EXAMINING CODE-SWITCHING PRACTICES IN HILMAN HARIWIJAYA’S MAKHLUK MANIS DALAM BIS AND BUNGA UNTUK POPPI (TWO NOVELS TAKEN FROM THE SERIES OF LUPUS).

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REFERENCES ... 70

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LIST OF TABLES

[image:5.595.155.441.283.560.2]

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Tables of the Occurrence of Code-switching - Table 1. The Occurrences of Types and Functions

of Code-switching between Bahasa Indonesia and English

in Makhluk Manis Dalam Bis………...73 - Table 2. The Occurrences of Types and Functions

of Code-switching between Bahasa Indonesia and English

in Bunga Untuk Poppi………...76 - Table 3. The Occurrences of Types and Functions

of Code-switching between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Betawi

in Makhluk Manis Dalam Bis………...81 - Table 4. The Occurrences of Types and Functions

of Code-switching between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Betawi

[image:6.595.127.514.203.556.2]

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, research methodology, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.

1.1Background of the Study

The function of language as the only means of communication to convey social meanings (Holmes, 2001) makes language crucial in human beings’ life. Since a language enables people to communicate with each other, people have opportunities to interact in a social group called community (Paltridge, 2006). A community consists of people who do activities together (for instance, speaking in the same language) (Devitt, 2004 as cited in Paltridge, 2006). A community in which the members speak in a same language is called a speech community (Devitt, 2004 as cited in Paltridge, 2006).

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variety or code is called multilingualism (Gal, 2007 and Clyne, 2007) or bilingualism (Mackey, 1962 and Fishman, 1975 as cited in Chaer and Agustina,

2010).

In a multilingual community, a speaker who is able to speak more than a language must choose the language variety that he/she will use in different social situations (Holmes, 2001). Generally, different social situations in a multilingual community are marked or reflected by the change of language used which is known as code-switching phenomenon (Aitchison, 2003 and Holmes, 2001).

Code-switching refers to the process or action of selecting or changing linguistic elements in order to contextualize talk in interaction (Nilep, 2006). In other words, code-switching takes place when a bilingual speaker employs more than one language variety in a single utterance (at least in the level of clause) so as to convey her/his meaning properly (Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009). There are three types of code-switching proposed by Poplack (1980), namely tag-switching (occurs by inserting a tag in one language into other different language),

intra-sentential switching (appears within a sentence), and inter-sentential

switching (takes place between sentences in which each sentence is in different

language).

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reiteration, designation (endearments and name-calling), substitution

(appositive), emphasis, clarification, objectification, untranslatability, mitigating

message, interjection, parenthesis, aggravating message, quotation, and topic

shift.

Since code-switching is generally associated with speech, code-switching is assumed to be found only in spoken discourse. However, Bakhtin (1981) in Discourse in The Novel, one of the essays in The Dialogic Imagination: Four

Essays by M.M. Bakhtin, proves that code-switching can also be found in written

discourse such as in literary works. Bakhtin (1981, p.260) argues that “prose discourse” in the novels “is same as practical speech in everyday life, an artistically neutral means of communication”. In other words, prose discourse is

same as a verbal code/language/language variety in general sense. Bakhtin (1981, p.262) defines “novels as a diversity of social speech types (sometimes a diversity of language) and a diversity of individual voice, artistically organized”.

Furthermore, Bakhtin (1981) states that any single national language has internal stratification such as dialects, jargons, language varieties, etc. Bressler (2007, p.45) states that “Bakhtin employs the term heteroglossia to demonstrate the multiplicity of languages that operate in any given culture”. However, heteroglossia in novels is called dialogized heteroglossia since the multiple existing languages “continually dialogue with each other” (Bakhtin, 1981 as cited

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in a novel is an evidence that code-switching can also be discovered in novels (in specific case) and in written discourse (in general case).

Novels in the series of Lupus (Gramedia, 1987-2000), written by Hilman Hariwijaya, are examples of novels that code-switch in its story. The series of Lupus was chosen as the source of the study for two reasons. The first reason is

the language used by the author of the novels. In all of his novels, Hilman Hariwijaya commonly uses four languages, namely Bahasa Betawi, English, Bahasa Indonesia, and a unique language called bahasa gaul (Raharja and Chambert-Loir, 1998). In the novels, the readers can see that Hilman Hariwijaya occasionally switches from one language to other languages.

The second reason is its genre. The series of Lupus is categorized as a young-adult literature because it centers its story on the life of some teenagers. Studies on young-adult literature itself can be said as a relatively new branch of study (Noorman, 2011) and for some reasons, young-adult literature is considered unscientific compared to literary books (Sarumpaet, 2003 as cited in Noorman, 2011). Since there are many novels in the series of Lupus, this study only takes 2 novels as the primary sources of the study. The novels are Makhluk Manis dalam Bis (Gramedia, 1991) and Bunga untuk Poppi (Gramedia, 2000).

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and inter-sentential switching. The classification of code-switching is based-on Poplack’s theory (1980) of types of code-switching. Fauzia (2008) also found that

there are fourteen functions of code-switching based-on Koziol’s theory (2000) of the functions of code-switching.

Another study related to code-switching in a novel was organized by Ramdhani (2010). Similar to Fauzia (2008), Ramdhani also examined the types and the functions of code-switching performed by the characters in May Moon’s Journey of the Heart. However, unlike Fauzia, Ramdhani also tried to seek the

contribution of the code-switching in the development of the novel. Therefore, Ramdhani also investigated the code-switching in the novel plot by plot. Ramdhani (2010) revealed that code-switching has contribution to the development of the novel.

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1.2 Research Questions

The study is gearing towards answering following questions:

1. What types of code-switching are performed by the characters in the novel Makhluk Manis dalam Bis and Bunga untuk Poppi?

2. What are the functions of code-switching performed by the characters in the novel Makhluk Manis dalam Bis and Bunga untuk Poppi?

1.3 Aims of the Study

The aims of the study are:

1. to investigate the types of code-switching performed by the characters in the novel Makhluk Manis dalam Bis and Bunga untuk Poppi.

2. to investigate the functions of code-switching performed by the characters in the novel Makhluk Manis dalam Bis and Bunga untuk Poppi.

1.4 Scope of the Study

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1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is expected to prove the use of code-switching in written discourse such as in literary works (especially in the selected novels). Besides, this study is expected to enrich the literature on code-switching.

1.6 Research Methodology

1.6.1 Research Method

This study is conducted within a qualitative method. A qualitative study puts its main attention on obtaining as much as possible organized/well-ordered empirical information in a natural setting and tries to interpret a certain phenomenon in relation to the meanings people bring to it (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000 and Shank, 2002 as cited in Ospina, 2004). In addition, the data in a qualitative study are in the form of words rather than numbers (Mahsun, 2007). Thus, qualitative method is relevant to this study because this study focuses on the code-switching phenomenon which is obvious in human beings’ daily life and the data are in the

form of words.

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1.6.2 Site and Subject of the Study

The subjects of the study are the types and the functions of code-switching performed by the characters in two novels written by Hilman Hariwijaya. This study uses two novels from the series of Lupus; Makhluk Manis dalam Bis (1991) and Bunga untuk Poppi (2000).

1.6.3 Technique of Collecting Data

The data used in this study are collected from two novels: Makhluk Manis dalam Bis (1991) and Bunga untuk Poppi (2000). The data, consisting of the types and

functions of code-switching found in the characters’ conversations in the two novels, are collected by implementing a document analysis method (Alwasilah, 2011).

1.6.4 Data Analysis

The data obtained from the novels are analyzed through the following steps: 1. Identifying the characters’ conversations that contain code-switching and

conversations without code-switching;

2. Classifying and quantifying the types and the functions of code-switching discovered in the characters’ conversations;

3. Analyzing and interpreting the data obtained in classification and quantification process by using theories;

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5. Drawing conclusions from the results of the study and proposing suggestions for future studies on the same topic.

1.7 Clarification of terms

To avoid misconception and misunderstanding, some significant terms have to be clarified in this study. The terms are:

1. Code

Code is defined as any system of communication employed by two or more people in their communication (Wardhaugh, 2006).

2. Code-switching

Code switching is defined as the process or action of selecting or changing linguistic elements in order to contextualize talk in interaction (Nilep, 2006). Code-switching takes places only (at least at the level of clause) in a single utterance (Cardenas-Claros & Isharyanti, 2009).

3. Novel

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voice, artistically organized”. It indicates that a novel may contain more than one

variety/code meaning that a novel may contain code-switching.

4. Lupus

Lupus is the title of the series of novels written by Hilman Hariwijaya. Besides,

Lupus itself is the name of a boy who is the main character in the series of Lupus.

1.8 Organization of the Paper

The paper is presented in the following organization: CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter outlines background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, methodology of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter provides some theories used as the foundation of the study. Besides, this chapter also includes the synopsis of the novels and previous studies on the same topic.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section discusses the research method, the steps and procedures in conducting the study, and the data sources of the study.

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology. It includes the description of research method, the source of data, the technique of collecting data, and the description of data analysis.

3.1. Research Method

This study was conducted within a qualitative method. A qualitative study attempts to obtain as much as possible organized/well-ordered empirical information in a natural setting and tries to interpret a certain phenomenon in relation to the meanings people bring to it (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000 and Shank, 2002 as cited in Ospina, 2004). In addition, the data in a qualitative study are in the form of words rather than numbers (Mahsun, 2007). Thus, qualitative method is relevant to this study because this study focuses on the code-switching phenomenon which is obvious in human beings’ daily life and the data are in the

form of words.

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3.2. Source of Data

This study examined the types and the functions of code-switching in two novels taken from the series of Lupus written by Hilman Hariwijaya. The novels are Makhluk Manis dalam Bis and Bunga untuk Poppi. The first novel, Makhluk

Manis dalam Bis was firstly published in 1987 by Gramedia Pustaka Utama and

consists of 126 pages in ten chapters. However, this study used the sixth edition of the novel (published in 1991). The second novel, Bunga untuk Poppi was published in 2000 and consists of 137 pages in six chapters.

3.4. Technique of Collecting Data

The data of this study were collected from written texts/documents since this study used novels as the source of the study. Johnstones (2000) states that written texts have been also used as a source of data in qualitative studies. Alwasilah (2011) uses the term “document” to refer to written texts (which were not written specially for the reseachers’ request and were not influenced by the studiers). A document (a written text) can be used as a data source in a qualitative study because a document is a natural source of data (Guba & Lincoln, 1981 as cited in Alwasilah, 2011).

As a natural source of data, “a document does not only emerge from its

context, but also explains the context” (Guba & Lincoln, 1981 as cited in

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agendas, books, papers, manuals, journals, articles in newspapers, and so forth (Alwasilah, 2011).

This study employed a document analysis as the technique for collecting data. Document analysis is one of the methods for collecting data in a qualitative study (Alwasilah, 2011) which involves reading written texts or documents (Johnstones, 2000). As a matter of a fact, a document analysis is used to obtain comprehensive understanding on the documents/written texts used as the source of the study (Alwasilah, 2011) because it enables a studier to review and evaluate the documents/written texts being studied (Bowen, 2009).

This study used the two novels, Makhluk Manis dalam Bis (1991) and Bunga untuk Poppi (2000) as the documents. In order to obtain the types and the

functions of code-switching in the documents, the writer reread the two novels repeteadly. Afterwards, the writer underlined characters’ conversations that

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3.4. Data Analysis

The data of this study were analyzed in several stages, i.e. identifying switching occurrences, classifying the types and the functions of code-switching, quantifying every type and function of code-code-switching, interpreting and discussing the results of data analysis, and drew conslusions and proposed suggestions for future studies.

3.4.1. Identification of Code-switching

After reading the two novels used as the main source of the study, the writer identified the occurrences of code-switching in the two novels. To identifiy the occurrences of code-switching, the writer underlined the characters’ conversations that contain code-switching. Examples of utterances that contain code-switching among others are:

[3.4.1a] “Apa kamu pada nggak tau malapetaka yang dialami Mr. Punk?” (Lupus, pg.118)

(“Don’t you know the accident happened to Mr.Punk?”)

[3.4.1b] “Kalau kamu memang suka pada hal-hal yang berbau teka-teki begitu, kenapa nggak nolongin saya bikin pe-er matematik aja? ….” (Lulu, pg.82)

(“If you really like playing riddles, why don’t you just help me to finish my mathematics homework?”)

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also Bahasa Betawi and bahasa gaul) were italicized and words in English were underlined. Meanwhile, in the code-switching between Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Betawi, words in Bahasa Betawi were underlined and words in Bahasa

Indonesia (and bahasa gaul) were italicized.

3.4.2. Classification of Types and Functions of Code-switching

The next step in analyzing the data is classifying types and functions of code-switching based-on the relevant theories. This study applied Poplack’s theory (1980) related to types of code-switching and functions of code-switching theory proposed by Koziol (2000 as cited in Fauzia, 2008; Ramdhani, 2010; and Hendriyani, 2012). By relying on Poplack’s theory (1980), there are three types of code-switching namely tag-switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching. Koziol (2000 as cited in Fauzia, 2008; Ramdhani, 2010; and

Hendriyani, 2012) proposes 14 functions of code-switching. The 14 functions are personalization, reiteration, designation (endearments and name-calling),

substitution (appositive), emphasis, clarification, objectification, untranslatability,

mitigating message, interjection, parenthesis, aggravating message, quotation,

and topic shift. Utterances that contain code switching among others are:

[3.4.2.a] “Apa kamu pada nggak tau malapetaka yang dialami Mr. Punk?” (Lupus, pg.118)

(“Don’t you know the accident happened to Mr.Punk?”)

[3.4.2b] “Kalau kamu memang suka pada hal-hal yang berbau teka-teki begitu, kenapa nggak nolongin saya bikin pe-er matematik aja? ….” (Lulu, pg.82)

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In terms of type of code-switching, the writer classified utterance [3.5.4a] into intra-sentential switching because the code-switching takes place within a sentence boundary. Regarding the function of code-switching, the writer classified utterance [3.4.2a] into designation because the code-switching was used to call a specific person, Mr. Punk. The writer categorized utterance [3.4.2b] as intra-sentential switching because the code-switching also takes place within a sentence

boundary. In terms of function of code-switching, the writer classified utterance [3.4.2b] into mitigating message function because the switch of the code makes the message sounds more polite and less demanding.

[image:23.595.119.509.279.630.2]

The results of identification and classification are presented in the form of table. Table 3.1 presents the presentation of types and functions of code-switching found in the characters’ conversation in the novels. The complete presentations of

the data are available in appendices.

Table 3.1. The Occurrences of Types and Functions of Code-switching

Utterance(s) Type(s) of

code-switching

Function(s) of code-switching

“Apa kamu pada nggak tau malapetaka yang dialami Mr. Punk?” (Lupus, pg.118)

Intra-sentential code-switching

Designation

“Kalau kamu memang suka pada hal-hal yang berbau teka-teki begitu, kenapa nggak nolongin saya bikin pe-er matematik aja? ….” (Lulu, pg.82)

Intra-sentential code-switching

Mitigating message

3.4.3. Quantification of Types and Functions of Code-switching

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switching. To count up the percentage of each type and function of code-switching, the writer applied the following formula:

P = f

n x 100%

Notes: f: Frequency (of a type or function of code-switching) n: Total (of code-switching occurrence)

P: Percentage (of a type or function of code-switching)

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents the conclusions of the study and the suggestions for future study on code-switching topic. The conclusions of the study are presented in section 5.1 while the suggestions for future study on code-switching are presented in section 5.2.

5.1. Conclusion

This section presents the conclusions drawn from the findings and the discussions presented in chapter four of the study which include the types and functions of code-switching performed by the characters in the selected novels (Makhluk Manis dalam Bis and Bunga Untuk Poppi).

In terms of the types of switching, there are three types of code-switching performed by the characters namely intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential switching, and tag-switching. Intra-inter-sentential switching (95.06% of 871

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by the evidence that the author is quite articulate in addressing various topics (e.g. social, cultural, and political issues) in English and Bahasa Betawi.

Meanwhile, regarding the functions of code-switching, there are 13 functions of code-switching performed by the characters, i.e. emphasis, designation (name-calling and endearment), clarification, objectification,

aggravating message, parenthesis, mitigating message, topic shift,

untranslatability, personalisation, interjection, reiteration, and quotation.

Emphasis (464 occurrences or 49.20% of 943 occurrences of code-switching) is

the most frequent function of code-switching performed by the characters in the selected novels while quotation (3 occurrences or 0.32% of 943 occurrences of code-switching) is the least frequent type.

5.2. Suggestion

The following suggestions are proposed by relying on the findings and discussions of the study:

1. Future studies on code-switching in literary works focus on the multiple perspectives of the author presented through the different languages since code-switching does not only about the switch of languages but also the switch of ideas.

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