Tanggungjawab Negara. 1. Fundamental Principle of IL. 2. Sumber Hukum: 3. The Nature of State Responsibility TOPIK BAHASAN:

(1)

Tanggungjawab

Negara

Iman

ImanPrihandonoPrihandono, , SH., MH., LL.MSH., MH., LL.M Departemen

DepartemenHukumHukumInternasionalInternasional Fakultas

FakultasHukumHukumUniversitasUniversitasAirlanggaAirlangga E

E--Mail: Mail: [email protected]@unair.ac.id Blog

Blog: : imanprihandono.wordpress.comimanprihandono.wordpress.com

TOPIK BAHASAN:

1.

1. Fundamental Principle of IL;Fundamental Principle of IL;

2.

2. Legal Source;Legal Source;

3.

3. The Nature of State Responsibility;The Nature of State Responsibility; 4.

4. Internationally Wrongful Act;Internationally Wrongful Act; 5.

5. ImputabilityImputability;;

6.

6. Reparation;Reparation; 7.

7. Preclusion of wrongfulness;Preclusion of wrongfulness; 8.

8. Expropriation;Expropriation;

1. Fundamental Principle of IL



 The Nature of International Legal System;The Nature of International Legal System;



 Doctrine of state sovereignty;Doctrine of state sovereignty;



 Doctrine of equality between states;Doctrine of equality between states;

Ketika

Ketikasebuahsebuahnegaranegaramelakukanmelakukan perbuatan

perbuatanmelanggarmelanggarhukumhukum

(

(internationally unlawful actinternationally unlawful act) ) terhadapterhadap

negara

negaralain, lain, makamakatanggungjawabtanggungjawab internasional

internasionaltimbultimbul. .

Pelanggaran

Pelanggaranterhadapterhadapkewajibankewajiban

internasional

internasionalakanakanmenimbulkanmenimbulkan kewajiban

kewajibanuntukuntukmelakukanmelakukanreparasireparasi..

2.

2. Sumber

Sumber

Hukum

:

Draft articles on Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts internationally wrongful acts

adopted by the

International Law Commission

at its fifty

at its fifty--third session (2001)third session (2001)

(DASR)

3. The Nature of State Responsibility

1.

1. AdanyaAdanyakewajibankewajibanhukumhukuminternasionalinternasional

yang

yang mengikatmengikatdiantaradiantarakeduakeduanegaranegara;; 2.

2. TelahTelahterjadinyaterjadinyaperbuatanperbuatan((actact) ) atauatau

tindakan

tindakan((omissionomission) yang ) yang melanggarmelanggar kewajiban

kewajibanhukumhukumtersebuttersebut;;

3.

3. AdanyaAdanyakerugiankerugiansebagaisebagaiakibatakibatdaridari pelanggaran

(2)

4. Internationally Wrongful Act



 Art 1 DASR: every Art 1 DASR: every internationally wrongful internationally wrongful

act

actof a state entails responsibility;of a state entails responsibility; Every state is subject to the possibility of

Every state is subject to the possibility of

being held to have committed

internationally wrongful act

internationally wrongful actentailing its entailing its

international responsibility;



 Art 2 DASR Art 2 DASR --there is an internationally there is an internationally

wrongful act of a state when:

a)

a) Conduct consisting of an action or Conduct consisting of an action or

omission is

omission is attributableattributableto the state under to the state under international law; and

international law; and

b)

b) That conduct constitutes That conduct constitutes a breach of an a breach of an international obligation

international obligationof the state. of the state.

IL

Tidak

Membedakan

:



 Contractual Responsibility;Contractual Responsibility;



 TortiusTortiusResponsibility;Responsibility;

Dengan

tambahan

:



 International Crimes;International Crimes;

Existence of a breach of an international obligation

Art 12 DASR: There is a breach of an

international obligation by a State when an

act of that State is not in conformity with

what is required of it by that obligation,

regardless of its origin or character

regardless of its origin or character..

Mungkinkah

negara

dipidana

?



 Ian Ian BrownlieBrownlie: State responsibility was : State responsibility was

limited to the obligation to

limited to the obligation to compensatecompensate..



 BerdasarBerdasarpadapada3 3 perkembanganperkembanganIL: IL: 1. Concept of

1. Concept of Jus Jus CogensCogens; ;

2.

2. TanggungjawabTanggungjawabpidanapidanainternasionalinternasional

terhadap

terhadapindividuindividu; ; 3. UN Charter

3. UN Charter terhadapterhadapancamanancamanatauatau pelanggaran

pelanggaranperdamaianperdamaianinternasionalinternasional; ;

Contoh

:



 Aggressions;Aggressions; 

 Colonial domination;Colonial domination;   Slavery;Slavery;   Genocide;Genocide;   Apartheid;Apartheid; 

 Massive pollution of the atmosphere of Massive pollution of the atmosphere of seas;

(3)

Teori

Tanggungjawab

1.

1. Objective Responsibility (Objective Responsibility (Risk TheoryRisk Theory): ): Tanggung

Tanggungjawabjawabnegaranegaralahirlahirbilabila

terdapat

terdapat: unlawful act, caused injury, : unlawful act, caused injury, committed by state or its agent,

committed by state or its agent,

irrespective of good or bad faith;

2.

2. Subjective Responsibility (Subjective Responsibility (Fault TheoryFault Theory): ):

Tanggung

Tanggungjawabjawabnegaranegarahanyahanyalahirlahirbilabila terdapat

terdapat: intention (: intention (dolusdolus), negligent ), negligent

(

(culpaculpa); );

5.

5. Imputability

Imputability



 Negara Negara tidaktidakbertanggungjawabbertanggungjawabdalamdalam

hukum

hukuminternasionalinternasionalterhadapterhadapperbuatanperbuatan warganegaranya

warganegaranya.. 

 NamunNamunnegaranegarabertanggungjawabbertanggungjawab terhadap

terhadapperbuatanperbuatanatauatautindakantindakandaridari pejabatnya

pejabatnya.. Nicaragua

Nicaragua Case (ICJ 1986); Case (ICJ 1986); Corfu Channel

Corfu Channel Case (ICJ 1949); Case (ICJ 1949); Rainbow Warrior

Rainbow Warriorincident;incident;



 act of state organ = an act of state;act of state organ = an act of state;



 position of the organ in the constitutional position of the organ in the constitutional

structure is irrelevant;



 territorial government entity;territorial government entity;



 an organ not part of formal structure; an organ not part of formal structure;



 Art 8 DASR: conduct of a person or group of Art 8 DASR: conduct of a person or group of persons; Art 11 DASR Acknowledge by State

persons; Art 11 DASR Acknowledge by State

Iran

Iran Case (ICJ 1980);Case (ICJ 1980);

The conduct of a person or group of persons

shall be considered an act of a State under

international law if the person or group of

persons is in fact

persons is in fact acting on the instructionsacting on the instructionsof, or of, or under the

under the directiondirectionor or controlcontrolof, that State in of, that State in carrying out the conduct.

carrying out the conduct.



 the organ exceeded its competence or the organ exceeded its competence or contravened instructions;

contravened instructions;



 action of rioters and rebels action of rioters and rebels ––State must show State must show

due diligence;



 Art 10 DASR: a movement which become Art 10 DASR: a movement which become

the new government; Iran

the new government; Iran--US Claims US Claims

Tribunal.

Short v. The Islamic Republic of Iran; Short v. The Islamic Republic of Iran; not not yet established control.

yet established control.

Yeager v. The Islamic Republic of Iran; Yeager v. The Islamic Republic of Iran;

Revolutionary Guard.

Rankin v. The Islamic Republic of Iran; Rankin v. The Islamic Republic of Iran;

difficulties of life

difficulties of life..

6. Reparation

1.

1. Cessation of unlawful activities;Cessation of unlawful activities;

2.

2. Restitution in kind;Restitution in kind;

3.

3. Compensation;Compensation;

4.

4. Satisfaction;Satisfaction;

5.

(4)



 Restitution:Restitution: “…that is, to re-establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed…”..



 Compensation: Compensation: Rainbow WarriorRainbow Warriorincident incident case. Art 36 DASR:

case. Art 36 DASR: “…“…any financially assessable damage including loss of profits…”..



 Satisfaction: Official apologies, the Satisfaction: Official apologies, the

punishment of guilty officials, the formal

acknowledgement of the unlawful

character of the act,

character of the act, an expression of regret. Art 37 DASR.. Art 37 DASR.

7. Preclusion of wrongfulness



 Consent of the Injured State; troops at its Consent of the Injured State; troops at its

request (Art 20 DASR).



 Legitimate application of a sanction; Legitimate application of a sanction;

reprisal

reprisal ––countermeasures.countermeasures.

Art 49 DASR: entitled IS not to comply.

Art 50 DASR: may not include threat or

use of force.



 Art 23 DASR: irresistible force or Art 23 DASR: irresistible force or

unforeseen external event;

unforeseen external event; Gill Gill Case.Case.



 Art 24 DASR: in a situation of extreme Art 24 DASR: in a situation of extreme

distress.



 Art 25 DASR: only means of safeguarding Art 25 DASR: only means of safeguarding

an essential interest of the state against a

grave and imminent peril.

grave and imminent peril. TorreyTorreyCanyon Canyon

Case.



 Art 51 Art 51 jojo. 2(4) UN Charter: self defense . 2(4) UN Charter: self defense ––if if armed attack occurs (Art 21 DASR).

armed attack occurs (Art 21 DASR).

8. Expropriation/

Nasionalisasi



 DalamDalamhukumhukuminternasionalinternasional, , nasionalisasinasionalisasi

terhadap

terhadaphakhakmilikmilik/asset /asset asingasingadalahadalah dimungkinkan

dimungkinkan. .



 NamunNamunbeberapabeberapasyaratsyaratdandankondisikondisiharusharus

terpenuhi

terpenuhi..



 KenapaKenapahukumhukuminternasionalinternasional? ? KarenaKarena

adanya

adanya““internationalized contractinternationalized contract””..

Sumber

Hukum

:

1.

1. The World Bank Guidelines on the The World Bank Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment;

Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment;

2.

2. The 1961 Harvard Draft Convention on The 1961 Harvard Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States

the International Responsibility of States

for Injury of Aliens;

3.

3. The 1962 General Assembly Resolution The 1962 General Assembly Resolution on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural

on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural

Resources;

4.

4. The 1974 Charter of Economic Rights The 1974 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States;

and Duties of States;

Syarat

dan

Kondisi

Nasionalisasi

1.

1. KepentinganKepentinganumumumum((Public UtilityPublic Utility); ); BP BP

Case (

Case (Libya v. UKLibya v. UK);); 2.

2. KompensasiKompensasiyang yang langsunglangsung, , layaklayakdandan efektif

efektif((prompt, adequate prompt, adequate dandaneffective effective compensation

compensation); ); AmcoAmcov. Indonesia –v. Indonesia –

future profits.

3.

(5)

The 1985 Multilateral Investment

Guarantee Agency (MIGA)



 MemberikanMemberikanperlindunganperlindunganterhadapterhadap “

“nonnon--commercial riskscommercial risks””::

1.

1. PembatasanPembatasantransfer transfer dalamdalammatamatauanguang

asing

asing;; 2.

2. NasionalisasiNasionalisasi;; 3.

3. PelanggaranPelanggarankontrakkontrakoleholehpemerintahpemerintah;;

4.

4. KerugianKerugianyang yang timbultimbulakibatakibatperangperangatauatau

gangguan