 26
2.4.3.2 The Van Riperian Method ... 28
2.5 Related studies ... 29
2.6 Theoretical framework ... 30
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 32
3.1 Research Type ... 32
3.2 Research Object ... 32
3.3 Research Data ... 33
3.4 Data analysis ... 34
3.4.1 Seven Building Tasks of Language ... 35
3.4.2 Systemic Functional Grammar ... 37
CHAPTER IV: RESULT AND DISCUSSION... 39
4.1 Discourse of the Script of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King. ... 39
4.1.1 Seven Building Tasks of Language ... 39
4.1.1.1 Significance ... 41
4.1.1.2 Activities ... 45
4.1.1.3 Identities ... 50
4.1.1.4 Relationships ... 53
4.1.1.5 Politics ... 54
4.1.1.6 Connections ... 55
4.1.1.7 Sign System and Knowledge ... 56
4.1.2 Ideational Function ... 58
4.1.2.1 Material Process ... 60
4.1.2.2 Mental Process ... 63
4.1.2.3 Relational Process ... 65
4.1.3 Interpersonal Function ... 66
4.1.4 Textual Function ... 82
4.2 The Power of Language to Overcome the Stuttering Compared with the Standard Treatment ... 97
xi
5.1 Conclusion ... 102
5.2 Suggestion ... 105
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 106
APPENDICES ... 111
Appendix 1 Ideational Process ... 111
TABLE 1.1 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 1 int. logue‟s consultation room - day ... 111
TABLE 1.2 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 2 int. logue‟s consultation room - new day ... 117
TABLE 1.3 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 4 int. logue‟s consultation room – continuous ... 121
TABLE 1.4 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 6 int. logue‟s consultation room, harley street - new day ... 126
TABLE 1.5 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 7 ext. regent‟s park ornamental garden – day ... 129
TABLE 1.6 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 13. int. westminster abbey - that night ... 131
TABLE 1.7 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 14. int. bertie‟s study, buckingham palace – day ... 137
TABLE 1.8 IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION : part 16. int. broadcasting booth – day .. ... 140
APPENDIX 2 INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION ... 145
TABLE 2.1 INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION: part 1 int. logue‟s consultation room - day ……….. ... 145
xii
ABSTRACT
Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King‟s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper‟s The King‟s Speech. Yogyakarta: Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
The study of discourse analysis in this research reveals the power of
language use to overcome someone‟s disorder. Through the proper approach, the
discourse analysis can be the means to analyze the significance of the language use to overcome the stuttering that is part of the psychological disorder. Through its interaction between the therapist and the king, the discourse analysis has abundant examples in the power of language use.
The approaches of this research are Halliday‟s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and Gee‟s Seven Building Tasks of Language (SBTL). Two research questions are employed to reach the goal of the research. They are (1) What discourse implies the power of language in the interaction between the therapist and the king? and (2) How does the power of language overcome the king‟s stuttering compared with the standard treatment?
The type of the research is discourse analysis. The supported theory is stuttering as the psychological disorder to examine the activities that are in the language use implementation. Furthermore, the interaction that is part of the treatment is the main object to be analyzed through the SFG (Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual process) and SBTL (significance, activities, identities, relationships, connections, politics, and system and knowledge). The data collection uses the first cycle that is included twelve (12) parts of interaction only between the therapist and the king.
The language use related to the significances, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connection and sign system and knowledge reveals that the
therapist‟s intention toward the king. They acquire the equality during the
treatment. The Transitivity, Interpersonal and Textual show the dynamic process during the interaction by analyzing the clause using the process of doing-and-happening, feeling and the token; the Mood system and Tone; and marked and unmarked theme selection. By implementing SFG and SBTL, this research has proven that discourse analysis that is conducted in the significant chunk of clause
reveals the power of language use in overcoming the king‟s stuttering. The actual standard treatment combined the mental approach and distractive method is proved to match with the process in the movie.
xiii
ABSTRAK
Nurvita Wijayanti. 2016. Discourse Analysis of the Interaction between the Therapist and the King in Overcoming the King‟s Stuttering Disorder in Tom Hooper‟s The King‟s Speech . Yogyakarta: Program Pasca-Sarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Analisa wacana pada studi ini menunjukkan kekuatan dari penggunaan bahasa untuk menyembuhkan penyakit seseorang. Melalui pendekatan yang tepat, analisa wacana dapat menjadi alat penghubung untuk menganalisa penggunaan bahasa yang signifikan untuk menyembuhkan kegagapan yang adalah bagian dari penyakit psikologi. Melalui interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja, analisa wacana sangat kaya dengan sampel-sampel akan kekuatan penggunaan bahasa.
Pendekatan pada penelitian ini antara lain Fungsi Grammar Terpadu milik Halliday dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa milik Gee. Dua pertanyaan digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. Mereka adalah (1) Wacana apa yang mengimplikasikan kekuatan dari bahasa pada interaksi antara si terapis dan sang raja? dan (2) Bagaimana kekuatan bahasa dapat menyembuhkan kegagapan raja dibandingkan dengan perawatan standar?
Jenis dari penelitian ini adalah analisa wacana yang adalah penelitian mengenai penggunaan bahasa. Teori yang mendukung adalah teori mengenai kegagapan yang merupakan penyakit psikologis untuk membuktikan aktifitas-aktifitas di dalam implementasi penggunaan bahasa. Selanjutnya, proses interaksi yang merupakan bagian dari terapi adalah objek utama untuk dianalisa melalui Fungsi Grammar Terpadu (Transitivity, Interpersonal dan Textual) dan Tujuh Tugas Pembentukan Bahasa (Kepentingan, Aktifitas, Identitas, Hubungan, Koneksi, Politik dan Sistem Tanda dan Pengetahuan). Pengumpulan data menggunakan siklus pertama termasuk didalamnya dua belas (12) bagian interaksi hanya antara si terapis dan sang raja.
xiv
mengkombinasikan pendekatan batin dan metode distraksi telah membuktikan bahwa kedua metode ini cocok dengan metode yang ada di dalam film.
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language consists of several disciplines such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Each discipline studies the different perspectives therefore it reveals the basic language studies in linguistics. In order to analyze the implication of language use, those knowledge are not enough to cover the study, therefore, discourse study is needed in order to analyze the language use since language is a way of behaving and making others behave and therefore the linguist must concern himself with the verbal process in the context of the situation (Nunan, 1992).
From the previous explanation, discourse analysis is a good start to learn about linguistic knowledge that can cover the whole knowledge. Discourse focuses on the use of language. It can be in spoken or written texts. Discourse is a unit of language above and beyond a mere accumulation of sounds, morphemes, words, clauses and sentences (Fasold & Jeff, 2006).
grammar is worth to analyze rather than traditional explanations of grammar which is known as sentence-based (Paltridge, 2006).
The King‟s Speech is the object of this research. The movie has been
released in 2010 starring Firth Collin as the King George VI and Geoffrey Rush as the unorthodox therapist, Lionel Logue. Edward, the favored son of the father George V has fallen in love with a divorced commoner therefore he gives up his position as the crowned king. It is Albert, Edward‟s younger brother who will be the next king. The problem is that Albert has stuttering disorder and it is his duty to give a speech in front of the people in order to gain the nation fortitude and trust. In this emergency, stutter is a symbol of national shame. Albert consults Lionel Logue as a speech therapist. Their process of interaction is the heart of the movie and the triumph of how their relationship becomes the main focus in the movie and therefore becomes the object of the analysis of discourse.
Journals discuss the theories on how to overcome with the disorder especially the appropriate curing done by the therapist. Those theories are used in applying the activity relating to the curing in the sufferer especially in this study. What makes this present study different with the other studies is that the way the researcher analyzes the language use of the interaction between the therapist, who applies his unorthodox treatment, and the king. At the end of the movie, the therapist has succeeded applying his treatment to the king. Therefore, the writer would like to analyze the way the therapist treats the king by using his unorthodox exercises through the discourse analysis
The other researches relating to the movie The King‟s Speech have existed. The researchers are mostly talk about the discourse but in different perspectives and approaches. The writer has found one article, one journal and one thesis to be used to compare the originality of this study. The studies are from Bernard Frankel, Saima Karim and Riha Rahma Mufida.
Bernard Frankel writes an article comparing the two movies; The King‟s Speech and The Fighter in order to review the two academy award selections. He has been composed the journal on 2011. He analyzes those two movies in finding the similarity of system theory meeting the object relations during the behavioral exercises. It compares those two movies as the struggle in disorder and how the process becomes the crucial part of the overcoming the disorders; Albert with his
stutter and Micky‟s masochism. It also shows the relation between brothers;
Albert with Edward and Micky with Dicky (Frankel, 2011).
the previous one. It analyzes the power of language in the movie King‟s Speech. It turns out that the relationship between language and social inequality is the idea that some expressions of language are valued more than others in a way that is associated with some people being more valued than others and some ideas expressed by people through language being more valued than others (Karim, 2015).
The last study is from Riha Rahma Mufida in her thesis titled The Discourse of The King‟s Speech Film by Tom Hooper. This research uses
Cultural Studies as the approach to the discourse analysis. It uses the qualitative data analysis and data analysis techniques descriptively and interpretatively. Other than using Cultural Studies approach, it uses the hermeneutic approach (Mufida, 2015).
This present research focuses on the discourse analysis that contributes the application of English Linguistics as a part of everyday use through language. It implies that linguistics also has to be aware of the non-linguistic knowledge to be able to go together as a combination of knowledge. The language that the therapist uses in the movie is the target of the research. It also includes the gestures and the exercises through the treatment.
the richness of language use is the significant aspect in communication and social interaction. Moreover, the unorthodox method that is introduced by the therapist enriches the analysis with the knowledge of the psychological aspect.
Two main recent approaches of discourse analysis are introduced. They are Seven Building Tasks of Language and Systemic Functional Grammar. In Seven Building Tasks of Language, the language and its task are not just about conveying information, but also it is used to build seven reality in discourse. They are its significance, activities, identities, relationships, connections, politics, and sign system and knowledge (Gee, 2011). Systemic Functional Grammar is the recent theory to analyze the discourse analysis as one of many approaches. It deals with language study using clause as the main object of the analysis. Each clause represents the purpose namely clause as message, clause as exchange and clause as representation (Halliday, 2004).
The approach of the discourse analysis is the use of the structure of
language, thus Gee‟s Seven Building Tasks of Language and Halliday‟s Systemic
Functional Grammar are supported the analysis. Using the Seven Building Tasks
of Language, the researcher is going to find the seven areas of „reality‟ that the
Using The King‟s Speech movie to analyze the language use is essential in contributing to the field of overcoming stuttering with particular approach that is introduced by the therapist. Moreover, this movie is based on the true story that can be confirmed through its originality of the treatment. The linguistic contribution also strengthens the analysis in discourse analysis using Seven Building Tasks of Language and Systemic Functional Grammar. The supported theory of stuttering as a psychological disorder confirms the background of the
king‟s stuttering.
1.2 Research Question
There are two research questions relating to the study of discourse analysis in the movie titled The King‟s Speech by Tom Hooper in 2010.
1. What discourse implies the power of language in the interaction between the therapist and the king?
2. How does the power of language overcome the king‟s stuttering compared with the standard treatment?
1.3 Research Objectives
The power of language has significant role in order to overcome the stuttering. It is used by the therapist to treat the king. The chunk of language is the product of the power of language. Based on the questions, there are two objectives in this research.
order to analyze the language use are accentuated in this research. The use of clause is also analyzed based on the representation, message and exchange. Therefore, the discourse practice is analyzed through the element of language use and the representation of the clauses.
The second objective is to figure out how the chunk of the language really
works in order to overcome the king‟s stuttering. The chunk of language, in this
case, has been analyzed through the discourse. By having the analyzed data, this objective wants to accentuate the part of the language that has the powerful significance to overcome the stuttering.
The third objective is that the Seven Building Tasks of Language is used to assess the language use. It represents the way the language has contribution by revealing the use of it. The Systemic Functional Grammar also contributes the discussion by having the clause as representative, message and exchange. Those two theories are used to be the empirical data and therefore they are used to relate how the
Analyzing the discourse analysis gives an advantage on how to reveal the language use. The language use is revealed to accentuate the power. The power
means how the language has a control to overcome somebody‟s disorder. The
disorder is the speech disorder or stuttering. By using Seven Building Tasks of Language and Systemic Functional Grammar, the research achieves the empirical study to be able to figure out the structure of language that is significant in
overcoming the king‟s stuttering through the interaction between the therapist and
1.4 Research Benefits
Relating to the research question that the writer presents, there is one
research benefit. It relates to the effective result of the therapist healing the king‟s
stuttering problem. The writer gains the knowledge how to deal with the same case since the movie is based on the true story relating to psychological approach and discourse analysis.
Theoretically, discourse analysis gives the knowledge of what goes beyond the text. It means that language especially the spoken language that is spoken casually in the movie is the language that contains a lot of meaning. The meaning can be explicit. It is when the meaning can easily be caught. It is implicit meaning when catching the meaning; it has to be analyzed through the context. Discourse analysis offers the help with particular approach. The approaches that are used in this research help to reveal the implicit meaning.
Seven Building Tasks of Language uses social language which is informal language to emphasize the casualty. It uses conversation in order to focus on the form of the text. It uses discourses to focus on the social context which is between the therapist as the ordinary person and the king as the member of royal family. Lastly, it also uses the intertextuality to find out other references outside the text.
The benefit using Systemic Functional Grammar is that the researcher can gain the knowledge linguistically through the process of ideational, interpersonal and textual. Through ideational process, it shows the significance that is revealed through the process of doing-and-happening, process of sensing and process of
method and the king‟s process of accepting the treatment. Interpersonal function
10 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents theories related to the research. The theories are taken from books, journals and websites about discourse analysis including seven building tasks of language and systemic functional grammar. Other supported theories are stuttering theory as psychological disorder and neurology to find the comparison in the standard treatment.
2.1 Discourse Analysis
The theory of discourse that is used in this research is the discourse analysis as a part of language use.
Language is not mere matter of means of communication, but it also shows the identity of the speakers. It is described through the way the social group talks (the street gang talks or the way the doctor talks), cultures (Native American talks or African – American talks), or institution (universities talk or government talks) differ to each other. They have different style of language. Therefore, in this case, language
shows the speaker‟s identity (Gee, 2011).
Gee emphasizes that language cannot only be used as only for communicating
and knowing each other‟s intention, but also the identity of the speaker. When
using certain type of language, the speaker actually shows his/her identity. In addition, the speaker also can change the way of speaking in a certain style of language. The examples of the style of language are given by Gee in the way the social group talks, cultural talks and institutional talks.
Furthermore, the speaker can change the way he/she speaks to adjust with the environment he/she is engaged with.
circumstances. You also project yourself as engaged in a certain practice or activity (Gee, 2011).
That is the way the discourse works. One person can share different styles of language depending on the circumstances that the person has. Indeed, it is important to adjust the style for being in one style of language; one person can be so outrageous when delivering his/her language to another style of language.
Gee also states that “Language not only defines the information. Through
the words or chunk of language, it can be used as the rule to practice what is
written or spoken through language” (Gee, 2011). Therefore, the language that is
used can be in written and spoken form.
The other theories support the previous theory above. Discourse that is in the form of written and spoken is structured as different patterns.
In many cases, underlying the word „discourse‟ is the general idea that language is structured according to different patterns that people‟s utterances follow when they take part in different domains of social life (Jorgensen and Phillips, 2002).
The term “pattern” means the style of language. The domains of social life
represent the different context when the style of language is used. It depends on the circumstances that the language is used in different context.
In a linguistic perspective, “discourse examines how humans use language
to communicate and, in particular, how addressers construct linguistic messages for addresses and how addressees work on linguistic messages in order to
interpret them” (Brown & Yule, 1983).
literature, media and web based material. In other words, “discourse analysis
studies how large chunks of language beyond the sentence level are organized,
how the social transaction imposes a framework on discourse” (Cutting, 2002). It
has traditionally covered the topics of exchange structure. Or, it is how certain situations have fixed sequences in the overall framework of the exchange. The last is that conversation structure on how what one speaker says can influence the
next speaker‟s response.
2.1.1 Written Text
The object to analyze the discourse analysis is definitely the text. The text,
in general, is “to refer to the verbal record of a communication act” (Brown &
Yule, 1983). The text used is the text that is spoken or written. The written text is
“the printed record that is familiar in the study of literature” (Brown & Yule,
1983).
In the written text, the speaking part should be clear in order to understand
the tone and intonation. “It is necessary to replicate punctuation conventions, as
well as the lineation, in which indicates the change of speaker” (Brown & Yule, 1983). Therefore, the written text should also show the technic in speaking so that the readers are able to know the dynamic in speaking.
2.1.2 Implicature
Discourse analysis relates the study with the pragmatic study. Brown and
Yule state that “such an approach brings into consideration a number of issues
which do not generally receive much attention in the formal linguist‟s description
of sentential syntax and semantics” (Brown and Yule, 1983). Implicature, then,
Implicature becomes the proper choice for the discourse analyst to start with the text to be analyzed.
As a brief account of how the term „implicature‟ is used in discourse
analysis, we have summarized the important points in Grice‟s proposal.
We would like to emphasis the fact that the implicatures are pragmatic aspects of meaning and have certain identifiable characteristics. They are partially derived from the conventional or literal meaning of an utterance, produced in a specific context which is shared by the speaker and the hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxims (Brown and Yule, 1983).
An analyst should consider two things in analyzing the implicature in the text. They are the conventional and literal meaning of an utterance and the specific context which is shared by the speaker and the hearer of the Cooperative Principle and its maxim. The language use is accentuated in considering the specific context. Moreover the maxims are used to fence the analysis.
2.2 Seven Building Tasks of Language Use
The seven building tasks of language use are introduced by James Paul Gee in 2011. Those Seven Building Tasks of Language are used to answer the
questions relating to the discourse analysis. The „task‟ shows the action to build
the language to be used to reveal the seven areas that are important in conveying the hidden meaning. The explanation of each thing is on below ones.
2.2.1 Significance
The significant of such a sentence that might be the focus of the analysis can be used. Then, it becomes the standard of the rest of the analysis using this significance. However, the significance is not only in the form of a sentence but also in situation.
2.2.2 Activities
Once the significance has been confirmed, the next is finding the activities that show the significance. The focus is only the activities that acquire the
significance. The explanation is like to explain the „chicken or egg‟ question that
is near to the explanation of significance and activities.
When people think about practices, people confront a significant “chicken
and egg” sort of question. “What people say, do, and are in using language enacts
practices. At the same time, what people say, do, and are would have no meaning unless these practices already existed. The answer to this chicken and egg question is this: Language and practices “boot strap” each other into existence in
a reciprocal process through time.” (Gee, 2011).
2.2.3 Identities
People use language to get recognized as taking on a certain identity or
role, that is, to build an identity here and now. “People often enact their identities
by speaking or writing in such a way as to attribute a certain identity to others, an identity that people explicitly or implicitly compare or contrast to our own.
People build identities for others as a way to build ones for themselves” (Gee,
2011).
the most valid way to find the identities. Through identities, the ones can show the power or even the opposite.
2.2.4 Relationships
“People use language to signal what sort of relationship they have, want to
have, or are trying to have with their listener(s), reader(s), or other people, groups, or institutions about whom they are communicating. People use language
to build social relationships” (Gee, 2011). It mostly shows the way people use the
formal or informality in using language.
The formality is shown in the way people with certain identities address each other. They can use polite address for the people of higher level of degree or status. Otherwise, the people who have the close relationship might address the others with less formal circumstances.
2.2.5 Politics
People use language to convey a perspective on the nature of the distribution of social goods, that is, to build a perspective on social goods. “Social goods are potentially at stake any time we speak or write so as to state or imply
that something or someone is “adequate,” “normal,” “good,” or “acceptable” (or
the opposite) in some fashion important to some group in society or society as a
whole” (Gee, 2011). In other words, through this politic aspect, people can see
the hidden values that the language wants to reveal.
2.2.6 Connections
People use language to give certain things connected or relevant (or not) to other things, that is, to build connections or relevance. Things are not always
inherently connected or relevant to each other. Often, “people have to make such
connections. Even when things seem inherently connected or relevant to each
other, people can use language to break or mitigate such connections” (Gee,
2011).
Connection shows the importance of language being used in certain purpose. The purpose can be different to each person but the person to whom someone wants to connect has to be the same and has the significance purpose. The communication connects successfully when the people share the same connection in what they communicate about.
2.2.7 Sign System and Knowledge
“People can use language to make certain sign systems and certain forms
of knowledge and belief relevant or privileged, or not, in given situations. It is to
build privilege or prestige for one sign system or way of knowing over another”
(Gee, 2011). It is the same to reveal identity but in more detail to show sign and system in it. Moreover, Gee suggests preceding the analysis with the help of
Halliday‟s theory in Systemic Functional Grammar.
In The King‟s Speech, all of the seven building tasks of language can be used in order to reveal the hidden message of language use. That language use is
what the therapist implicitly uses to heal the king‟s stuttering. The power of
2.3 Systemic Functional Grammar
“The systemic functional grammar aims to describe and explain the
meaning-making resources of modern English. It includes on deciding what parts
of the grammar to cover” (Halliday, 2004). Therefore it can be analyzed and
interpreted through text.
The interpersonal, the ideational and the textual function are known as the
metafunctions (semantic functions). It is said “how each metafunction is realized
through choices from major systems at the lexicogrammatical stratum. The indication is shown in the experiential metafunction that is described in Transitivity choices, the Interpersonal metafunction in mood choices and the
Textual metafunction through Theme choices” (Eggins, 2004).
2.3.1 Ideational Function (Transitivity)
This function has several advantages in unraveling the meaning of language that is being used. By using ideational function, the language can be analyzed through the symbolic code, cultural experience and even the individual experience based on the consciousness.
Ideational function is the same as the transitivity process because ideational is the clause as representation, thus transitivity structures express representational meaning; what the clause is about, which is typically some process, with associated participants and circumstances (Halliday, 2004).
used to unravel the meaning in the clause since English has six types of process namely material, mental, verbal, relational, behavioral, and existential.
Material clauses are clauses of doing and happening, therefore a material
process tries to understand the unit of change in the flow of events as taking place through some input of energy. Mental clauses are concerned with the experience of the world based on the consciousness. This process wants to sense the flowing
from a person‟s consciousness but not to sense the material act. Relational
clauses are meant to characterize and to identify the use of clauses. It is the process of being and having. Behavioural clauses are the process of physiological and psychological behavior like breathing, coughing, smiling, dreaming and staring. They are partly like the material and partly like mental. Verbal clauses contribute to the creation of narrative by making it possible to set
up dialogue. It is often used to develop accounts of dialogue on the model passage. The last process is existential clauses which represent that something exists or happens. (Halliday, 2004).
2.3.2 Interpersonal Function
Interpersonal function analyzes the relationship with the addressee. Therefore, it uses the language to express social and personal relation. It also analyzes the interaction between the speaker and the addressee. The tools that can be used to analyze the interpersonal analysis are Mood as system, Mood and Tone and Modality.
Mood is composed by Subject and Finite that are linked together. Then, the remainder of the clause is called Residue that has been labeled as
characteristic expression of a statement, interrogative that is a question, exclamative and imperative (Halliday, 2004).
Mood and Tone have significant role in finding the relational process in discourse analysis. The consideration is on the choice of the tone, the melodic contour of the tone group: whether the pitch is falling or rising, or neither, or some combination of the two. Falling and rising become the fundamental opposition in which falling tone means certainty, rising tone means the opposite. Table 1.2.3.1 Tone and Pitch Movement
Tone Symbol Pitch Movement
Simple Tone 1 Falling
Tone 2 Rising
Tone 3 Level (actually
showing a low rise in pitch
Tone 4 Falling-rising
Tone 5 Rising-falling
(Halliday, 2004)
the same like offering that is in tone 3. Last is exclamative that is in tone 5 something that is contrary to expectation (Halliday, 2004).
2.3.3 Textual Function
The textual and interpersonal functions are in the part of clause as message that is promoted by systemic functional grammar. The clause tries to understand an expression of human experience: processes, participants, and circumstances. Themes contain one and only one of these elements which is called Topical Theme.
The rest is the example of multiple themes with several elements in a
sentence such “Well but then surely Jean wouldn‟t the best idea be to join in”
(Halliday, 2004). The analysis of the sentence can be interpreted through Topical
Theme. “Well” is textual and continuative that signals a move in discourse or a
transition in the same speaker‟s turn. “But” is textual, conjunction Links or
subordinates two clauses. “Then” is textual and conjunctive Adjunct that is part
of Adverbial or Prepositional groups that relate the clause to previous text.
“Surely” is interpersonal, modal comment Adjunct. It is the expressions of the
speaker‟s judgment on the content of the message. “Jean” is interpersonal,
vocative. It is typically personal names used to address. “Wouldn‟t” is
interpersonal, Finite verbal operator. It is part of auxiliary verbs that tries to understand tense and modality; also typical unmarked Themes of yes/no interrogatives.
If the speakers want to establish the clause in a setting (textual function) or explain his attitude to it (interpersonal), such expressions are the natural way to
think about this”. The variations in word order inside clauses can be accounted
for some reasons. It is known that initial position in the English clause is meaningful since it has a Thematic function. Certain textual element orients the clause logically that means they are inherently thematic. Other textual and interpersonal elements are used to relate semantically the clause with preceding
text or to express the speaker‟s angle. It also means they are characteristically
thematic. The last characteristic of thematic category is, of course, wh-elements.
2.4 Stuttering as Psychological Disorder
“Stuttering is disorder of the flow of speaking with the high frequency of
repetition or longing for voice, syllables or words that happens to the people who
have difficulty to start even a word” (Bogue, 2009).
When the stuttering happens, it can be followed by a feeling of suffocating, heavy breath (Shell, 2005), fast blinking, vibration on the lips and jaw, or struggling on face or upper body as an effort to speak. In a particular situation, like talking to a group of people or superior people, the stutterers tend to worsen the stuttering (Mahr & Torosian, 1991). However, in a certain situation like singing or speaking by themselves, it is able to improve the fluency in speaking (Parker & Parker, 2002).
If people with stuttering can easily sing and speak alone fluently, it means that they do not have organic malfunction or organic inherent. If the activity of fluent singing and speaking alone can be proved, the disorder is part of mental not physical disorder (Bogue, 2009).
for children as the earlier symptom of stuttering. On the age of 6 to 8, children who receive many critics from their environment create the worse stuttering (Guitar, 2006). According to Bogue, critics from the environment are for example high frequency of critics from own parents (Bogue, 2009). On the teenager stage, the feeling of frustration or embarrassing moment that has relation with stuttering can create the negative feeling and behavior (Guitar, 2006).
The comparison of people with stuttering is 4:1 for male and female (Broen & Coleman, 1973) that has the relation with the childhood trauma (Bogue, 2009). This is caused by three main things. First, during the childhood, they have different congenital born in the ability in language and speaking. Second, parents, family members and others react differently toward the male children than female ones. Last, male has possibility to have stuttering than the female as basically male has different reaction to others (Conture & Guitar, 2007).
The research says that the arising of the stutterer disorder is from a deep-seated dysphemia, from emotional conflict in which the hesitant speech reflects an underlying anxiety, and from environmental factors which tend to interfere
with the child‟s mastery of the fluency aspect of speech learning (Riper, 1963).
Based on the explanation, the stuttering that is being discussed in this study is the stuttering that is part of the psychological disorder. The psychological disorder shows the trauma of the previous stage of life.
walking straightly. Therefore, Riper says that besides shock, fright and illness, the stuttering may be depicted by many kinds of symbolic and cumulative factors (Riper, 1963). Symbol shows the emotional causes that the stuttering focuses in situations that symbolize the conflict.
The other reason why someone can have stuttering is because of depression. Depression has also been considered a possible process that may occur with stuttering (Gayle & Back, 2013). Depression is characterized by five
or more symptoms that are not similar to one‟s previous functioning during a two
week period. The examples are like depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, insomnia and loss of energy.
Anxiety has been the common characteristic for speakers who stutter. It has been analyzed by the researchers for many years (Gayle & Back, 2013). The stutterers usually feel worry about the thing that is not supposed to be worried. They tend to be angry easily over the simple thing.
Two journals have research about the relation among communication, anxiety, and depression between the people who stutter and the people who does not stutter. The research finds that people who stutter have anxiety that tend to be negative (Miller & Watson, 1992). Moreover, another research says that through the stuttering in the social anxiety, it is found that people who stutter have over anxiety and negative judgment to the social interactive (Menzies, Onslowa, & Messenger, 2004).
intonation. Since the sufferers are aware of this condition, they may paraphrase or use general terms to avoid words that they anticipate will be difficult. The stutterers feel anxiety in the way they overestimate the severity of their symptoms. They also feel as bad listeners because they feel that they have to focus on their own production (Field, 2003).
The journal published by British Medical Journal states that the stuttering happens as the psychological condition. It usually happens because of the fear of one or other parent who is usually the father. The other cases are the feeling of inferiority (British Medical Journal: 1965). The childhood trauma happens in this psychological aspect. An adult must have stuttering when he or she has tendency to have oppression in his or her childhood.
In order to overcome the stuttering disorder, the clinicians try the best method. Unfortunately, there are many debates in determining the best method overcoming the stuttering. There are many disagreements among the clinicians and the researchers in finding the best method to be able to get the outcomes of the treatment. Examples include the appropriate means for collecting treatment outcomes data, the nature of the data that are collected, the value of existing data in the published literature, the role of the clinician and client in providing treatment outcomes data, and, ultimately, the interpretation of those data (Howell, 2005). Therefore, this study offers the combination of method in possibility effective to overcome the stuttering.
has significant role in achieving the progress of the medication. Moreover, the motivation to overcome their stuttering is also varied. Whatever the reasons for their overcoming from the disorder, there are research studies designed to systematically survey people who stutter regarding the goals they have for speech therapy, their desired outcomes from treatment, and which approaches to treatment they prefer (Howell, 2005).
People who stutter have negative thought that their surrounding will mock them. That thought makes them afraid to their surroundings where people who stutter associate the talking experience as a bad experience which is anxiety. As a consequence, people who stutter will be stiff, afraid to go outside and afraid to read (Blood, Susman, Simpson, & Blood, 1994).
To sum up with, stuttering happens because of talking to a group of people or superior ones because the stutterer feels afraid that he might be disappointed. It is also known that male stutterer has dominant number than female mostly because childhood trauma pointing that male has to be more superior to female. This kind of stuttering is part of psychological disorder that has the symptom such as depression, anxiety and feeling inferiority. These symptoms are as the result from the parent oppression especially the father. Fortunately, there is a kind of stuttering that can be cured as long as the stutterer still sings and speaks alone fluently.
the linguistic aspect, therefore neurolinguistics is needed to be able to analyze what happens to the human brain in people with stuttering.
2.4.1 The Treatment for Stutterers
The stutterers are not easy to deal with particular method or even the background of the reason may be varied. There are several approaches in overcoming the stuttering based on the need of the patient. This study offers three different treatments in order to overcome the stuttering.
2.4.3.1Valsalva Mechanism
The first treatment is the result of the personal experience of a licensed Speech-Language Pathologist, William D. Parry, who had experienced stuttering when he was 4 years old. He conducts the treatment by himself using the method
called Valsalva mechanism. “Valsalva mechanism is a neurologically coordinated
term of muscles throughout the body which act together in the performance of a
valsalva maneuver” (Parry, 2011). The purpose of Valsalva maneuver is to
increase air pressure in the lungs, in order to help a person exert physical effort or force things out of the body.
The work of the valsalva maneuver is explained through the several mechanism.
Diagram 1.2.4.3.1 A Valsalva Maneuver (Parry, 2011)
Until a particular moment, the larynx is neurologically programmed to close tightly around the upper airway to keep the air in the lungs from escaping. When the abdominal muscles squeeze more, the air pressure becomes great in the lungs from escaping. This activity makes the larynx close tighter. This is called
“effort closure” (Parry, 2011).
It is globally known that the function of larynx is to form the phonation. However when it is conducted valsava maneuver, the mechanism is different with
what happen to the phonation process. “The entire inside of the larynx closes
tightly, like a fist, to block the air completely. If for some reason your lips or tongue are blocking the airway when you start a Valsalva maneuver, they will be recruited to continue the closure. They will automatically press harder and harder
Relating to the stuttering, valsalva mechanism tries to trick the neuron about the focus activity that the person might have repeatedly.
It is like the game of „pointing to the finger‟ and „making a fist‟. When a
person is trained to point to the finger repeatedly and then the trainer suddenly commands to make a fist, then the result is that the person might have possibility to point the finger. It is because the brain receives the same command in a row and it cannot be ready to receive another sudden command. The trick is part of the neurology case (Parry, 2011).
It also happens when overcoming the stuttering. The person who stutters need a distraction neurologically therefore they will not focus too much on what will they say.
2.4.3.2The Van Riperian Method
Most of the speech therapists do the same following mechanism such as timing mechanism, both manual and automatic devices, and breathing and relaxation techniques are once again being introduced to the stutterers who seek for help. However, in the implication, it always depends on the therapist own method to approach the patient. Therefore, the author of this method believes that
“the following factors such as speech pathologists, those gadgets, tricks, or other
distractions devices are not the most advantageous methods that is available to
stutterers” (Helliesen, 2008).
The Van Riperian method is a “take control and self-responsibility”
method that is for controlling one‟s own speech and destiny. To control
the stuttering, certain techniques are taught to the stutterers. In this way, it allows them to be the effective communicator, therefore, decreasing the negative emotions and symptomatology that are associated with stutterers. Being an effective communicator, someone must provide the verbal
communication with little distraction that is caused by the stutterer‟s
speech (Helliesen, 2008).
out of the “swamp of despair” (Helliesen, 2008). Providing motivation is also part
of therapist role to the stutterer by reinforcing those moments of triumph and helping the stutterers analyze speech therapy failures and turn them into success.
The therapists must know the basic symptom from the stutterers. They
have to identify the stutterers‟ characteristics that are mostly negative emotion
such as penalty, frustration, anxiety, guilt and hostility. This step is believed to help to maintain the stuttering because those symptoms should be reduced during
the therapy. “Desencitization therapy occurs continually as therapy proceeds, and
it allows the stutterers to look more objectively at this speech as they progresses
through the various step” (Helliesen, 2008).
2.5 Related studies
Related studies are needed to compare the research with the other existed research that have the same topic and/or object. While functioning as the comparison, the studies also function to prove that the research has the own interest that differs from the previous researches. Therefore, there are two related studies; a journal and a thesis that are used as the related studies in this research.
The second study is from Riha Rahma Mufida in her thesis titled The Discourse of The King‟s Speech Film by Tom Hooper. This research uses
Cultural Studies as the approach to the discourse analysis. It uses the qualitative data analysis and data analysis techniques descriptively and interpretatively. Other than using Cultural Studies approach, it uses the hermeneutic approach (Mufida, 2015).
2.6 Theoretical framework
Theoretical framework reveals the significant of the theories. The theories are presented in chapter II. They are useful to be the basic knowledge to support the analysis.
The first research question is the discourse presented through the interaction between the therapist and the king. The script is the main object of the analysis. Theory of discourse analysis is used to explain the foundation of the research. Therefore, the type of discourse is presented. This research has written textual discourse meaning that the object is in the product of written text. The written text is used because the object is in the form of movie script though inside the script there is a spoken form. The pragmatic theory is adopted to get the basic knowledge about implicature.
32 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Type
This research is Discourse Analysis since it deals with several considerations. The consideration concerns in analyzing the language use applied by the therapist and the king. It shows the language use and how it is significant in the treatment activity.
The first consideration is to reveal the significant language that is used. Therefore, it can gain significant result such as overcoming the stuttering. Language is not only a matter of speaking but also the other elements that support the communication goals such as gesture in body language. Thus, language is considered to be able to reveal the significant in healing treatment activity.
The second consideration is to be able to acquire the other supported element in the study of Discourse Analysis. Systemic functional grammar and seven building tasks of language are part of the elements that support the analysis. They are indeed useful in analyzing the Discourse Analysis in the movie.
3.2 Research Object
Since the focus of the research is the use of language, the movie titled The King‟s Speech is used to gather the data. The use of language in this movie is
The year was 1939 in England when peoples require a king who was firmness, clarity and resolve. They did not need a king who stammered punctuated with tortured silences (Ebert, 2010). The truth is Albert as the king George VI is not supposed to be a king since he has older brother named Edward. However, Edward wants to marry a commoner widow that it is crossed the constitution rule. It is decided that Albert will be the next king, King George VI. Considering his new task, Albert as the king tries his best to be proper in speaking in front of his people.
His struggle finds a good therapist coming to an end when he meets Lionel Logue. Through this movie, there is a lot of conversation as a part of therapy that is significant to the overcoming of stuttering. During the therapy session, the language that is used by Lionel Logue is very significant to the
healing process of the king‟s stuttering.
This movie has many good reviews and recognition. The multiple nominations that this film receives take forever to read so here are the awards the film won. The King‟s Speech received 12 Oscar nominations, more than any other film in that year. At the 83rd Academy Awards, The King‟s Speech has won 4 Academy awards for Best Picture, Best Director (Tom Hooper), Best Actor (Colin Firth), and Best Original Screenplay (Seidler). Besides the four categories it has won, the film has received a total of 12 nominations at the 2011 Oscars (Filmmakers, 2015).
3.3 Research Data
and in the random scenes. Moreover, not the entire scene contributes the significant thing to be analyzed in this study.
The collection of the data is limited to the selection of conversation conducted by the king and the therapist. It has significant role in the development of the study and its connection to the related theories. How the language that is used by the therapist help overcoming the king‟s stuttering is becoming the object of this study.
The first cycle is chosen to collect the data. The data are the conversation and interaction between the king and the therapist. Therefore, the entire conversation and interaction are used and analyzed. It is because the conversation and interaction as the data are significant to the entire study in order to prove the
significance of language use used by the therapist to overcome the king‟s
stuttering.
3.4 Data analysis
The process of collecting data started with the interest in analyzing the method overcoming the stuttering as it related to the use of language. Furthermore, it was about the disorder in language practice, in this case speaking. To be able to discuss the study thoroughly, the study took an interest of movie titled The King‟s Speech directed by Tom Hooper. This movie told about the king
who had stuttering and the therapist who had succeeded in overcoming the king‟s
stuttering especially with the power of language use.
analysis, the writer had to find supported theory to be used to analyze the language use in the movie. Theory of seven building blocks of language by James Paul Gee and systemic functional grammar by M.K Halliday were used as the main theories.
3.4.1 Seven Building Tasks of Language
Seven Building Tasks of Language consisted of seven elements that were important to reveal the message. Significance revealed the struggle to build the equality between the therapist and the king. It also showed the sentences that were effective to encourage the king to be confident. Activities showed the sharing and listening activity in order to be comfortable with the treatment. The mechanical treatments such as reading, singing, and swearing were part of the activities that were significant to overcome the king‟s stuttering. Identities revealed the characteristics of the therapist and the king during the interaction. It
turned out that the therapist, in order to win the king‟s interest, had brave and
patient characteristics. Meanwhile, the king had prideful and bad temper characteristics that were quite challenging for the therapist to conquer those characteristics. Relationships accentuated on two links. The first was the nicknames that were used during the interaction related to the equality that the
therapist wants to build. The second is the relation of the text “to be or not to
be..” that is read by the king with the purpose of the treatment using the sentence.
It was found out that the therapist used the text to check the symptom of the
king‟s stuttering. By checking it, the therapist could conduct the proper treatment.
interaction to the king so that the king could be comfortable to share his bad experience relating to his stuttering. Connections dealt with mental and relational process as part of Systemic Functional Grammar. They revealed the sensing and thought of the main characters during the process of interaction. It stressed that the king who at first was a difficult character could compromise at the end of the treatment. The sign system and knowledge used material process to reveal the process of treatment. It showed how the therapist used the action verb to approach the king and how the king used action verb to respond the therapist intention.
The tools of inquiry is the means to verify the analysis in Seven Building Tasks of language including the significance, activities, identities, relationships, connection, politics and sign system and knowledge. They are social language, conversation, discourses and intertextuality. They can be inferred through several questions (i) what social language(s) are involved? What sorts of grammatical patterns indicate this? Are different social languages mixed? How so? (ii) what socially situated identities and activities do these social languages enact? (iii)
what discourse(s) are involved? How is “stuff” other language (“mind stuff” and
emotional stuff” and “ world stuff” and “interactional stuff” and non-language
intertextuality work in the text, that is, in what ways the text quote, allude to, or otherwise borrow words from other oral or written sources? What function does this serve in the text?
3.4.2 Systemic Functional Grammar
Systemic Functional Grammar used Ideational, Interpersonal and Textual process to analyze the interaction between the therapist and the king. Ideational function consisted of several processes such as material, mental, relational, existential, verbal and behavioural process. However, the dominant processes acquired from the data were material, mental and relational process. They showed the significance that was revealed through the process of doing-and-happening, process of sensing and process of being and having. They represented the process
of the therapist‟s approaching method and the king‟s process of accepting the
treatment. Interpersonal function was analyzed through the combination of Mood system and tone. They represented the mood of the therapist and especially the king through the process of the interaction using the declarative, imperative and interrogative mood. The textual function emphasized the use of marked and unmarked theme selection. The characters used those theme selections to emphasize the intention whether to object or to agree with each other.
In the transitivity function, the material process is verified through the question what did/do/does the actor(s) do? that represents the „doing
-and-happening‟. It can also be asked using what happened to the actor(s)?. The
„being‟ than the use of material and mental process. It means that relational
process concerns about „being‟ rather than „doing‟ (material) and „sensing‟
(mental).
