AN ANALYSIS ON REDUCING SPEECH DISORDER OF THE
STAMMERING FACED BY PRINCE ALBERT IN “THE KING’S
SPEECH’ MOVIE
THESIS
By:
ROKIB NUR IBRAHIM
08360173
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
AN ANALYSIS ON REDUCING SPEECH DISORDER OF THE
STAMMERING FACED
BY PRINCE ALBERT IN “THE KING’S
SPEECH” MOVIE
THESIS
By:
ROKIB NUR IBRAHIM
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
i
AN ANALYSIS ON REDUCING SPEECH DISORDER OF THE
STAMMERING FACED
BY PRINCE ALBERT IN “THE KING’S
SPEECH” MOVIE
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
ROKIB NUR IBRAHIM
08360173
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
مي حر لا نمحر لا ه مس ب
“Indeed, Allah will never change the condition of the people until they change what is in themselves (Ar-Rad: 11)”
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved father Hossen and my mother Holipa
My sister Kulsum Supriatin and her husband Eko Purwanto
My sweet niece Alda Dewi Sasmitha
My friends
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, the writer wants to praise and thank to Allah SWT, who have
given him mercy, so that the writer can finish this thesis. Besides, he also wants to
give shalawat and salam for the great prophet Muhammad SAW, who has brought the
light for the dark world.
Gratitude he wants to give to his first advisor Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si.,
second advisor Puji Sumarsono, M.Ed., and his previous first advisor Nura Inayati,
S.E, S.S. that he cannot finish his thesis without their guidance.
The writer also wants to present his love to his mother Holipa, who has
given him her love, mother, who has given him life, mother, who has given him
prayer, and father Hossen, who has rendered his energy for him. Besides, he wants to
thank to his sister Kulsum Supriatin, his brother in law Eko Purwanto, and his
beloved niece Alda Dewi Sasmitha, who always give him support and their love.
Special thanks to all of his friends in G class English Department Fanny,
Decky, Lucky, Eby, Feri, Zaros, Dika, Tyas, Intan, Ima, Rena, Enggar, Surya, Siska,
Ida, Nofi, Dina, Mega, and Hana, and his old friends Rohim and Andik, who always
give their support, advice, knowledge, friendship, and caring for him, may Allah
bless you all, amin.
Malang, November 16, 2012
Writer,
vii
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. Language and The Brain ... 7
viii
2.3. Methods to Reduce Stammer ...20
2.3.1. Building up the physical organs ...20
2.3.2. The mental equilibrium ...20
2.3.3. Synchronizing and harmonizing mental and physical actions ...21
2.3.4. Listening to Music ...21
ix
4.1.2.1 Sir Blandine-Bentham‟s Therapy ... 41
4.1.2.2 Mr. Lionel Logue‟s Therapies ...41
4.2 Discussion ... 42
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 46
5.2 Suggestion ... 46
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Aitchison, Jean. 2011. The Articulate Mammal; An introduction to psycholinguistics. Routledge Publisher: United States of America
Ary, Donald et al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education 8th Edition. Wadsworth: United States of America
Banich, Marie T. and Mack, Molly. 2003. Mind, Brain, and Language;
Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: United Kingdom
Bogue, Benjamin Natael. 2009. Stammering Its Cause and Cure. The Floating Press,
www.thefloatingpress.com
Bowers, Andrew L.. et al. 2010. International Journal of Language &
Communication Disorders VOL. 45, NO. 2, 133–144: Gaze aversion to stuttered speech: a pilot study investigating differential visual attention to
stuttered and fluent speech. Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists: http://www.informahealthcare.com
Bricker-Katz, Geraldine et al. 2010. Older people who stutter: barriers to
communication and perceptions of treatment needs. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders VOL. 45, NO. 1, 15–30;
http://www.informahealthcare.com
Campble, Don. 2001. The Mozart Effect. HarperCollins e-books
Canadian Association of Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists (CASLPA). 2000. Fact Sheet. www.caslpa.ca
Chaer, Abdul. 2009. Psikolinguistik, Kajian teoritik. Publisher Rineka Cipta: Jakarta
Corina, David P. and Knapp, Heather P. 2006. “Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Perspectives on Sign Languages” in Traxler and Gernsbacher (ed),
Handbook of Psycholinguistics 2nd Edition (p.1001-1024 ). Elsevier Inc.: United Kingdom
Griffiths, John D. 2012. Dorsal and Ventral Pathways Are Critical for Syntax; Functional Organization of the Neural Language System: Dorsal and Ventral Pathways Are Critical for Syntax. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org Canseco-Gonzalez, Enriqueta. 2000. “Using the Recording of Event-Related Brain
Lanier, Wendy. 2010. Speech Disorders (Diseases and Disorders). Gale, Cengage Learning: United States of America
Lingley, Darrent. 2005. Asian EFL Journal Volume 7; Issue 2: Spoken Features of Dialogue Journal Writing. Kochi University: Japan
Logue, Mark and Conradi, Peter. 2010. The King’s Speech. Quercus Publisher: Great Britain
Longe, O. et al. 2006. Grammatical Categories in the Brain: The Role of Morphological Structure. Oxford University Press: United Kingdom
McKinnon, David H. and McLeod, Sharynne. 2007. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, vol. 38: The Prevalence of Stuttering, Voice, and Speech-Sound Disorders in Primary School Students in Australia. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association: United States of America
Meunier, David, et al. 2010. Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol 4; Modular and hierarchically modular organization of brain networks.
www.frontiersin.org
Reed, Phil. 2007. The Journal of Stuttering Therapy, Advocacy & Research 2 (2007) 1 – 13: Development of an operant treatment for content word dysfluencies in persistent stuttering children: Initial experimental data. Swansea
University, University College: London
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Wan, Catherine Y. 2010. Music Percept 1; 27(4): 287–295: The Therapeutic Effects of Singing in Neurological Disorders. The regents of the university of california. All rights reserved
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Williams, Dale F. 2008. Stuttering Recovery :Personal and Empirical Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: United Kingdom
1
hearing while they are communicating each other. Canadian Association of
Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists (2000) stated that speaking,
understanding, and hearing are essential skills in our society. But sometimes
people do not have a good speaking, understanding, and hearing in their daily
communication, so that, they get trouble while trying to express what they want
to express. Then it makes the listeners or audiences cannot understand what
they are saying or expressing. It seems like people who get some trouble in
producing the speech, like people with stammer.
People, who have a normal function of their brain and speech organ,
will have a good speech too. It is different from the people who do not have
them. They will get difficulty in producing their speech. Chaer (2009: 148) said
2
difficulty in producing speech, neither productive nor receptive. So, it is called
as a language disorders.
According to Chaer (2009: 149), “Speech disorder is divided into two
categories. They are speech mechanism disorder which involved the organic
disorder, and psychogenic disorder.”
Speech mechanism is a process of producing speech, which all organs of
speech involve in this process, such as sound track, tongue, the muscles which
shape pharyngeal and pharynx, and lungs. Therefore, if there are some people
who have a problem with their organs of speech, and cause the speech disorder,
then it is called as speech mechanism disorder.
Whereas the psychogenic disorder is a speech disorder which takes
place while people speaking and it is caused by the mental of people itself.
Usually, this disorder takes place while the psychological of people experience
some problem, for example like stammering, that is one of the motive that is
caused by the effect of psychological.
Stammer or usually called as stutter is a kind of speech disorders that
involves the verbal communication, and the people who suffer it are sometimes
repeating a letter or word while speeching. People who stutter may experience
significant disruption to their communication and other aspects of life that
involve verbal communication (Bricker-Katz et al., 2010). Besides, World
Health Organization (in Yarus and Quesal, 2004) told that disorders in the
rhythm of speech, in which the individual knows precisely what he/she wishes
3 characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations in the utterance of short speech elements, namely: sounds, syllables, and words of one syllable. These disruptions (c) usually occur frequently or are marked in character and (d) are not readily controllable.
II. Sometimes the disruptions are (e) accompanied by accessory activities involving the speech apparatus, related or unrelated body structures, or stereotyped speech utterances. These activities give the appearance of being speech-related struggle.
III. Also, there are not infrequently (f) indications or report of the presence of an emotional state, ranging from a general condition of „excitement‟ or „tension‟ to more specific emotions of a negative nature such as fear, embarrassment, irritation, or the like. (g) The immediate source of stuttering is some incoordination expressed in the peripheral speech mechanism; the ultimate cause is presently unknown and may be complex or compound”
4
is saying. After his first failed speech in front of audience, he and his beloved
wife try to find a doctor who can help him to treat his problem. Then finally, his
wife finds a doctor who can decrease the prince stammer.
“The King‟s Speech” movie is chosen by the writer as the object of the
study because of this movie tells about the real life of King George VI (The
King of England) and his friend, Lionel Logue, which took place in 1939s.
Besides, there are three movies which tell about stammering character, such as
Porky Pig is an animated cartoon character with stammer in “I Haven't Got a
Hat” movie, William H. Macy is a stammering character in “Door to Door”
movie, and the newest one is Colin Firth with the stammering character in “The
King‟s Speech” movie, and it is the only one movie which tell about the
stammering person with the therapist.
The previous research about speech disorder, which analyzed about
the stammering people in same movie “The King‟s Speech” that had been
conducted by Hinayati (2012), entitled “An Analysis of Bertie‟s Stammer in
David Sadler‟s Film „The King‟s Speech‟” just focused on the basic problem of
stammering suffered by Bertie (Prince Albert). It did not tell deeper about the
result of therapy and some techniques suggested by speech therapist to be used
by sufferer while speaking, in order to reduce the stammering. Therefore, it
inspires the writer to conduct similar research in other problems, entitled “An
Analysis on Reducing Speech Disorder of the Stammering Faced by Prince
5
psycholinguistics study, especially about “speech disorders” in order to enrich
the knowledge related to this theory.
Besides, it is also expected to give more explanation about speech
disorders, which is focused in stammering and how people can reduce it.
Moreover, this study is aimed to add the problems appeared in
previous study that just focused on basic problems. So that, it can be useful for
future researcher who will conduct similar research focus on stammering
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1.6 Definition of the Key Terms
To clarify and avoid misunderstanding the meaning of this research title,
the terms are necessary to be defined as follows:
1. Stammering : Stammering is a condition in which the person
afflicted is unable to begin a word or a sentence no
matter how much effort may be directed toward the
attempt to speak, or how well they may know what they
wish to say (Bogue, 2009).
2. Speech Disorder : a disability in producing speech sound, which is
caused by some problems in the organs of speech
(Chaer, 2009).
3. The King‟s Speech : The movie which was adapted from the real life of
The King of England, King George VI (The Duke of
York), who suffered the speech disorder (stammer) and
his speech therapists was Lionel Logue, who helped the
King in reducing the speech disorder (Logue and
