Hak cipta terpelihara. Tiada bahagian terbitan ini boleh diterbitkan semula atau ditukar dalam apa jua bentuk dengan apa cara jua sama ada elektronik, mekanikal, fotokopi, rakaman dan sebagainya sebelum mendapat kebenaran bertulis daripada Fahmi bin Hassan.
Diterbitkan oleh: www.fahmihassan.net ISBN: 978-967-19717-0-3
Fahmi Hassan, Pharmacist
Mohd Shahiri Abd Ghapar, Pharmacist Angeline Tan Meng Wah, Pharmacist
Nurnadia Shazreen Abdul Wahab, Pharmacist Shakirin Shaik Rahmat, Pharmacist
K. Heygaajivan Kernas, Pharmacist Choe Sze Hwe, Pharmacist
1. Maklumat Penggunaan Dokumen Ini 2. Apakah COVID-19?
3. Double Mask
4. Pemilihan Hand Sanitizer 5. Apa Fungsi Vaksin?
6. Jenis-jenis Vaksin COVID-19
7. Bagaimana Vaksin untuk COVID-19 Boleh Dihasilkan dengan Cepat?
8. Kenapa Dua Dos?
9. Kesan Sampingan Vaksin 10. Kesan Sampingan Serius 11. Risiko Darah Beku
12. Apa Manfaat Vaksin?
13. Adakah Vaksin Ini Sesuai untuk Saya? 14. Hamil, Merancang Hamil atau Menyusu
15. Nak Makan ’Panadol’ Apa Jika Demam Selepas Vaksin?
16. Vaksin AstraZeneca Murah dan Tak Berkualiti? 17. Benarkah Ada Babi Dalam Vaksin?
18. Janin Dalam Vaksin
19. Soalan Lazim Vaksinasi
PANDUAN RINGKAS COVID-19 & VAKSIN
MAKLUMAT PENGGUNAAN
DOKUMEN INI
• Penulis telah sedaya upaya menyemak silang
maklumat yang diletakkan di dalam dokumen ini dengan sumber-sumber saintifik yang sah.
• Maklumat dalam dokumen ini adalah maklumat
umum dan bukan pengganti kepada konsultansi dan pemeriksaan. Dapatkan rawatan dan pemeriksaan dari doktor jika anda tidak sihat dan mempunyai kerisauan berkaitan kesihatan.
• Sentiasa patuh kepada arahan rasmi dari pihak berwajib jika ia bertentangan dengan apa-apa maklumat dari dokumen ini.
• Jika terdapat kesilapan maklumat atau komen berkaitan fakta di dalam dokumen ini, sila e-mel kepada fahmibinabad@gmail.com.
• Kandungan di dalam dokumen ini boleh disebarkan, disalin semula, dan diolah dengan syarat ia bukan dengan tujuan mendatangkan keuntungan.
• Layari www.fahmihassan.net atau twitter.com/
fahmibinhassan untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai penulis.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
APAKAH COVID-19?
• Penyakit Coronavirus Disease 2019 akibat jangkitan dari virus “SARS-CoV 2”.
• Pada awalnya didapati menjangkiti melalui titisan air (droplets) yang disebarkan melalui sentuhan, pernafasan, bersin, batuk dan lain-lain.
• Terdapat bukti terkini yang menyokong teori yang virus ini boleh tersebar melalui udara (airborne).
• Virus ini sangat mudah tersebar dan boleh membawa maut.
• Kini wujud pelbagai varian virus baru yang lebih berbahaya.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
• Pemakaian pelitup muka berganda dicadangkan untuk meningkatkan perlindungan dari virus memasuki
saluran pernafasan.
• Gunakan satu pelitup muka pakai-buang di bahagian dalam, dan satu pelitup muka fabrik di bahagian luar. • Tak perlu dua lapisan penutup muka jika anda
menggunakan pelitup muka jenis N-95.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
PEMILIHAN HAND SANITISER
• Penggunaan hand sanitiser hanyalah digalakkan apabila
ketiadaan sabun dan air. • Mencuci tangan
menggunakan sabun dan air dengan
sempurna sekurang-kurangnya dalam tempoh 20 saat
adalah lebih berkesan membunuh virus dan bakteria berbanding hand sanitiser.
• Hand sanitiser
berasaskan alkohol dengan kepekatan 65% atau lebih adalah digalakkan.
• Keberkesanan
membunuh bakteria
dan virus menurun pada kepekatan rendah.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
APA FUNGSI VAKSIN?
• Vaksin adalah satu cara pencegahan penyakit yang berfungsi dengan merangsang sistem imuniti badan untuk melindungi diri dari jangkitan penyakit.
• Virus yang dilemahkan atau dimatikan komponen virus akan diproses dan disuntik ke dalam badan.
• Bahan ini akan merangsang badan untuk menghasilkan antibodi.
• Apabila jangkitan sebenar berlaku, badan akan bersedia untuk melawan jangkitan.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
JENIS-JENIS VAKSIN COVID-19
• Setakat 31 Mei 2021, terdapat tiga jenis vaksin untuk pencegahan COVID-19 yang digunakan di Malaysia. • Vaksin-vaksin ini telah melalui proses pendaftaran
oleh Bahagian Regulatori Farmasi Negara (NPRA) bagi memastikan keselamatan dan keberkesanannya.
• Oleh itu, tiada isu untuk mendapatkan mana-mana vaksin yang ditawarkan melalui program imunisasi. • Banyak lagi vaksin-vaksin yang akan didaftarkan bagi
memenuhi keperluan semasa.
PFIZER SINOVAC ASTRAZENECA
Jenama Comirnaty CoronaVac Vaxzevria, Covishield
Teknologi mRNA Virus tidak aktif Vektor virus
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
BAGAIMANA VAKSIN UNTUK
COVID-19 BOLEH DIHASILKAN
DENGAN CEPAT?
• COVID-19 datang dari keluarga virus yang sama dengan Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS) dan Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS). Kita telah mengkaji virus ini lebih dari 10 tahun malah pernah ada
percubaan menghasilkan vaksin untuk MERS dan SARS. Ilmu tersebut telah memendekkan masa kajian berbanding jika ia bermula dari sifar.
• Memandangkan ia pandemik yang memberi impak kepada seluruh dunia, semua pihak, kerajaan dan swasta sanggup menyumbang puluhan bilion ke atas penghasilan vaksin. Berbanding penyakit lain, hanya segelintir pihak yang sanggup melaburkan duit dalam usaha seperti ini.
• Terdapat kolaborasi seluruh dunia dari
segi ilmu, teknologi dan kepakaran. Malah kebanyakan jurnal-jurnal antarabangsa mengecualikan bayaran untuk ahli sains membaca kertas kajian berkaitan COVID-19. Secara tidak langsung ia membantu dalam
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
KENAPA DUA DOS?
• Dos pertama vaksin akan menyediakan badan untuk menghasilkan antibodi.
• Dos kedua akan meningkatkan kuantiti antibodi dan memanjangkan tempoh perlindungan.
• Sela masa di antara dua dos vaksin adalah ditetapkan oleh pengilang dengan kajian mereka.
• Setakat ini, setiap orang hanya boleh dapat dua dos vaksin dari jenis yang sama.
• Kajian sedang dijalankan ke atas keselamatan dan
keberkesanan menggunakan dua dos dari jenis vaksin berbeza.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
KESAN SAMPINGAN VAKSIN
• Sakit di tempat suntikan • Keletihan • Demam • Sakit badan • Batuk • Sakit tekak • Cirit-birit • Sakit kepala
Majoriti kesan sampingan adalah ringan. Ia akan hilang sendiri atau boleh dirawat dengan mengambil ubat seperti paracetamol.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
KESAN SAMPINGAN SERIUS
1. Alahan teruk selepas suntikan (Anaphylaxis) • Berlaku dalam 2-5
insiden bagi setiap 1 juta suntikan
• Reaksi dalam 5-30 minit selepas suntikan
• Boleh dirawat serta merta
2. Darah beku (Blood clot) • Berlaku dalam 4-21
insiden bagi setiap 1 juta suntikan
• Boleh berlaku dalam tempoh 30 hari selepas suntikan
• Simptom:
• Sakit kepala yang terlalu teruk
• Masalah penglihatan • Kaki sakit dan
bengkak
• Loya dan muntah teruk • Kesukaran bernafas • Tompokan merah di bawah permukaan kulit • Boleh dirawat
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
APA MANFAAT VAKSIN?
• 70%-90% berkesan dalam menghalang sebarang komplikasi berkaitan COVID-19.
• Hampir 100% berkesan dalam menghalang komplikasi serius berkaitan COVID-19.
• 75%-90% berkesan mengelakkan kemasukan hospital akibat COVID-19.
• Hampir 100% berkesan mengelakkan kematian berkaitan COVID-19.
• 70%-80% keberkesanan mengelakkan jangkitan COVID-19.
• 50% keberkesanan mengelakkan menjangkiti orang lain dengan COVID-19.
Sumber:
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
ADAKAH VAKSIN INI SESUAI
UNTUK SAYA?
• Semua orang berumur 18 tahun dan ke atas disarankan untuk mengambil vaksin COVID-19 termasuklah
mereka yang berpenyakit kronik.
• Sekiranya mempunyai sebarang penyakit berkaitan imuniti, masalah pembekuan darah, dan sejarah
alahan teruk, dapatkan pemeriksaan dan pengesahan pre-vaccination assessment dari mana-mana doktor terlebih dahulu. • Anda tidak dibenarkan untuk mengambil vaksin sekiranya mempunyai sejarah alahan serius dengan mana-mana kandungan dalam vaksin yang diberi.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
HAMIL, MERANCANG HAMIL
ATAU MENYUSU
• Jika hamil, boleh disuntik dengan vaksin keluaran Pfizer semasa kandungan berusia 14-33 minggu.
• Pada usia kandungan yang lain, tidak disyorkan untuk divaksin dengan mana-mana jenis vaksin.
• Ibu menyusu sesuai untuk divaksin dengan vaksin
keluaran Pfizer dan AstraZeneca. Tidak disyorkan untuk divaksin dengan vaksin jenis lain setakat ini.
• Jika merancang untuk hamil, boleh menerima
suntikan. Dapatkan penjelasan di pusat pemberian vaksin atau mana-mana doktor/ahli farmasi.
• Maklumat ini hanyalah berbentuk saranan berdasarkan bukti semasa. Semua keputusan adalah bersifat
individu dan perlu dibincang dengan doktor/ahli farmasi.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
NAK MAKAN ‘PANADOL’ APA
JIKA DEMAM SELEPAS VAKSIN?
• Sebenarnya, Panadol hanya jenama. Bahan aktif dalam Panadol adalah paracetamol.
• Paracetamol inilah yang berfungsi untuk
mengurangkan suhu bila demam, dan mengurangkan rasa sakit-sakit badan.
• Jenama Panadol sendiri ada banyak jenis sediaan. Majoritinya hanya berbeza dari sudut formulasi.
• Contohnya Actifast diformulasi untuk diserap dengan pantas. Panadol Optizorb pula direka supaya tidak memberi rasa tidak selesa dalam perut.
• Untuk orang dewasa, dos maksimum paracetamol adalah 1000 mg, empat kali sehari.
• Hati-hati jika ambil Panadol Extend untuk sengal
otot. Dosnya sekitar 650 mg setiap tablet. Maksimum pengambilan adalah dua tablet, tiga kali sehari.
• Jadi, ambillah mana-mana jenis paracetamol (seperti Uphamol) jika anda demam atau sakit badan setelah suntikan.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
VAKSIN ASTRAZENECA MURAH
DAN TAK BERKUALITI?
• Ada yang tidak mahu vaksin dengan vaksin keluaran AstraZeneca sebab harganya murah. Nak tahu kenapa harganya murah?
• Ia tak memerlukan kawalan suhu yang rumit seperti vaksin Pfizer. Proses penghantaran dan simpanan adalah lebih murah dan ini mengurangkan kos berkali ganda.
• Proses penghasilan vaksin AstraZeneca banyak menggunakan dana awam. Ia hasil kerjasama dengan Oxford University.
• Pihak AstraZeneca berjanji untuk tidak mengaut keuntungan dari vaksin ini sepanjang tempoh pandemik.
• Murah bukan bermaksud tak berkualiti. Vaksin yang telah diluluskan oleh NPRA adalah yang dijamin kualiti, keselamatan dan keberkesanannya.
• Vaksin apa yang paling bagus? VAKSIN YANG DITAWARKAN KEPADA ANDA.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
BENARKAH ADA BABI DALAM
VAKSIN?
• Penghasilan ubat-ubatan ni bukan macam masakan. Buka buku resepi, letak bahan aktif, letak pelarut, letak babi secukup rasa, siap ubat. Bukan! Bukan!
• Dalam ubat/vaksin biasanya ada dua kandungan utama. Bahan aktif dan excipients.
• Penghasilan bahan aktif adalah satu proses yang
kompleks. Kebiasaannya, jika terdapat unsur haiwan, ia digunakan sebagai pemangkin dalam penghasilan bahan aktif.
• Contoh, bagi sesetengah vaksin, ada yang guna unsur babi sebagai tapak semaian dalam membiak sel.
• Sel ini kemudiannya akan digunakan untuk
penghasilan bahan aktif/membiak virus. Virus itu pula kemudian akan diproses. Hasilnya baru digunakan untuk menghasilkan vaksin.
• Sebab itu dalam kebanyakan fatwa antarabangsa, penggunaan unsur begini dihalalkan kerana proses istihalah dianggap telah berlaku. Tiada langsung unsur babi dalam produk akhir. Tetapi jangan risau, vaksin-vaksin untuk COVID-19 dan program imunisasi kebangsaan bebas dari unsur ini.
PANDUAN RINGKAS
COVID-19 & VAKSIN
JANIN DALAM VAKSIN?
• Kebiasannya, isu ini adalah berkaitan penggunaan MRC-5 cells dalam pembuatan vaksin.
• MRC-5 cells sememangnya dihasilkan pertama kali dari janin yang digugurkan 50 tahun yang lalu.
• Selepas itu, ia dihasilkan semula di makmal-makmal. • Tiada lagi janin digunakan untuk proses ini. Sel ini
menjadi tempat untuk pembiakan virus. • Virus ini kemudiannya akan diasingkan dan
ditulenkan (purified) sebelum digunakan untuk proses menghasilkan vaksin.
• MRC-5 cells boleh dianggap hanya sebagai tapak semaian untuk virus.
• Tiada MRC-5 cells yang terkandung di dalam mana-mana vaksin!
PANDUAN RINGKAS COVID-19 & VAKSIN
SOALAN LAZIM
VAKSINASI
1. Perlukah makan Panadol sebelum suntikan? TAK PERLU2. Berapa lama perlu tunggu untuk
terima vaksin setelah dijangkiti COVID-19?
SEBAIKNYA SELEPAS 3 BULAN
3. Ada darah tinggi
kencing manis boleh suntik?
BOLEH (penilaian di PPV/ Dr merawat) 4. Ada sejarah alahan
ubat/ makanan boleh suntik?
BOLEH (penilaian di PPV/Dr merawat) 5. Arahan kuarantin
akibat kontak rapat
6. Makan ubat cair darah boleh suntik?
BOLEH (penilaian di PPV/Dr merawat) 7. Tak demam lepas
vaksin normal atau tidak?
NORMAL
8. Berapa ml suntikan akan diberi?
BERBEZA IKUT VAKSIN
(boleh tanya jurusuntik untuk pengesahan)
9. Dah vaksin perlu asingkan diri tak?
TAK PERLU (tapi perlu patuh SOP)
10. Berapa lama perlu tunggu untuk makan Panadol?
BILA MULA RASA SAKIT ATAU DEMAM
21 RINGKAS COVID-19 & VAKSIN
SOALAN LAZIM
VAKSINASI
11. Boleh bersenam lepas vaksin?
BOLEH (jika rasa sihat) 12. Perlu pantang
makanan pedas atau lain-lain?
TIDAK PERLU
13. Saya ada lelah. Boleh vaksin?
BOLEH (melainkan tak terkawal. Penilaian di PPV/ Dr merawat)
14. Saya dah terambil Panadol sebelum
suntikan. Boleh suntik?
BOLEH (tak perlu ambil tapi jika dah ambil tak mengapa)
15. Penyakit jantung,
pembedahan dan lain-lain boleh?
BOLEH (penilaian di PPV/ Dr merawat)
16. Boleh derma darah selepas vaksin?
BOLEH (7 hari selepas suntikan/ tiada kesan samping)
17. Boleh ‘bersama’
dengan suami isteri selepas suntikan?
BOLEH
18. Boleh mandi selepas suntikan? Takut kena air.
BOLEH (letak pek ais di tempat suntikan juga boleh)
19. Boleh makan vitamin/ supplements sebelum atau selepas suntikan?
BOLEH
20. Kalau tak tahu positif covid masa dapat
vaksin macam mana? Bahaya ke?
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
1. DISCLAIMER FROM THE AUTHOR 2. WHAT IS COVID-19?
3. DOUBLE-MASKING
4. SELECTING HAND SANITISERS 5. VACCINES AND HOW THEY WORK
6. COVID-19 VACCINES AVAILABLE IN MALAYSIA
7. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF COVID-19 VACCINES
8. WHY MUST WE TAKE TWO DOSES OF THE COVID-19 VACCINE?
9. SIDE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 VACCINES
10. SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 VACCINES
11. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH A COVID-19 VACCINATION?
12. HOW DO I KNOW IF THE VACCINES ARE APPROPRIATE FOR ME?
13. COVID-19 VACCINES FOR PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN
14. IF I’M HAVING A FEVER AFTER THE VACCINATION, WHICH TYPE OF PANADOL® SHOULD I TAKE?
15. IS THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE CHEAP AND OF LOW QUALITY?
16. DO THE VACCINES CONTAIN PIG-DERIVED INGREDIENTS?
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
DISCLAIMER FROM THE
AUTHOR
• The information provided in this e-book was written based on credible scientific references/sources.
• The information provided in this e-book serves as a general guide for the public. The public should not
regard this information as a form of health consultation or assessment. Seek medical attention immediately if unwell or if you have concerns regarding your health. • If there are contradictions regarding information
present in this e-book, it is customary that the
public only follow official directives from healthcare authorities, such as the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. • If necessary, please send an e-mail to fahmibinabd@
gmail.com with feedback regarding incorrect/ inaccurate information present in this e-book.
• You may share, copy, rephrase and paraphrase contents in this e-book, provided it is not for commercial
purposes.
• Visit www.fahmihassan.net or follow twitter.com/
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
WHAT IS COVID-19?
• Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 is an infection caused by SARS-CoV 2 virus.
• Initially, the virus was transmitted by respiratory water droplets through breathing, sneezing, coughing or by touching contaminated surfaces.
• However, a newer theory suggests that the virus is an airborne infection (transmitted through the air).
• The virus is exceedingly contagious and potentially fatal. • Several new variants of the virus were recently
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
• The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends double-masking to provide extra
protection to the respiratory tract against the Covid-19 virus.
• Use a disposable face mask for the inner layer and a cloth face mask for the outer layer.
• Double-masking is unnecessary if you are using an N-95 face mask.
The diagram was obtained from the CDC’s official website
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
SELECTING HAND SANITISERS
• A Hand sanitiser can be used as an
alternative when there is no soap and water for handwashing.
• Washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is more effective in killing viruses and bacteria
when compared to hand sanitisers.
• Choose a hand sanitiser that contains at least 65% alcohol or more.
• The effectiveness of a hand sanitiser reduces as the alcohol content decreases.
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
VACCINES AND HOW THEY
WORK
• Vaccines protect the body from infectious diseases by stimulating the body’s immune system.
• A vaccination occurs when a person receives either an inactivated vaccine, live-attenuated vaccine, or a vaccine that contains viral components. These are known as antigens.
• An antigen will trigger an immune response which leads to the production of antibodies.
• Thus, when the person gets infected by the actual bacteria or viruses in the future, the body is ready to fight the infection.
COMPLETE GUIDES ON COVID-19 & VACCINES
COVID-19 VACCINES
AVAILABLE IN MALAYSIA
• As of 31st May 2021, there are three types of Covid-19 vaccines available in Malaysia.
• These vaccines are registered with the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA) after a rigorous and thorough assessment of their quality, safety and efficacy.
• Therefore, there should not be any concerns
regarding the vaccines received through the Covid-19 immunisation programme.
• More vaccines will be registered in the future to meet population demands.
Pfizer Sinovac Astrazeneca
Brand Comirnaty CoronaVac Vaxzevria, Covishield
Technology mRNA Inactivated virus Viral vector
Dose Two doses with a
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED
THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF
COVID-19 VACCINES
• The COVID-19 disease belongs to the same
coronavirus family as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
• Comprehensive scientific studies on this family
of viruses started more than a decade ago,
including an attempt to produce a vaccine for SARS. The knowledge, skill, and technology acquired from the
studies mentioned above allowed for a shorter
duration of study on the COVID-19 vaccine.
• Because COVID-19 is a global pandemic, many individuals, organisations, and nations from
all around the world were willing to spend billions of dollars on vaccine development programmes.
• Additionally, there are ongoing global collaborations in developing knowledge, technology, and expertise related to covid-19. Furthermore, International journals
have excluded the access fees to scientific journals related to COVID-19,
consequently speeding up the process of vaccine development.
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
WHY MUST WE TAKE TWO
DOSES OF THE COVID-19
VACCINE?
• The first dose initiates the body’s antibody production. • The second dose amplifies the number of antibodies;
hence the protection against the disease is prolonged. • The manufacturer determines the interval between the
two doses based on their clinical research.
• Each recipient can only receive two doses of the Covid-19 vaccine from the same brand/type.
• However, there is ongoing research to determine the safety and efficacy of administering two doses of the Covid-19 vaccine from different brands/types.
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
SIDE EFFECTS OF THE
COVID-19 VACCINES
• Pain at the injection site • Fatigue • Fever • Body ache • Cough • Sore throat • Diarrhoea • Headache
The majority of the side effects are mild and will subside naturally. If intolerable, you may take over-the-counter medications such as paracetamol.
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS OF
THE COVID-19 VACCINES
1. A severe allergic reaction after the vaccination
(anaphylaxis)
• 2-5 incidents occur for every 1 million vaccinations.
• The reaction starts within 5-30 minutes after the vaccination.
• It can be treated immediately.
2. Formation of blood clots • 4-21 incidents occur
for every 1 million vaccinations.
• The side effect occurs within 30 days of the vaccination.
• The symptoms include: • Severe headache
• Impaired eye-sight • Pain and swelling in
the leg
• Nausea and severe vomiting
• Difficulty in breathing • Visible red spots
underneath the skin • It can be treated
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS
ASSOCIATED WITH A COVID-19
VACCINATION?
• 70%-90% effective in preventing COVID-19 complications.
• 100% effective in preventing severe COVID-19 complications.
• 75%-90% effective in preventing COVID-19-related hospital admissions.
• 100% effective in preventing COVID-19-related deaths. • 70%-80% effective in preventing COVID-19 infections. • 50% effective in preventing COVID-19 transmission to
other individuals.
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
HOW DO I KNOW IF THE
VACCINES ARE APPROPRIATE
FOR ME?
• It is recommended for individuals aged 18 and above to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, including patients with chronic diseases.
• Individuals with immune-related disorders, blood clotting impairments, or a history of severe allergic
reactions should receive a “pre-vaccination assessment” verification from certified medical practitioners
(doctors). • Individuals who have experienced severe allergic reactions to any vaccine ingredient cannot receive the COVID-19 vaccine.
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
COVID-19 VACCINES
FOR PREGNANT AND
BREASTFEEDING WOMEN
• The COVID-19 vaccine from Pfizer is safe for use in pregnant women who are within 14-33 weeks of gestational age.
• The COVID-19 vaccine is not recommended for
pregnant women who are either earlier than 14 weeks or later than 33 weeks of gestational age.
• COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer and AstraZeneca are safe for breastfeeding women; vaccination with other types/ brands of vaccines are not recommended.
• Women who are trying to conceive may be vaccinated. If needed, further information can be obtained from the doctors and pharmacists at vaccination centres.
• The information
provided in this e-book is based on current
evidence and serves as a general guide. The suitability for vaccination differs for every individual and may require further consultation with a healthcare
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
IF I’M HAVING A FEVER AFTER
THE VACCINATION, WHICH TYPE
OF PANADOL SHOULD I TAKE?
• Panadol is a medication brand that contains
paracetamol as the active ingredient
(active pharmaceutical ingredient).
• Paracetamol functions to reduce body temperature when someone has a
fever (antipyretic). It may also be used to relieve body aches (analgesic). • There are several
pharmaceutical
preparations of Panadol. These preparations
differ in terms of their formulation.
• For example, the formulation of
Panadol Actifast allows faster absorption of
hand, reduces the risk of stomach irritation.
• For an adult, the
maximum daily dose of paracetamol is 1000 mg, four times a day.
• Please be extra cautious if you are taking Panadol Extend to relieve muscle pain. It contains 650mg of paracetamol per tablet; thus, the maximum dose is two tablets three times a day.
• You may choose any pharmaceutical preparation containing paracetamol to treat your fever or body ache after the vaccination.
• The correct dose must be taken at all times,
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
IS THE ASTRAZENECA VACCINE
CHEAP AND OF LOW QUALITY?
• A handful of individuals are refusing the AstraZeneca vaccine due to its lower price. In all truthfulness, the vaccine’s low price is owed to the fact that:
• The vaccines do not require stringent cold chain maintenance during transport and storage, as opposed to the Pfizer vaccine.
• The development fund for the AstraZeneca vaccine was primarily contributed by the public. It was also developed with the help of oxford university.
• AstraZeneca pledged to not profit from the sales of its vaccines during the pandemic.
• The price of a vaccine does not represent its quality. Furthermore, all vaccines registered with the NPRA are guaranteed to be of quality, safe, and efficacious.
• So, which vaccine is the best? IT IS THE ONE OFFERED TO YOU.
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
DO THE VACCINES CONTAIN
PIG-DERIVED INGREDIENTS?
• You cannot compare the production of medicines
(including vaccines) to making a meal. It is not as easy as stirring active pharmaceutical ingredients, solvents and pig pieces in a pot. It is not! Not even close!
• Ideally, there are two primary components in every medication or vaccine; an active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipients.
• The manufacture of the active pharmaceutical
ingredient is a rigorously complex process that usually uses an animal-derived element as a catalyser.
• For example, the manufacture of some vaccines uses pig-derived elements as a “growth medium” for cells (cellular proliferation).
• These cells are then used to produce active
pharmaceutical ingredients or used to grow viruses and bacteria. In the latter case, there is a subsequent step that processes the viruses or bacteria, yielding final products for the manufacture of vaccines.
• Almost all international fatwas agree that the use of these extensively processed pig-derived ingredients is halal. The process adopts the ‘istihalah’ concept. As a result, the final vaccine products do not contain any pig-derived ingredients.
• It is important to note that all vaccines used for the National COVID-19 Immunisation Programme are free
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
DO THE VACCINES CONTAIN
FOETUS?
• This question arises from the use of MRC-5 cells for vaccine production.
• The MRC-5 cells were initially obtained from an aborted foetus 50 years ago (an elective abortion).
• Since then, the original culture of MRC-5 cells has been reproduced repeatedly in laboratories. Thus, foetal
cells obtained from aborted foetuses were no longer necessary for the replenishment of MRC-5 cells.
• MRC-5 cells function as a growth medium for viruses. • The viruses are then separated and purified, removing
all traces of the MRC-5 cells before being incorporated into the final stages of vaccine production.
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION
(FAQ) REGARDING COVID-19
VACCINATIONS
1. Do I need to take
Panadol before receiving the vaccine?
NO, YOU DON’T HAVE TO.
2. I had COVID-19; how long must I wait before I can get vaccinated?
IT IS RECOMMENDED YOU WAIT FOR 3
MONTHS.
3. Can a diabetic or
hypertensive patient get vaccinated?
YES, prior assessment with a doctor/a doctor at the vaccination centre. 4. Can someone with a
history of drug or food allergy get the vaccine? YES, prior assessment with a doctor/a doctor at
5. Can I come for the vaccination during
home quarantine after being in close contact with a COVID-19
patient?
NO, YOU CAN’T. You will receive a new vaccination date.
6. Can a patient who is currently taking blood-thinning medication get the vaccination? YES, prior assessment with a doctor/ a doctor at the vaccination
centre.
7. Is it normal if someone does not have a fever after the vaccination? YES, IT IS NORMAL.
GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
8. How many millilitres of injection will I get?
IT DEPENDS ON WHICH TYPE/BRAND OF VACCINE YOU ARE RECEIVING. Dose confirmation with administrative personnel. 9. Do I need to
isolate myself after vaccination?
NO, YOU DO NOT
NEED TO but SOP and preventive measures must still be followed. 10. When should I take
Panadol?
TAKE IT ONLY if you have a fever or experiencing pain. 11. Can I exercise after
being vaccinated? YES, YOU CAN IF YOU
12. Do I need to abstain from spicy food?
NO, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO.
13. Can a patient with asthma get the vaccination? YES, unless your
asthma is uncontrolled. Prior assessment with a doctor/a doctor at the vaccination centre.
14. I have taken Panadol before the vaccination. Can I proceed with the injection?
YES, YOU CAN. But it is unnecessary to take it before the vaccination
COMPLETE GUIDES ON
COVID-19 & VACCINES
15. Can a patient with heart disease or who has undergone surgery get the vaccine?
YES, prior assessment with a doctor/a doctor at the vaccination centre.
16. Can I donate blood after being vaccinated?
YES, YOU CAN. After seven days of vaccination and there are no longer any side effects.
17. Can I have sexual intercourse after being vaccinated? YES, YOU CAN.
18. Can I take a bath after being vaccinated? Is it okay if I wet the injection site with water?
YES, YOU CAN. You may also place an ice pack at the injection site, if necessary.
19. Can I take vitamins or supplements before or after the vaccination?
YES, YOU CAN.
20. Is it dangerous for me to get the vaccination if I am unsure of my COVID-19 status?
1. 作者声明
2. 什么是新型冠状病毒?
3. 如何佩戴双层口罩
4. 如何选择免洗手消毒液
5. 新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)疫苗的作用
6. 新冠病毒疫苗(COVID-19)种类
7. 为何新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)疫苗生产如此迅速?
8. 为什么需要2剂型新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)疫苗?
9. 接种疫苗后的普遍副作用
10. 接种疫苗后可能出现的严重副作用
11. 接种疫苗的好处
12. 哪一种疫苗适合我?
13. 备孕期, 怀孕妇女和正在哺乳中妇女,可以接种疫苗
吗?
14. 接种疫苗后,可以服用哪一种Panadol?
15. AstraZaneca 的疫苗价格便宜,有效吗?
16. 接种疫苗常问问题(FAQ)
目录
新型冠
状病毒
与疫苗
教育手册
作者声明
1. 作者已尽一切能力核对此手册中的所有内容,以确保讯息正 确。 2. 此手册只可用以参考或普及知识,不能代替医生的咨询和体 检。如果读者有任何的不适或疑问, 必须立刻咨询医生和接受 治疗。 3. 如若与本手册的任何内容相矛盾,请始终遵守官方指示。 4. 如若读者发现任何错误的讯息或不足之处,请联络作者以便做 出内容更改。 5. 此手册的所有内容,可以分发和复制, 但不得以盈利为目的。 6. 关于作者的信息,请游览作者网站 www.fahmihassan.net 或twitter. com/fahmibinhassan新型冠
状病毒
与疫苗
教育手册
什么是新型冠状病毒?
1. 新型冠状病毒, 该病毒引发的肺炎命名为“新型冠状病毒肺 炎”(简称“新冠肺炎”),英文名称为 COVID-19。此病毒来 自SARS-CoV2 的感染。 2. 新型冠状病毒肺炎在早期被发现是通过飞沫和接触感染。 3. 感染者呼出含有病毒的飞沫和非常小的颗粒传播, 尤其是通过 诸如咳嗽或打喷嚏的喷溅和喷射。 这些飞沫和颗粒可能被其他 人吸入,或落在他们的眼睛和口鼻中,或污染所接触的表面。 4. 最新证据提示, 新型冠状病毒可以通过空气传播(airborne)。 5. 新型冠状病毒非常的危险,而且它的传染性也非常高, 6. 现在,有关当局已经发现了多种变种病毒,且危险性更高。新型冠
状病毒
与疫苗
教育手册
1. 为了保护自己免于因触摸眼睛或口鼻而感染新型冠状病毒 (COVID-19), 佩戴口罩遮住口鼻有利于保护自己和他人. 2. 最新消息建议大众佩戴双层口罩,防止空气和颗粒从口罩边缘 周围的缝隙中溢出或进入,以加强保护效果和减低感染风险。 3. 双层口罩使用法:底层使用一次行医用口罩,外层使用布制口 罩。 4. 如果您已在使用N95 口罩,则无需另加外层口罩。如何佩戴双层口罩
新型冠
状病毒
与疫苗
教育手册
如何选择免洗手消毒液
1. 在任何时候,建议尽量使用肥皂和水洗手。 2. 洗手时,使用肥皂和水, 搓揉双手和手指的所有表面至少20 秒,能比使用免洗手消毒液更有效地减少手上多种细菌和病 毒。 3. 但是,如果没有现成可用的肥皂和水,则应使用含量至少为65 %酒精的免洗手消毒液。 4. 请选择含量至少为65%酒精的免洗手消毒液。酒精浓度越低,杀 灭细菌和病毒的效果也会降低。新型冠
状病毒
与疫苗
教育手册
新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)疫
苗的作用
1. 疫苗是一种疾病预防方法。它通过刺激人体的免疫系统来识别 并防止病毒感染。 2. 病毒经过一系列的处理以灭活病毒,减弱病毒的有害性(减毒 活疫苗),或提取病毒的无害片段(载体疫苗),然后被制成 疫苗。 3. 当疫苗进入我们的身体时,我们的免疫系统会产生抗体来抵抗 病毒。然后,身体里会留下大量的“有记忆”抗体细胞。 4. 当人体再遇到相同的病毒, 这一些“有记忆”的抗体细胞,会 迅速产生抗体来攻击病毒,减少对人体的伤害。新型冠
状病毒
与疫苗
教育手册
新冠病毒疫苗(COVID-19)
种类
1. 截至2021 年5月31日,有3种新型冠状病毒(COVID-19) 疫苗已 获授权在马来西亚大规模使用。 2. 这些疫苗已通过国家药监局(NPRA)的注册程序,以确保其安 全性和有效性。 3. 因此,请你安心接受任何品牌的新型冠状病毒(COVID-19) 疫 苗接种。 4. 未来,政府将注册更多的疫苗已确保民众需求。Pfizer
Sinovac
Astrazeneca
疫苗品牌 Comirnaty CoronaVac Vaxzevria, Covishield
疫苗技术 mRNA 灭活病毒 载体疫苗 疫苗剂型 两剂型, 相隔21天 两剂型, 相隔21天 两剂型, 相隔4 – 12 星期