TSUKUBA UNIVERSITY-JAPAN 18-21 June 2012 Lilik Budi Prasetyo http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id
Landscape Ecology
Structure (Patch, Matrix, Corridor)
Function (habitat)
Change due to
disturbance &
Natural Process
Patch
Matrix
MEGA DIVERSITY COUNTRY
Indonesia :
- 11 percent of the world's flowering plants (352 000 spc), - 12 percent of the world's mammals (5 500 spc) - 15 percent of all amphibians and reptiles (25 000 spc) - 17 percent of all birds (10 000 spc)
- 37 percent of the world's fish (32 000 spc)
Impact on Species
a) Extinction forest specialistspecies
b) Extinction of core/interior species
c) Species isolation -> lead to extinction
d) Increase edge species e) Increase habitat generalist
species
Habitat Loss & Fragm
entation
Taxonomic Group Number
Plants 110
Birds 390
Reptiles 48
Fish 8
Mammals 131
Insects 19
Molluscs 12
Crustaceans 9
Noerdjito & Maryanto Nov. 2001
Endangered Species List of Indonesia
Species receives extra protection from
a Presidential Decree (KepPres).
1. Javanese Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) 2. Sumatran Tiger (Phantera tigris sumatrae); 3. Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus); 4. Javanese Eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi); 5. Anoa (Anoa depressicornis, Anoa quarlesi); 6. Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa); 7. Javanese Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus); 8. Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus
sumatrensis);
9. Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis); 10. Bird of Paradise (all species in the family
Paradiseidae);
11. Leaf Monkey (Presbytis potenziani);
Research Trends
Habitat loss & its driving force, species
conservation
Habitat Fragmentation & Corridor
Conservation
Species distribution within fragmented
remnant forest
1985
1989
B
alairaja Nature Reserve1992
2000
2004
Forest Bush Grassland Settlement Bareland Oil Palm Rubber Upland Water body Road River Land Cover Change
1985-2004 Case 1 :
Habitat Loss , Driving Force & Species Conservation
Wildlife existence
Elephant Distribution & Potential Conflict with community,
Lead to extinction
Case 2 : Small mammal distribution in Remnant Forest
Balairaja Nature reserve
Concept of Edge Species & Interior species
Edge
Edge : under two different micro-climates (bare land & forest) Core/Interior : core/interior part of remnant forest
LINE TRANSECT & TRAP POSITION
Captured Species List
No Species
Transect
∑
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI
1 S.muelleri 4 3 6 1 - - 1 1 1 1 2 20
2 R.tiomanicus 2 1 - 3 2 2 - - - 2 3 15
3 T.glis 1 1 - - 3 2 6 3 3 1 1 21
4 M.surifer - - 2 4 4 4 4 3 4 - - 25
5 C.notatus - - - - 1 2 3 2 - - - 8
6 P.lowii - - - 1 - - - 1
Total 7 5 8 8 10 10 14 10 8 4 6 90
Rattus tiomanicus
Callosciurus notatus
Tupaia glis
EDGE SPECIES
Distance from edge (m)
Distance from edge (m)
N o In di vi du N o In di vi du Maxomys surifer Sundamys muelleri
Interior species
DISTRIBUTION PATTERN :Distance from edge (m) Distance from edge (m)
N o I n d iv id u N o I n d iv id u )) * 655 , 14 ( ) * 003 , 0 ( ) ) 284 , 0 ( ) * 052 , 0 ( 198 , 9 (
1
1
ndvi driv slp elve
P
Case 3 :Habitat Suitability, Sumatran Tiger Bukit Tiga puluh National Park
Elevation Slope
Distance from
River NDVI
Low Suitable Moderate Suitable High Suitable
Conflict between Sumatra Tiger &
Community
Case 4 : Second Habitat
Sumatran Tiger Conservation
ZSL-Indonesia, PHKA & LIPI
Sumatran Tiger was captured GPS collar was set up
Sumatran Tiger were spending more time in secondary forest & forest edge (border between forest non forest, disturb forest)
Lead to conflict with community
Lead to extinction due to
poaching/hunting
Release Point
Every one hour the GPS information was received
Case 5. Fragmentation HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK 1989 - 2003
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997 1998 2001 2003
UNGKO (Hylobates agilis F. Cuvier 1821)
Javan Gibbon ((
Hylobates moloch)
Distribution at Mt. Halimun Salak National
Park
Mt.Salak
Mt.Halimun
Mt.Halimun
Mt.Salak
Corridor Fragmentation
Case 6 : Habitat Suitability :
Macrocephalon maleo
SAL. MULLER, 1846
a. Endemic to Sulawesi and Buton Islands b. Endangered (habitat
destruction, fragmentation, small population, rapidly decline)
Distance from river
Distance from river
Distance from hot spring
Distance from settlement
Distance from river
Distance from river
Distance from hot spring
Distance from settlement
Habitat Suitability : Macrocephalon maleo SAL. MULLER, 1846
Suitability Map
Legend Probability
Study Area
Matrix of Oil Palm
Remnant forest Case 7 : Forest Fragmentation & Amphibi
Species Diversity
Remnant forest Core Oil Palm Matrix Corridor
� = � ( + � + � + � + � + �5) + � ( + � + � + � + � + �5)
Note:
P: Probabality of Suitable Habitat a: Constant
b1-b5: Coeeeficient of regression
X1: elevation
X2: Slope
X3: Soil Type
X4: Distence from river
x5: NDVI.
P= ax1 + bx2 + cx3 + dx4 + ex5
Note:
P: Suitable habitat index a-e: weight
X1: elevation
X2: slope
X3: Soil type
X4: Distance from river
x5: NDVI.
Model Approach Elevation
Slope
Soil
Distance from river
Vegetation index
High Suitable Moderate Suitable Low Suitable
High Suitable Moderate Suitable Low Suitable
Habitat Suitability (PCA Method)
Habitat Suitability (Logistic Regression Method)
Accuracy : 65,62%
Accuracy : 82,81%
Summary
Habitat Loss & Fragmentation have been occurring,
Lead to species extinction
Remote Sensing & GIS is powerful tools :
understanding distribution of species, changes
process, structure & function of the landscape
Need further exploration
